1. Mathematics Reviewer
WORD PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA
Solving Word Problems
George Polya’s Four-step Problem-Solving 2. Check each step of the plan as you proceed. 5. If the first number is x and another
Process This may be intuitive checking or a formal number is k less than the first, then the
As part of his work on problem solving, Polya proof of each step. other number is x k .
developed a four-step problem-solving process 3. Keep an accurate record of your work. 6. Consecutive integers: If x is the first
similar to the following: D. Looking Back integer, then x 1 is the 2nd, x 2 is the
A. Understanding the Problem 1. Check the results in the original problem. In 3rd, etc.
1. Can you state the problem in your own some cases, this will require a proof. 7. Consecutive even/odd integers: If x is the
words? 2. Interpret the solution in terms of the original first even/odd integer, then x 2 is the
2. What are you trying to find or do? problem. Does your answer make sense? Is 2nd even/odd integer, x 4 is the 2nd
3. What are the unknowns? it reasonable? even/odd integer, etc.
4. What information do you obtain from the 3. Determine whether there is another method 8. Digits. A two digit number can be written
problem? of finding the solution. in the from 10T U , where T is the ten’s
5. What information, if any, is missing or not 4. If possible, determine other related or more digit and U is the unit’s digit. A three-
needed? general problems for which the techniques digit number can be written in the form
B. Devising a Plan will work.
100H 10T U , where H is the
The following list of strategies, although not (Source:
hundred’s digit.
exhaustive, is very useful: http://www.drkhamsi.com/classe/polya.html)
N.B. If the digit of a two-digit number
1. Look for a pattern.
10T U is REVERSED, the new number
2. Examine related problems and determine if Solution Strategies & Tips for Particular Word
the same technique can be applied. becomes 10U T . Reversing a three-digit
Problems
3. Examine a simpler or special case of the number means reading the number backwards;
problem to gain insight into the solution of A. Representations for Number Problems i.e., 100H 10T U becomes 100U 10T H .
the original problem. 1. If the sum of two numbers is s and x is one
4. Make a table. number, then the other number is s x . B. Age Problems
5. Make a diagram. 2. If the difference between two numbers is d If a is the present age of person A, then a y
6. Write an equation. and x is the smaller number, then the larger is the age of A y years ago, while a y is the
7. Use a guess and check. number is d x . age of A y years from now (or hence).
8. Work backward. 3. If the first number is x and another is k times Age table for age problems:
9. Identify a sub goal. the first, then the other number is kx . Age some
C. Carrying out the Plan 4. If the first number is x and another number Persons Age now years ago or
1. Implement the strategy in Step 2 and is k more than the first, then the other from now
perform any necessary actions or number is x k .
computations.