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Assessment frensic psychology
1.
2. ASSESSMENT
Assessment is the process of gathering and
discussing information from multiple and diverse
sources in order to develop a deep understanding.
3. • Assessment is fundamental aspect of forensic
psychology
• Assessment mainly serves in
Categorization
Formulation
treatment
4. Conceptual issues in Assessment
Forensic psychological assessment is the use of
scientific methods to systematically evaluate a person
in relation to specific legal purposes.
5. •In assessment Qualitative and quantitative
measurement and observations
• several conceptual and methodological components of
assessment are interrelated
• major function of assessment in forensic practice is
that of prediction
6. Classification
•It is the division in to categories or classes
• we divide complex problem in to categories
•Good scientific classification provides
Clarity
Comprehensive
Acceptability
Fidelity
7. •Mental health profession follow the categorical
framework that is DSM(recently available DSM 5) and
ICD 10.
•They defined psychological dysfunction categorically.
• Medical model- categorical model
9. Dimensional approach
• Dimensions are ways
• In dimensional approach we look for the number of
ways that needs to be considered
•Dimensional and categorical approach have reciprocal
relationship
10. Diagnosis and formulation
• Diagnosis refers to specific form of categorization
involving the identification of signs and symptoms and
treatment related to it
• Formulation refers to approaches concerned with
analyzing specific cases to produce explanation of
problems
11. Data Gathering
• Data gathering is collecting information from different
sources
•Psychological assessment data is usually self reported
one.
• Data is gained through structured and semi structured
interview
•Do not ask leading and threatening questions
•Ask open ended questions
12. Interview
• It is the most accessible source of self report
information
• Interview helps in maintain rapport with the person
that is necessary for positive change.
• They are highly flexible way of gathering information.
•Assessment interviews are structured.
13. Considerations for interview
1. Clarity of questions
2. Degree of understanding of questions by the person
being assessed
3. Interview conditions
4. Range of complexity of problems being assessed
5. Training and expertise of interviewer
6. Validity of the interview
14. Test theory
• Most of the psychological tests and assessment tools are
theoretical based.
• Classical test theory is that any observed performance is
thought to be composed of true performance and error.
• Item response theory is based on notion that probability
of discrete outcomes on tests is a function of both
individuals and test item parameters
17. Specificity
Person not having particular attributes will be correctly
identified or alternatively negative cases are correctly
identified (True negatives)
Specificity=true negatives/(true negative + false
positives)
18. Sensitivity
Person having particular attributes will be correctly
identified as having it or proportion of positive cases are
correctly identified(true positives)
Sensitivity= true positives/(true positive + false negative)
19. Power
The term power refers to the predictive accuracy of an
assessment instrument that can be positive or negative
predictive power.
20. Base rates
Also known as prior possibilities, it is the relative
frequency of occurrence of an event studied within a
population of interest
Normality judgments
where normality is assessed on the basis performance in
relation to a test standard
Deficit measurements
we compare current level of performance with pre-morbid
functioning.
21. Hypothesis Formulation:
It involves the application of scientific method to
individual cases.
First step – is the adoption of a theoretical orientation as
the basis for generating hypotheses.
Ingram (2006), suggests 7 dominant types within clinical
practice:
1. Biological models
2. Crisis and stressful situational transitions
3. Behavioral and learning models
4. Cognitive models
5. Existential and spiritual models
22. Psychodynamic models
Social, cultural and environmental models
Psychological assessment can be broken down into a number of
activities. These would include:
1. Problem definition
2. Theoretical formulation
3. Hypothesis generation
4. Data gathering
5. Data analysis
6. Specification of outcome goals
7. Intervention planning
8. Monitoring of intervention effects
9. Use of monitoring data to adapt interventions
23. Iterative assessment approach:
It involves gathering and evaluating information at different
times or rates, with integration and reformulation taking place
at a later time.
The assessor will use learning from earlier stages to inform the
overall assessment
The validity and utility of any assessment can be seen to
involve a no of generic activities. These include:
1. Initial theory development
2. Consideration of ethical issues
3. Clarification of hypotheses
4. Development of an over all formulations
24.
25. Psychodynamic theory:
Psychodynamic approaches can be seen as having four
main perspectives. They’re dynamic in nature, suggesting
that all behavior are purposeful and motivated . The
psychological conflicts present in a person will always be
unique and are generally too complex.
They are developmental in nature, suggesting a need to
explain the past in order to accpunt for the present. This
also include stage model of development which include
stages like:
Oral, anal and phallic (Frued)
26. Erickson for example went on to postulate 8 stages of
psychosexual development rather than 5
Placed greater stress on the role of the ego as more than a
servant of the id
Emphasis on the environment during development in
enabling growth, adjustment, self awareness and the
development of a positive “identity”
Structural theories:
Suggest the existence of differing conscious and
unconscious psychological structures(Id, ego, super ego)
It lacks a clear subject-object division, so that one thing
might stand for another or many others
27. Adaptive theories:
Relationships between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ worlds are
influenced by behavior and systemic influences. The
experience affects the way one intersects with the world.
Psychodynamic theories few key aspects to assessment:
1. Need to go beyond the surface presenting problems
2. Need to focus on intersection b/w underlying internal
psychodynamic processes & current interpersonal and
social situation
3. Need to focus on early disruption in adjustment &
parental relationships
4. Internal world force structure perceptions of the world
28. 5. Adjustment to psychological pain involves balance b/w
healthy and unhealthy approaches
Cognitive Behavioral Theory(CBT):
It focuses that each individual is part of a much broader and
unique matrix of social and biological influences
It is fusion of behavioral and cognitive psychology
The approach involves 7 key principles:
1. Inform a better understanding of others
2. Basis of the approach is ‘collaborative empiricism’
3. It require adapting over the course of interventions
4. Acts as a framework for assessment, formulation and
intervention
29. 5. Good therapeutic relationship is necessary
6. Focus should be on current problems and mutually agreed
goals
7. Approach is complementary to diagnostic categories but such
categories are probably only marginal to the course of
interventions
It provides a variety of methods to assist in the process of
assessment including functional analysis, which attempts to
establish functional relationships b/w covariates
Systemic theory:
It suggested that individual psychological functioning tended
to operate using holistic and self organizing
Concerned to offer an explanatory framework for complex
social systems.
30. Current systemic approaches stress the need to see therapist
themselves as part of the system and the approach is seen to be
based on collaborative interaction between ‘helpers’ and
‘helped’
It consists of 7 stages:
1. Definition of the problem
2. Deconstruction of the developmental course of problems
3. Establishing links b/w problems & ordinary difficulties
4. Exploration of attempted solutions
5. Beliefs about difficulties & responses to these
6. Discussion & evaluation of what worked in the past & what
did not
7. Decisions to persist with some attempted solutions
31. Integrative theories:
Refers to systematic efforts to draw from & integrate
more than one theoretical approach. These can be in the
form of pre-structured approaches or use of assessment
mixes based on likely
The use of assessment & intervention mixes is often
justified by analogy with treatment in medicine. Its
appropriate to use different drugs formulations to
address different problems. Such use of different drugs
in medicine doesn’t imply use of different theoretical
bases.
32. Social inequalities theory:
Social inequality can be defined as structured differences or
hierarchies of power that limit & constrain some & privilege
others
Issues of social inequality remain largely peripheral in the
current practice of applied psychology. This is despite the fact
that ‘low status’ groups in society tend to experience the most
negative & disempowering contacts with psychologists &
psychological therapists
Assessment within this model involves five stages:
1. Definition of difficulties
2. Analysis of broad systemic forces operated across person’s
development history
3. Analysis of the manner in which they have sought to deal
with these forces
33. 4. Analysis of ways in which person has gained power &
agency in their life
5. Analysis of ways in which changes to broader context
can contribute to positive changes
