2. Let the waste of the “sick”
not contaminate the lives of
“The Healthy”
K.PARK
.
3. CONTENT
• Definition
• Categories of Biomedical Waste
• Problem associated with Biomedical waste
• Need for Biomedical Waste Management
• Step to manage hazardous waste
• Treatment techniques
• Biomedical waste management in Pakistan
• Environmental legislation
• Conclusion
• Summary
4. Biomedical Waste (BMW)
is…
• Solid waste generated during the diagnosis,
testing, treatment, research or production of
biological products for humans and animals.
(WHO)
• WHO estimates
– 85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous
– 10% is infectious
– 5% is non-infectious but consists of hazardous
chemicals like methylchloride and formaldehyde.
5. TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTES
WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No.10 Chemical Waste
6. WHO CLASSIFICATION
Waste categories
• 1.General Waste
• 2.Pathological Waste
• 3.Sharps
• 4.Infectious waste
• 5.Chemical waste
• 6.Radio-active waste
Description and examples
• No risk to human health e.g:office
paper,wrapper,kitchen waste,general
sweeping etc.
• Human Tissue or fluid eg:body
parts,blood,body fluids etc.
• eg:Needle,scaples,knives,blades etc.
• Which may transmit bacterial,viral or
parasitica disease to human
being,waste suspected to contain
pathogen eg:labrotory
culture,tissues(swabs)bandage etc.
• Eg:Labrotory reagent,disinfectants,Film
Developer
• Eg: unused liquid from radiotherapy or
lab research,contaminated glasswares
etc.
7. Continue;
Waste description
• 7.Pharmacutical Waste
• 8.Pressurized container
• 9.Genotoxic Waste
Description or example
• Expired outdated drugs
/chemicals
• Gas cylinder,aerosal cans
etc
• Waste Containing Cytotoxic
Drugs(often Used In Cancer
Therapy)
9. Sources of Health care waste
• Governmental Hospital
• Private Hospital
• Nursing Homes
• Physician’s Office
• Dentist Office
• Dispensaries
• Mortuaries
• Blood Bank and collection center
• Laboratories
• Research Organizations
10. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis
A,C, Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious Hepatitis,
Infectious Hepatitis,
Dengue, Japanese
encephalitis, tick-borne
fevers, etc.
Infected needles, body
Fluids, Human excreta, soiled
linen, Blood, body fluids.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae,
Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas, Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera, Tetanus
Wound infections,
septicemia, rheumatic
fever, endocarditis, skin
and soft tissue infections
Human excreta and
body fluid in landfills and
hospital wards, Sharps such
as needles, surgical blades in
hospital waste.
PARASITES
Wucheraria Bancrofti,
Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,
Kala Azar, Malaria
Human excreta, blood and
body fluids in poorly
managed sewage system of
hospitals.
11. NEED FOR BMW
MANAGMENT
Nosocomial infections in patients from poor
infection control practices and poor waste
management.
Drugs which have been disposed of, being
repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly
due to waste, or due to defective incineration
emissions and ash.
Risk of infection outside hospital for waste
handlers and scavengers, other peoples.
12. TECHNIQUES
SEGREGATION :- to segregate the wastes.
Colour Coding Type of Container
Yellow Plastic Bag
Red
Disinfected
container/Plastic
bag
Blue/
White Translucent
Plastic Bag / punch
proof containers
Black Plastic Bag
17. TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation of BMW can be divided into
internal and external transportation.
• INTERNAL: it is for yellow ,red ,blue and white
bags.
• EXTERNAL: it is for the general waste collected
in the black coloured plastic bags.
18. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
PROCEDURES MAIN FUNCTION
Incineration burn trash and other types of waste
until it is reduced to ash.
Autoclaving and Shredding It uses a combination of heat, steam
and pressure.
Chemical treatment Using sodium hypochlorite
solution, bleaching powder, savlon
and then discharged into
drains/sewers
Irradiation technique Involve the expose to UV radiation
and ionizing radiation
19.
20.
21. Bio medical waste
management in Pakistan
Biomedical waste (management and handling) rule
1997, prescribed by The Ministry of Environment and
protection, Govt of Pakistan.
This rule applies to those who generate, collect,
receive, store, dispose, treat or handle bio medical
waste in any manner.
Thus bio medical waste should be segregated into
containers/bags at the point of generation of waste.
Thus Colour Coding & type of containers used for
disposal of waste is came into existence which is
shown as follows.
21
22. 22
Environmental Legislation
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1997
The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998
The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 2000
The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1997
The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1997
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1997
23. CONCLUSION
• Safe and effective management of waste is not only
a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
• Proper collection and segregation of biomedical
waste.
• Try to reduce the waste generation.
• Individual awareness and participation.
• Use recycle products.
• Label with agent, concentration and
hazard warnings.
• Communicate about workplace hazards.
