Information retrieval for research, Autumn 2014
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This document provides an overview of information retrieval and management techniques for PhD students. It discusses search techniques like keyword mapping to develop comprehensive search strategies. It also covers topics like choosing appropriate databases, identifying core journals, and managing references. The overall goal is to help PhD students work systematically to uncover relevant literature and stay organized throughout their research process.
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Information retrieval for research, Autumn 2014
- 1. Information Retrieval & Information Management Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen 1 AU Library, BSS
- 2. Purpose Enhance the efficiency of your search process during your PhD project Methods & tools for: Working systematically Making informed choices Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen, AU Library, BSS 2
- 3. At the end of the day, you will… Have a toolkit for developing a comprehensive search strategy (and be acquainted with several search techniques) Be aware of different ways of organising your literature, information and notes (and have an idea of how you can benefit from a reference management tool) Think of information retrieval & management as one of many methodological choices Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen, AU Library, BSS 3
- 4. Agenda Search techniques – an overview Stages in a systematic literature review Conventional subject searching Building search strategies (keyword mapping) Reference lists & Citations Choosing the right databases Identifying core journals Managing Information Your own personal to do list Workshop Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum, Solveig Sandal Johnsen, AU Library, BSS 4
- 5. Search techniques Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 5 Papaioannou et al. 2009
- 6. Hermeneutic approach* Searching for literature and developing a literature review is an integrated part of an ongoing process of developing understanding and knowledge about a research area. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 6 *Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014
- 7. Initial exploratory stage Texts dealing with concepts, definitions and ideas that you need to explore eg. use encyclopedias as a supplement to explore relationships between different concepts, definitions and theories “Quick & dirty”, internet searching, literature reviews etc. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 7 *Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014
- 8. Focused stage Working systematically to uncover the literature in your research area Conventional subject searching, citation searching, reference lists, checking core journals, maybe identifying new core journalls Consulting your network, social media etc. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 8 *Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014
- 9. Conventional subject searching - searching databases using keywords / subject terms Build a search strategy that describes: ”…the databases used, the reasons for their use and the … words used in the keyword searches.” (White, 2011) Keyword map Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 9
- 10. Building a search strategy – keywords Identify the main keywords for your research area Brainstorm: Think of related terms, synonyms, acronyms, antonyms, narrower terms, broader terms etc. ”Keyword mapping” organise your keywords into the different aspects of your project Combine keywords in Boolean searching using truncation Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 10
- 11. Keyword mapping - example How do we choose our partner? Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 11
- 12. Example: Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 12
- 13. Why do this? To improve your search vocabulary to minimise the risk of missing important material ”terms within social sciences is often ambiguous and changes constantly” (Papaioannou et al. 2009) To keep track of different keywords for different aspects of you project you may need different types of texts in different stages of you project. you might have to use different databases for different aspects & texts Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 13
- 14. Do your own keyword map: – group keywords in themes Identify the main keywords for your thesis Brainstorm on the different aspects of your project: Synonyms / Antonyms Acronyms Broader terms Narrower terms Related terms etc. Organise your keywords into groups Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 14
- 15. Example: Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 15
- 16. Example: Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 16
- 17. Search strategy - choosing databases Build a search strategy that describes: ”…the databases used, the reasons for their use and the … words used in the keyword searches.” (White, 2011) Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 17
- 18. Choosing relevant sources to search Coverage: Eg subject, years, geography, languages Types of publications: books, journals, academic / public Specific databases or vendors Ebscohost (Business Source Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Academic Search Elite) Proquest (ABI/Inform, Econlit, Psycinfo, Eric, Sociological abstracts) Scopus / Web of Science Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 18
- 19. Create profiles in the databases: Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 19
- 20. Summing up Stages of information searching for a systematic literature review Identify: Authors/Journals/”Schools of thought”/Sources (databases, conferences, publishers, institutions)/Keywords/Search vocabulary Supplement with: •Internet Searching •Browsing •Reference/Citation Searching •Asking Colleagues/other researchers Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS Exploratory searching •Background information •Browsing •Reference lists/citation searching •Quick’n’Dirty querying •Internet searching Subject searching: •Group keywords (synonyms, acronyms, antonyms) •Choose relevant sources to search systematically •Combine facets in Boolean searching – combine different facets ASSESS RESULTS – ADJUST SEARCH - REITERATE Organising literature in e.g. EndNote, RefWorks or other reference management software Put up Alerts, to be notified on new articles Project Moulding Stage Literature Collection Stage Literature Management Stage UseMULTIPLE sources When reading and analyzing pay attention to: Authors/Journals/”Schools of thought”/Sources (databases, conferences, publishers, institutions)/Keywords/Search vocabulary 20
- 21. Searching without keywords Reference lists Citation searching Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 21
- 22. Citation indexes = databases that index reference lists and link to the cited articles Built on the presumption that there is a degree of subject relation between source articles and cited articles. Reference searching Find articles that cite the same articles Co-citations find literature both forwards and backwards in time Find cited articles Checking reference lists can only find information backwards in time Citation searching Find articles that have cited a certain article Citations to articles will find more recent literature Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 22
- 23. References versus citations Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 23
- 24. When are the methods best utilized? At the beginning of any search for… Getting started on a subject Inspiration for alternative search terms Identification of principal authors within a given subject field Continually for… Finding articles from alternative subject areas Finding articles that complements your source material Keeping up to date Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 24
- 25. One must presume that… “[…] bibliographies are lists of influences and that authors cite in order to give credit where credit is due; that is, when an author uses information from another’s work, he will cite that work [...]. The reason that scientists cite this way is that the norms of science require them to cite the work that they have found useful in pursuing their own research, and it is assumed that they abide by these norms... “ [MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1989, p. 342] Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 25
- 26. But… … there are limitations Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 26 [MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1989, p. 343] Multiple functions: - Negative critique - Positive critique - Persuasion - Documentation - Recommendation
- 27. The purpose of the reference is not evident from the citation Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 27
- 28. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 28
- 29. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 29
- 30. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 30
- 31. Refining results Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 31
- 32. Database coverage Journal and subject coverage will vary across databases Overlapping information Exclusive information To cover a specific journal cover-to-cover check coverage in the selected database or use UlrichsWeb For broad coverage of a subject search several sources Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 32
- 33. UlrichsWeb Directory of over 300.000 serials worldwide 900 subject areas Research, browse, compare journals Check for open access, peer review and indexing/accessibility in databases Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 33
- 34. Try Ulrichsweb Look up a journal in Ulrichsweb Check the coverage in your favorite database – any surprizes? Are there databases in the list, you ought to take a look at? No favorite journal yet? Browse the subject categories in Ulrichsweb and try to locate an interesting journal. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 34
- 35. Identify and assess (core) journals Journal Impact Factor (JIF) Danish Bibliometric Research Indicator Subject specific journal rankings UlrichsWeb – Global Serials Directory Sorting by source title in Web of Science or Scopus Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 35
- 36. Define (or discuss) journal quality/relevance ”quality journals” • ”relevant journals” • ”subject specific journals” • ”interdisciplinary journals” • ”basket of eight” • ”a-journals” • ”b-journals” • ”c-journals” • ”top-tier journals” • ”high ranking journals” • ”core journals” • ”open acess” • ”high impact journals” •”key journals” • ”journal quality” • ”level 1 journals” • ”level 2 journals” • ”peer reviewed journals” • ”refereed journals” • ”qualitative journal rankings” • ”quantitative journal rankings” • ”quality journals” • ”relevant journals” • ”subject specific journals” • ”interdisciplinary journals” • ”basket of eight” • ”a-journals” • ”b-journals” • ”c-journals” • ”top-tier journals” • ”high ranking journals” • ”open acess” Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 36
- 37. Journal Impact Factor Citable items = articles, reviews, notes Citations to = articles, reviews, notes, editorials, comments, book reviews, letters, news Differences in referencing practices across research fields makes it difficult to compare across different subejct categories Find Journal Impact Factors in Journal Citation Reports Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 37 # Citations in 2011 # Citable items 2009-2010 = 2011 Journal Impact Factor
- 38. Danish Bibliometric Resarch Indicator Part of university funding is based on performance – i.e. number of publications in preferred outlets Two lists of preferred outlets – journals/serials and publishers Journals/serials can only be part of the list if they have some form of peer review during the publication process Lists are weighed in two levels – With Level 2 giving the highest number of points 1(normal level) and 2 (highest level outlets). 67 groups of researchers maintaining the lists (qualitative assessments) Divided in 67 subject areas Find the list of serials (journals) and publishers at the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation (only in Danish) Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 38
- 39. Subject specific journal rankings Geographic and academic diversity Different functionalities Local vs. general acceptance Different groupings – Different lenghts Better equiped to embrace specific research areas Both qualitative assessments and quantitative calculations – or a combination Methods applied: quantitative – e.g. citation or journal impact factor scores, qualitative – e.g. surveys Find a list comparing 22 rankings within business and social sciences at Professor Anne-Will Harzings homepage Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 39
- 40. Sorting by souce title in Web of Science or Scopus Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 40
- 41. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 41
- 42. Information management Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 42
- 43. Start your personal to-do-list - and take a few minutes to reflect on your outcome What I need to do know Brainstorm for … Get time to… Check citations for … Check out the database… Ask the librarian… … … … Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 43
- 44. Read more References Literature Michael H. MacRoberts & Barbara R. MacRoberts. (1988). Author motivation for not citing influences: A methodological note. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 39, Iss. 6, pp. 432-433. http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198811)39:6<432::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-2 Ismael Rafols et al (2012) How journal rankings can suppress interdisciplinary research: A comparison between Innovation Studies and Business & Management. In: Research Policy, Vol. 41, Iss. 7, pp. 1262-1282 http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.scienc edirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733312000765 Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 44
- 45. Read more Journal information Information about the Danish Bibliometric Indicator at the homepage of the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation: http://www.fi.dk/viden-og-politik/tal-og-analyser/ den-bibliometriske-forskningsindikator Journal Impact Factors from Journal Citation Reports: http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://webofknowl edge.com/jcr Professor Anne-Will Harzings homepage: http://www.harzing.com/jql.htm Ulrichsweb: http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=https://ulrichsweb.s erialssolutions.com/ Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 45
- 46. Read more Tutorials http://www.phdontrack.net http://en.startpublicering.nu Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 46
- 47. Read more Literature reviews: Boell, Sebastian K.; Cecez-Kecmanovic, Dubravka (2014). A Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 34, pp. 257-286 Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research imagination Jesson, J.K. (2011). Doing your literature review: traditional and systematic techniques Littell, J.H. (2008). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis White, B (2011) Mapping Your Thesis: The Comprehensive Manual of Theory and Techniques for Masters' and Doctoral Research Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 47
- 48. Read more Article databases Proquest – Social Sciences http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://search.proq uest.com.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/?accountid=14468 In Proquest you might find it useful to search simultaneously across several databases in Business and Social Sciences. You can choose this from the subject areas icons or from the database list. Scopus http://ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/login?url=http://www.scopus .com/scopus/ Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database, covering 15,000 peer-reviewed journals from more than 4,000 international publishers, including coverage of over 1,000 Open Access journals, 500 Conference Proceedings and over 125 Book Series adding to 33 million records. Gina Bay, Iben Brøndum AU Library, BSS 48
Notas del editor
- LAV OM FORMÅL + AT THE END OF THE DAY SLÅS SAMMEN?? Appetizers to go home and work indepth In this first part before lunch we are going to focus on methods and tools – and not so much practical searches and so on … For that we have made the workshop this afternoon During this mornings lecture – maybe have a think about what you want to focus on in the workshop
- Pind 5: given todays knowledge explosion - it is all about making informed choices (Holbrook, 2007, s.4) Do you have any questions or comments – so far …
- Even though you are not doing a literature review its a good idea to make a precise documentation of your search process / search strategy – as it is useful in you general considerations reg. methodological choices At the end of the day we would like you to make your own personal to do list
- In the article that we sent to you it is stated you need to use a lot of different search techniques to To do a comprehensive search in the social sciences s.121 It is not enough just using one search technique But at the same time you’ll have to keep track of what you are doing – and make the process manageable. And today we are going to focus on these four search techniques: Where you can actually work systematically ad keep track of the process Thats: 1. Conv. SS 2.Citation searches 3. checking reference lists 4. identify and assess core journals . This is what could be called “formal” IR – where you work systematically – whereas the others could be said to be more informal – and maybe some of these are coming to you more or less intuitively … building on your own network and knowledge about the field. Se Littell s.56 Bl.a. Hand searching ~ browsing / core journals s.57-58 sources of gray literature (government, working papers, conference proceedings, organisations etc. - not controlled by commercial publishers)
- My own approach to IR and doing a syst. LR resembles a hermeneutic approach. [inspired by the article here by Boell] That IR and developing your LR is an integrated part of an ongoing process of developing understanding and knowledge about your research area And in this view, you cannot decide do you LR in day 3&4 in week 2 and then you are done. It could be useful to divide your IR into smaller parts targeted to the different aspects and stages of your research project. To follow your own development of understanding of the topic. I am aware that some of you are prob. thinking differently about this, and some of you prob. have to work with a well defined body of literature from the beginning. But this just so you know my way of thinking about IR, so that you can adjust this to your own …
- One example of this approach is that you might need different types of text & information during different stages of your process. Eg in the initial exploratory stage you might need texts dealing with concepts definitions … and here maybe you can benefit from checking out encylopedias as a splment to explore relations between concepts … And maybe discover new researchers you werent aware of …. One of the standard works is IESBS … example?
- In a more focused stage you will need to start collecting literature in a systematic way And here the methods for working systematically would be the more formal search techniques like Does this make sense at all – or …?
- Ok so then lets move to concentrate at the first of the formal search techniques: Conventional subject searching is a search technique that - opposite checking reference lists and citations is taking the starting point: that I dont necessarilly know any literature about this topic – but I am going to try to uncover the literature in a research area Using the keywods that I consider to be covering the topic. And to do a comprehensive CSS it is useful to consider how you will build your search strategy.
- Online program called popplet – easy to use … Here is an example of a master thesis – where the initial rq was something like this … I don’t remember the exact title … - the first thing is to think of related terms and different kinds of spelling – like this – and then I started searching some Q&D searches for this
- Next thing I did some brainstorming of different aspects of choosing a partner– there is probably a lot more …! the thing to think about in regard to performing searches is – that the words inside your groups Here I ‘ve got my two main search terms – in all other forms of the word and synonyms etc. But around those main search terms I have a lot of other facets – or aspects of this subject … which could be relevant for the project – and then I got inspired along the way from searching databases – and found those related terms – from subject terms in the databases and so on … which might be relevant for me … – there are all of those possible aspects of this … and of course this is in the exploratory stage – from here I would have to choose which aspects I will focus on … and search those more focused in the databases And why is it a good idea to do this??
- Papaio …. S. 116:terms within social sciences is often ambiguous & changes constantly And why is it a good idea to do this?? pind 2: maybe you have to use a different search term in Scopus – if you are used to search Ebscohost or Proquest – because the database coverage is different … Dittes Example: the importance of synonymes – pitfalls across research fields:
- Now try for yourselves – if you have already started this – maybe it can be refined empty popplet for those who want to write … Opsamling Hvis nogen allerede har lavet mindmap: ”man er aldrig færdig”; [quote DSS] OPSAMLING vis søgehistorie og fortæl om overvejelser
- Next thing I did some brainstorming of different aspects of choosing a partner– there is probably a lot more …! the thing to think about in regard to performing searches is – that the words inside your groups Here I ‘ve got my two main search terms – in all other forms of the word and synonyms etc. But around those main search terms I have a lot of other facets – or aspects of this subject … which could be relevant for the project – and then I got inspired along the way from searching databases – and found those related terms – from subject terms in the databases and so on … which might be relevant for me … – there are all of those possible aspects of this … and of course this is in the exploratory stage – from here I would have to choose which aspects I will focus on … and search those more focused in the databases And why is it a good idea to do this??
- Opsamling: Is it difficult – did this method work for you? The next step is to choose which databases to search – again a matter of choices think about database coverage, types of publications – and could you benefit from using a vendor – searching across several databases at the same time disadvantage – not to be able to use thesauri – but check them out before!
- Creating a profile – you can modify searches, create alerts etc. Keep track of your searches You can combine your searches in the Search History divide your searches into parts / clusters So again just a few words on this – do it step by step – to be able to adjust … Sorting / filtering results from your exclusion / inclusion criteria. But be careful not to have too strict criterias (not in the initial phase anyway) that make you ignore studies that could be interesting. “… sometimes we encounter studies that raise issues not yet considered.” Littell et al. s.61
- A reference B, C and D A have references in common with both Y and Z A is cited by E F
- You will need to agree with this in order to use this technique
- Example: ”I’ll limit my search results – and just include the articles cited more than 20 times” (problems: defining the value of a citation; publications years; what about books?; what about applications outside journal literature/database coverage; sleeping beauties) Example: Penkowa - Lomborg
- Remember: coverage (how much of the literature is elegible to provide citations), time (it takes time for an article to be published – new articles cannot have a lot of citations), types of publications (books and conference proceedings are not that well covered in the databases – and cannot give or get measurable citations)
- You can refine in the left side – subject areas – you can search within and so on – but one special feature in Scopus is the citation part …. The 559 are clickable over to Ditte …
- Example: ”Topic of research – missings links between/or parallel research across ”regional science” and ”entrepreneurship”. All the relevant journals are indexed in Scopus! Some researching confirmed that the journals where indeed covered – but very scattered with several years omitted in the relevant period of time. We ended up having to search across seven different database in order to cover 20 journals in a 30-year timespan.” Reason for the overlapping information: database licenses – the library purchases large information collections from different vendors. The collections often have a very broad subject specific profile (e.g. ”communication” or ”economics and mangement” or ”psychology”). The vendors have contracts with the publishers about indexing their journals in different products. Many publishers have contracts with many vendors the library often purchases the same journal several times (but with different coverage depending on the product).
- Core journal – basket of eight – key journals – a-journals – relevant journals – subject specific journals
- xample: ”I want to find everything about this topic! – at some point in time, you have to stop searching. But preferably you have searched systematically and consciously.” “the law of diminishing returns”