Bombs away

November 2014
> BROWNFIELD SITES
> UV SYSTEMS
> REUSING WATER
> PARTICULATES
> BILGE WATER
PG 20
PG 23
PG 27
PG 30
Solutions for Air, Water, Waste and Remediation PG 32
Bombs
Away PG 14
| www.pollutionengineering.com
March 2-4, 2015
YES, the RemTEC Summit
is still on! Register
today to save!

Filtration expertise trusted over
In the 20 years since we invented the technology, BHA PulsePleat® industrial
fi lter elements have helped improve the effi ciency of air fi ltration systems time
and time again. By promoting better airfl ow through a single-piece element, our
products capture fi ne dust without increasing your footprint. With over 4 million
sold and years of fi ltration expertise behind each one, BHA PulsePleat industrial
fi lter elements prove to be a solid investment for a better business.
How much value can an investment in BHA PulsePleat industrial fi lter
elements add to your current baghouse? Find out with our Baghouse
Energy Savings Calculator at BHA.com.
CLARCORindustrialair.com | +1-800-821-2222
©2014 BHA Altair, LLC. All rights reserved. BHA is a registered trademark of BHA Altair, LLC.

Brand new name.
Decades of experience.
FMC Environmental Solutions is now PeroxyChem.
You might not have heard of PeroxyChem, but we’ve been in the business of soil
and groundwater remediation for quite some time. As a division of FMC, we’ve
worked to develop an ever-expanding portfolio of technologies that includes
In Situ Chemical Oxidation, In Situ Chemical Reduction, bioremediation and
stabilization. With these groundbreaking products and time-tested expertise
from the industry’s top minds, we can help you develop and execute site-specific
solutions that address your environmental challenges.
A wide range of products for one-of-a-kind solutions
Klozur® | PermeOx® | EHC® | EHC Liquid | EHC Metals | ELS™ | ISGS™ | Daramend®
www.peroxychem.com/remediation
Formerly a division of FMC Corporation
Klozur, PermeOx, EHC, ELS, ISGS, Daramend are trademarks of PeroxyChem. © 2014

NOV E M B E R 2 01 4 VOLUME 4 6 N O . 11
F E AT U R E S
14 Investigating Undersea Munitions
Using increasingly innovative technology, the Army has
been investigating munition disposal sites on the sea floor
to study the effects of the discarded munitions on the sea
and surrounding wildlife.
20 The Remediation of Brownfield Sites
Cleaning sites for reuse can be a rewarding experience and
will help to save public health and improve safety as well
as improving aesthetics.
23 Testing New UV System Designs for
NWRI Approval
As precious water resources dwindle, it is vital to find ways
to reuse water but in a safe and healthy manner.
27 The Challenges with Potable Water Reuse
Simply treating water for reuse may not be enough. People
have to be taught that the new product is safe for the
application.
30 Particulate Control
Tiny particles can cause major damage to people when they
are aspirated into a lung. Though difficult, these air pollution
elements can be controlled.
32 New Bilge Water Treatment System Design
Protecting bay waters was a high priority and the system
had to function with low maintenance and last.
50 State Rule Changes
Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few
of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance.
By BLR
C O L U M N S
07 The Editor’s Desk D E P A R T M E N T S
The EPA has again prepared a plan to expand control of all water
that falls on the country. By Roy Bigham
The DOT is seeking to change some of the transportation rules in
order to better conform to international shipping standards used
around the world. By Lynn L. Bergeson
As EPA makes changes to guidance documents and air regulations,
expect additional air modeling work to be added as well.
By Dan Holland
Member March 2-5 2015
09 Legal Lookout
46 The Air Educator
Air & Waste Management
A S S O C I A T I O N
Subscribe to Pollution Engineering and our electronic newsletters at www.pollutionengineering.com.
4 Pollution Engineering JANUARY 2013
08 EnviroNews
08 PE Events
10 Air Pollution Control Products
11 Water Pollution Control Products
12 PE Products
47 Classified Marketplace
49 Advertisers Index
INSIDE
18
20 23
2014 Annual Conference & Exhibition Navigating Environmental Crossroads
Long Beach, California

Now in its next generation,
this puppy’s pedigree is still
best-of-breed.
Our next-generation Model 9900RM gas analyzer.
More sensitivity to sniff out emissions without H2O or CO2 interference.
Nothing tracks UV-absorbable gas species better than our new Model
9900RM analyzer. Even moisture and CO2 won’t throw it off. Whether
part of your CEM system or a stand-alone gas monitor, its high intensity
line source lamps deliver reliable dry gas analysis with a fixed wavelength,
resolution to 0.02 nm and accuracy to 1% of full scale.
The rugged Model 9900RM meets RATA testing requirements and can be
rack, wall or bench mounted. Its advanced data processing capabilities
include data logging, graphing, on-board diagnostics and more. It’s big on
connectivity too, supporting Modbus/RS485 and Ethernet/Web interface.
From performance to sensitivity to reliability, this puppy’s got it all.
Learn more at: www.ametekpi.com
© 2013 AMETEK Inc. All rights reserved.

ONLINE WWW. P O L L U T I O N E N G I N E E R I N G . C O M
SERDP and ESTCP Kick Off
Webinar Series
Early Bird Special
6 Pollution Engineering NOVEMBER 2014
(FOR REGISTRATIONS BEFORE 1/30/15)
Register now!
WESTMINSTER, COLORADO
March 2-4, 2015
www.remtecsummit.com
The SERDP and ESTCP research programs are proud
to launch a new webinar series with the goal of
promoting the transfer of innovative, cost-effective
and sustainable solutions developed using SERDP
and ESTCP funding.
The series is geared for Department of Defense
and Department of Energy practitioners, the
regulatory community and environmental
researchers. The goal is to provide cutting-edge
and practical information that is easily accessible at
no cost. The webinars will be held approximately
every two weeks on Thursdays from 12:00 to 1:30
pm EDT. Each webinar will feature two distinguished
speakers per technical topic from the SERDP and
ESTCP research programs.
For more information, please see http://www.serdp-estcp.
org/Tools-and-Training/Webinar-Series.

WE NEED YOU!
CALL FOR ARTICLES
Pollution Engineering covers a variety of topics throughout the year, and
our editorial team is always open to receiving audience-supplied features.
We are seeking submissions for high-quality, well-written technical articles
for editorial review.
Think of it as a new way to network with your peers and for a chance to
be published in the number one source for must-read pollution control
information!
Roy Bigham • Editor • (248) 244-6252
roy@pollutionengineering.com
FLIP PAGE
to see topics
of interest
• Submissions should be less than 2,000 words in length and include
up to three supporting hi-resolution images.
• Send us your story and include photos and graphics that demonstrate
a working knowledge of a particular technology or system.
• Write it as if explaining it to a friend because we are not interested
in printing a commercial.
• Flip the page for a list of suggested topics or contact our Editor to
discuss your idea.

WE NEED YOU!
CALL FOR ARTICLES
Topics of interest include but are not limited to:
Pumping Aggressive Fluids
· Remediation Technology
· Remediation
· Soil & Groundwater Treatment
· Waste Handling
· Water Treatment
· Air Treatment
· Control Air Emission
· Controlling Waste
· EPA Air Standards
· Industrial Wastewater Treatment
· Managing Water Quality
Have a topic you don’t see listed? We’re always open to new ideas
for topics that matter most to our audience. Contact our Editor to
discuss your suggestion.
Roy Bigham • Editor • (248) 244-6252

Roy Bigham
is Editor of Pollution Engineering.
He can be contacted at
NOVEMBER 2014 www.pollutionengineering.com 7
Just a few months ago, the public
learned that EPA had secretly devel-oped
comprehensive maps of water
found in each state in the United
States. Then, on April 21, 2014, EPA proposed
new regulations and a new definition for waters
that could fall under the agency’s jurisdiction.
When Congress passed the Clean Water
Act, the legislation included a phrase, “navi-gable
waters of the United States.” Unfortu-nately,
the phrase was not defined, and the
agency, with the help of other government
departments such as the Army Corps of Engi-neers,
has struggled to find a suitable definition
ever since that would satisfy industry and
the public. Periodically, Congress will debate
the issue, and the courts are forced to decide
individual cases to determine if the agency had
jurisdiction. Various members of Congress
have uttered statements along the line that they
do not intend to allow regulation of every mud
puddle in the country but failed to actually
make legislation defining any limitations or
boarders. In the April proposal, EPA dropped
the word navigable in their definition of waters
they could or should regulate. In speeches,
EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy stated that
no new waters would be added to their control.
Is Past Action Significant?
In February 2012, I wrote in the Editor’s Desk
about draconian measures EPA took against
a couple who were in the process of build-ing
their dream home in Idaho. Basically, an
enforcement officer from the EPA showed up
and halted all construction activity. The officer
explained that there was standing water on the
property in what was described in newspaper
reports as a puddle. The family then received
orders from the agency demanding they take
very precise remedial actions and continue with
long-term monitoring or face hefty daily fines.
The couple tried to talk with the agency to
no avail and took legal action. At every turn,
EPA wielded its considerable weight to deny
any court actions until some judges tossed
out the private citizens’ claims. However, the
couple persisted, and the case ended up in the
Supreme Court. The decision and order was
that the EPA did have responsibility to meet
with the couple to discuss the case. I can find
no record that such a meeting ever took place.
Mapping a Course
The maps that EPA developed include such
details as ditches. On their website at http://
water.epa.gov/type/rsl/streams.cfm, they
define just what waters they expect to control
and why. It reads as follows:
Small streams, including those that don’t
flow all of the time, make up the majority of
the country’s waters. They could be a drizzle
of snowmelt that runs down a mountainside
crease, a small spring-fed pond, or a depres-sion
in the ground that fills with water after
every rain and overflows into the creek below.
These water sources, which scientists refer to
as headwater streams, are often unnamed and
rarely appear on maps. Yet the health of small
streams is critical to the health of the entire
river network and downstream communities.
These small streams often appear insignifi-cant,
but in fact are very important, as they
feed into and create our big rivers.
So, it appears that if there is a puddle of
water that could ever possibly overflow, and
such overflow could potentially in any way
reach flowing water, then it should be regulated.
I think that covers just about any mud puddle.
Note also that they mention the inclusion of
additional waters that might not be mapped.
What to Expect
There is no need to panic at this point. However,
keep in mind that the agency is embarking on
an all-out plan to educate the public about water
issues. Their website was recently updated to
include a number of pages on the topic. There
are blogs and videos talking about the issue.
Tons of comments have been received, but the
agency has been fully convinced for decades
that all waters are tied together and all must be
protected by regulation. Expect new regulations
will be finalized and new requirements will be
established on industry and communities. Storm-water
runoff will no longer be allowed, and such
water will be required to be collected and reused.
Once these rules are out there, there will also be
many lawsuits, and the cycle of litigation will
start again. Expect the process to again travel all
the way to our nation’s top court.
EDITOR’S DESK
Water Issues Become More Clear
The EPA has again prepared a plan to expand control of all water that falls on the country.
Note also that they mention the
inclusion of additional waters that
might not be mapped.

PE Poll Data
The EPA has mapped all surface water down to the
smallest ditch in the US. Many think this is part of
the new waters of the United States definition rules.
Does this worry you at all?
51%
Yes, private property to do their job.
should not be under the
same scrutiny as industry
or public property.
> REMEDIATION
Wastewater Plants
Upgrades Could Cost
Nearly $200 billion
The U.S. House of
Representatives Appropriations
Committee recently heard tes-timony
which makes a strong
case that “modernizing and
replacing the country’s aging
water and wastewater infra-structure
49%
No, it is a tool that
the agency needs
may be the single
largest public works need that
the U.S. faces,” and it requires
a serious investment. The EPA’s
most recent needs survey esti-mates
$187.9 billion is needed
by clean water agencies to
comply with the Clean Water
Act (CWA).
Some of the wastewater
plants in the U.S. were built
more than 100 years ago. Some
plants are keeping up with their
aging infrastructure, but most
are not able to do so due to inad-equate
funding. The status of
upgrades is continually report-ed
in North American Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
& People Database.
> REGULATIONS
WEF Gains Korean
Support
The Water Environment
Federation (WEF) signed a
Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) with two of Korea’s
top water associations, the
Korean Water & Wastewater
Works Association (KWWA)
and the Korean Environment
Corporation (KECO). Intended
to strengthen ties between
the respective organizations,
the MOUs were signed by
officials in the Global Center
at WEFTEC 2014 – WEF’s 87th
Annual Technical Exhibition &
Conference.
Specifically, WEF, KWWA and
KECO will seek opportunities
for knowledge exchange and
mutually beneficial support
of each other’s publications,
activities, initiatives and spe-cial
projects to assist with a
shared goal of protecting the
environment and encouraging
sustainable development.
“WEF is delighted about this
important step to strengthen
our connection with Korea
through ties with these two
distinguished associations,”
said WEF Executive Director
Eileen O’Neill. “As a result of
these two new MOUs, we can
look forward to more exciting
opportunities to support our
mutual interest in improved
water management and sus-tainable
practices.”
> CORRECTION
The October
cover story
on page 18
incorrectly
listed the
author. The
story was
s u b m i tt e d
from Frankie
October 2014
> MANAGING METHANE
> STACK TESTING
> FRACKING
PG 24
PG 31
PG 34
Solutions for Air, Water, Waste and Remediation
Proposed
REFINERY
Rule PG 18
| www.pollutionengineering.com
Super Early Bird
expires on
9/30/14!
Wood-Black, Ph.D., REM, MBA,
she is the principal for Sophic
Pursuits Inc., Ponca City, Okla.
Send comments or questions to
fwblack@sophicpursuits.com.
NOVEMBER
1-6 Summit 2014: Inspiring
Action, Creating Resilience
estuaries.org/summit
5-6 Power Experts 2014
worldarena.us
5-6 WWEM
wwem.uk.com
6-18 WWEMA 106th Annual
Meeting
wwema.org/annual.php
16-20 International Water
Conference
eswp.com/water
19-20 Canadian Waste &
Recycling Expo
waste360.com
DECEMBER
9-11 Renewable Energy World
renewableenergyworld-events.
com
9-12 NGWA Groundwater Expo
groundwaterexpo.com
JANUARY
12-15 The Eighth International
Conference on Remediation
and Management of
Contaminated Sediments
Battelle.org
FEBRUARY
16-18 EUEC euec.com/index.aspx
MARCH
2-4 RemTEC Summit
remtecsummit.com
ENVIRO NEWS
PE EVENTS
FIND ADDITIONAL NEWS & EVENTS AT WWW.POLLUTIONENGINEERING.COM.

By Lynn L. Bergeson
The proposal is an important step in
ensuring harmonization. Readers with
interest in these issues should review
the proposed regulations carefully.
LEGAL LOOKOUT
Harmonizing DOT HMR International Standards
The DOT is seeking to change some of the transportation rules in order to better conform to
international shipping standards used around the world.
On Aug. 25, 2014, the U.S. Depart-ment
of Transportation’s (DOT)
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
Safety Administration (PHMSA)
issued a proposed rule seeking to harmonize
the hazardous materials regulations (HMR)
with international regulations and standards.
The rule would revise proper shipping names,
hazard classes, packing groups, special provi-sions,
packaging authorizations, air trans-port
quantity limitations and vessel stowage
requirements. The key changes to this HMR
proposed by PHMSA are summarized below.
Background
PHMSA proposes to incorporate by refer-ence
the most recent versions of various
international hazardous materials standards,
including the 2015 to 2016 International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Techni-cal
Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dan-gerous
Goods by Air; Amendment 37-14 to
the International Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code (IMDG Code); the International Atom-ic
Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Standards
for Protecting People and the Environment;
Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radio-active
Material, No. SSR-6 (IAEA Regula-tions),
2012 Edition; and the 18th Revised
Edition of the United Nations Recommenda-tions
on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
(U.N. Model Regulations). PHMSA also
proposes to update by reference the Canadian
Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regula-tions
and to adopt updated International Stan-dards
Organization (ISO) standards.
PHMSA proposes amendments to the Haz-ardous
Materials Table (HMT) at 49 C.F.R.
Section 172.101 to add, revise or remove
certain proper shipping names, hazard classes,
packing groups, special provisions, packaging
authorizations, bulk packaging requirements,
and passenger and cargo aircraft maximum
quantity limits.
PHMSA proposes an exception from the
HMR for marine pollutants up to 5 liters
(1.3 gallons) for liquids or 5 kilograms (11
pounds) for solids when these materials are
packaged in accordance with the general
packaging requirements of 49 C.F.R. Sections
173.24 and 173.24a. The proposed amend-ment
would exempt small packages of hazard-ous
material from the HMR that are regulated
only because of the presence of one or more
marine pollutants because PHMSA believes
such materials pose little transport risk.
PHMSA is proposing to modify the list of
marine pollutants in Appendix B to the HMT.
PHMSA periodically updates its list based on
changes to the IMDG Code and evaluation of
listed materials. PHMSA is also proposing to
add minimum sizes for the OVERPACK and
SALVAGE markings. These markings would
be characters at least 12 mm (0.47 inches) high.
PHMSA is proposing to revise and add
vessel stowage codes listed in column 10B
of the HMT and segregation requirements
in 49 C.F.R. Section 176.83 consistent with
the IMDG Code. PHMSA also proposes to
increase the required segregation distances
between Division 4.3 dangerous when wet
materials, Class 3 flammable liquids and Divi-sion
2.1 flammable gases.
Consistent with amendments adopted into
the U.N. Model Regulations, PHMSA is
proposing to revise the HMT to include 17
new entries for adsorbed gases. PHMSA also
proposes to add into the HMR a definition
for adsorbed gas, authorized packaging and
safety requirements, including but not limited
to quantity limitations and filling limits.
PHMSA proposes harmonization with the
latest version of the ICAO Technical Instruc-tions
to ensure that information currently
authorized by the HMR to be provided by
means of an alternative document be included
on a shipping paper for batteries transported
under the provisions of 49 C.F.R. Section
173.185(c)(4)(v), the equivalent of Section
IB ICAO Packing Instructions 965 and 968.
PHMSA also proposes requiring a “cargo
aircraft only” label on packages containing
small lithium metal batteries not packed in or
with equipment.
PHMSA states that if the amendments are
not adopted in the HMR by Jan. 1, 2015, the
date most of the international standards above
are scheduled to take effect, U.S. companies
will be at an economic disadvantage. These
companies will be forced to comply with a dual
system of regulations, a result to be avoided.
The proposal is an important step in ensur-ing
harmonization. Readers with interest in
these issues should review the proposed
regulations carefully.
Lynn L. Bergeson is managing partner of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C. She is president of The Acta Group, with offices in Washington, D.C.,
Manchester, U.K., and Beijing, China, and president of B&C Consortia Management LLC (BCCM) with offices in Washington, D.C.

PE PRODUCTS
> Product Focus: Air Pollution Control Products
Spray Scrubbers
The Series 9000 preformed spray
scrubber is designed to simultane-ously
remove solid and gaseous
particulates from dryers and other pro-cessing
operations. It features a fine
droplet scrubbing liquid spray zone
within a confined involute section that
eliminates any bypass of untreated
gas. A fully open, cyclonic entrainment
removal section without internal drop-let
removal components is designed
to make the scrubber highly reliable
while also requiring low maintenance.
Bionomic Industries Inc.
Mahwah, N.J. • (800) 311-6767
www.bionomicind.com
CNG Let-Down
Systems
The LD series Let Down
systems combine Bruest’s
catalytic heater with controls
technology to lower the pres-sure
of the CNG to a range
specified by the user. They can
be used in hazardous loca-tions,
including Class I Divi-sion
1 and Division 2 rated
locations, and they emit virtually zero NOX. The heaters range from 2,500
BTU input to 2,800,000 BTU. The smallest heaters are less than 100 pounds;
larger units are stationary or trailer-mounted for complete portability.
Catalytic Industrial Group
Independence, Kan. • (620) 331-0750
www.cat-group.com
Air Vent
The VS3 air vent is designed for use with
sanitary applications needing an air vent for
a liquid line or filter. Three-point seating
and a rubber valve seat allow
for tight sealing of TLV’s Free
Float. The VS3 also meets spe-cific
requirements for materials,
surface treatments, component
configuration and Industry standards
set by the FDA and USP. It is available with
internal and external electro-polished surface
finishes as fine as 0.4 μm Ra.
TLV Corp.
Charlotte, N.C. • (704) 597-9070
www.tlv.com
Pressure/Temperature Data Loggers
The OM-PR series of pressure/temperature data loggers
features a temperature range of minus 4 to 185°F;
pressure ranges are 35, 150, 350, 550, 2,000 or
5,800 psia; and vacuum ranges are 760 and
380 Torr. The data logger is packaged in a
submersible 316L stainless steel housing
and has a standard one-fourth NPT fitting.
It is CE compliant and has 150 percent
over-range protection, programmable
start/stop time and sample rates, up to
64,000 samples per record, alarm set points
and a five-year battery life.
OMEGA Engineering Inc.
Stamford, Conn. • (800) 848-4286
www.omega.com
Particulate
Monitor
The TRIBO.dsp U3400H is
a two-wire, loop-powered,
wide dynamic range par-ticulate
monitor for both
high- and low-temperature
applications utilizing HART
protocol. It is reportedly
ideal for all emission monitoring and process flow applications where
a continuous 4-20 mA signal is needed. The HART protocol allows bi-directional
communication with the unit for remote access and control.
The U3400H is designed to be wired directly to a PLC, DCS, data logger
or any control device capable of providing the 24V loop power, while
simultaneously receiving the continuous 4-20 mA signal.
Auburn Systems
Danvers, Mass. • (978) 777-2460
www.auburnsys.com
Air Quality Control System
Wisconsin Power and Light will install an Air
Quality Control System on Unit 5 at their Edge-water
Generating Station in Sheboygan, Wisc. The
system includes the Gebr. Pfeiffer scope, which
will include the KLV 02/630-4.0 hydrator, a weigh
feeder and a bag filter for dedusting the hydra-tor’s
exhaust vapors. The KLV 02/630-4.0 hydrator
allows for dry injection – the
process of adding water to
pebble lime in order to pro-duce
a dry, volume-stable
lime hydrate.
Gebr. Pfeiffer Inc.
Pembroke Pines, Fla. • (954) 668-2008
www.gebrpfeifferinc.com

PE PRODUCTS
> Product Focus: Water Pollution Control Products
Stormwater
Management System
CULTEC’s heavy-duty Contactor
100HD plastic subsurface cham-bers
maximize storage capacity
while maintaining a low profile.
The chamber holds 112 gallons
and has nearly 30 cubic feet of
storage per unit when surrounded
with stone. The chambers have repeating support panels to add strength
and feature a side portal to allow internal lateral manifolding of the
system. A small chamber – the HVLV SFCx2 feed connector – is inserted
into the side portal to create the internal manifold, which eliminates the
need for an external custom pipe and fitting header system.
CULTEC Inc.
Brookfield, Conn. • (203) 775-4416 • www.cultec.com
New Website
Wilden has launched a completely
redesigned website with a more user-friendly,
intuitive interface; improved
navigation; enhanced content and site
optimization for a vast array of mobile
devices such as smartphones and tab-lets.
Website visitors can access the
entire suite of information on Wilden
AODD pumps, Air Distribution Sys-tems
(ADS) and elastomers including specifications, literature, guides,
tools, performance data, technology applications, educational materi-als,
manuals/EOMs, case studies, videos and white papers.
Wilden Pump & Engineering LLC
Grand Terrace, Calif. • (909) 422-1730
www.psgdover.com
Ultraviolet
Disinfection
Systems
Neptune Benson installed
a UV drinking disinfecting
water system in Berea, Ohio,
enabling the town to seek the
Cryptosporidium credit in Ohio
after the parasite was found in
10 of 24 samples collected from
the East Branch of the Rocky River, which is typical for this type of surface
water. Cryptosporidium is effectively deactivated using ultra violet light,
which has become an important barrier in the U.S. and globally to ensure
that drinking water is wholesome and free from any harmful organisms.
Neptune Benson
Coventry, R.I. • (401) 821-2200 • www.neptunebenson.com
Suspended Solids
Density Meter
This meter measures and monitors
primary, secondary and return-activated
sludge concentrations in
pipes, tanks or clarifiers, and auto-mates
biosolids removal. It allows
operators to program underflow
pumps to automatically shut off
before sludge becomes too thin and helps operators determine floccu-lent
dosages for improved filter press/centrifuge/digester performance.
The reportedly non-intrusive, safe ultrasonic sensor needs no permits
or approvals, and is simple to install, calibrate and clean.
Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Georgetown, Ontario, Canada
(855) 873-7791 • www.sludgecontrols.com
UV Water
Disinfection
The AmaLine system for
drinking water and reuse
is a highly compact, low
pressure, high output
(LPHO) multi-lamp UV
system. Its hydraulics
rotate the liquid flow to
ensure optimal disinfec-tion
with minimal head-loss.
Aquionics is conducting validation over a broad range of flows
and UV-T to meet all global drinking water standards.
Aquionics
Erlanger, Ky. • (859) 341-0710
www.aquionics.com
Critical pH Measurement
Sensorex’s TX2000 Intelligent pH/ORP
Series Transmitters deliver critical ana-lytical
information from process sensors
to water treatment plant operators. Full
featured with alarm/control relays and
current outputs (4-20 mA), the TX2000
transmitter interfaces to plant SCADA or
DCS control systems, keeping operators
apprised of changing process conditions.
The transmitter features easy-to-navigate
text and graphic illustrations in a large,
backlit display. Supplied in a compact NEMA 4X/IP65 enclosure, units
can be wall-mounted, installed in a panel or pipe/handrail mounted.
Sensorex
Garden Grove, Calif. • (714) 895-4344
www.sensorex.com

Online Store
COMPASS is an online store
offering Kenics static mixers.
The online store is self-man-aged
24/7 for order entry and
payment efficiency. The store
reportedly offers accuracy in
proper product selection and
rapid shipment as well. The
online configurator allows
customers to input the pipe
diameter, flow rate and viscosity for the application. After specifications
are validated, the ideal Kenics static mixer model is selected and the
model number displayed. Payment is accepted directly online.
Chemineer
Dayton, Ohio • (800) 643-0641
www.chemineer.com
Ceramic Pumps
FMI’s valveless, ceramic meter-ing
pumps have sapphire-hard
ceramic internal components,
which are chemically inert, wear
resistant and dimensionally stable.
In addition, FMI pump’s Ceram-
Pump valveless rotating and
reciprocation piston pump design
eliminates the need for check
valves, which can clog, leak or
fail over time. These features are designed to allow the pump to handle a
broad range of chemicals under varying conditions with extreme precision
and accuracy.
Fluid Metering Inc.
Syosset, N.Y. • (800) 223-3388
www.fmipump.com
Porous Metal Products
Mott Corporation’s all-metal mem-brane
meets ASTM F838-05 for
bacterial retention. Their sterilizing
grade membranes are supplied in
316L stainless steel or titanium. This
technology is available in a variety
of form factors from very small discs
or tubes for drug delivery applica-tions
to larger 10-inch cartridges for
biotechnology and pharmaceutical processing. This membrane is reportedly
able to withstand aggressive chemistries and drug cocktails without the
potential for leaching, outgassing or other adverse reactions. The porous
metal components are available with filtration ratings from sub-micron
(0.1μm) to coarser filtration ratings, including 0.2 μm sterilizing grade media.
Mott Corporation
Farmington, Conn. • (860) 747-6333 • www.mottcorp.com
Cut Resistant Tube Sleeve
The KRG Sleeve provides ANSI Level
4 cut resistance and flame resistant
properties. This highly reusable sleeve
is made from Kevlar and other mate-rials
to provide superior comfort and
protection. The 2-ply tube design offers
outstanding cut resistance while further
reducing total cost of ownership since the
sleeve is made to withstand multiple launder-ings.
The KRG sleeve is available in multiple
sizes, with or without a thumb hole. It is sold
by the dozen pair.
Wells Lamont Industrial
Skokie, Ill. • (800) 247-3295
www.wellslamontindustrial.com
PE PRODUCTS
Restraint Coupling and
Flange Adaptor
The HYMAX Grip pipe coupling and
flange adaptor uses universal teeth
to restrain all types of connecting
plastic and metal pipes. As pressure
is applied to the connecting pipes,
the adaptor actually increases its hold
on the pipe. It has a hydraulic sealing that
allows joining pipes to move up to four
degrees on each end of the coupling and still maintain a tight,
durable seal. It comes as a restraint coupling and as a flange
adapter, both with a pipe diameter range of 4 to 12 inches.
Krausz Industries Ltd.
Tel Aviv, Israel • 972-3-5154013
www.krausz.com
Think Pink Campaign
Magid is encouraging its customers to select from
an assortment of pink PPE, including gloves, eye
protection and hard hats, to wear throughout
the month of October. Magid will donate 10
percent of the pink PPE sales to the National
Breast Cancer Foundation. The pink PPE brands
being offered include the company’s own lines of
hearing protection, eye protection and gloves, as well
as products from PIP, Showa Best and Honeywell. The
products include ChromaTek cut-protection glove,
which comes in a variety of high-visibility colors,
including pink, and a women’s gardening glove that
works with touchscreen devices and smartphones.
Magid Glove & Safety Mfg. Co. LLC
Romeoville, Ill. • (800) 444-8030
www.magidglove.com
> Product Focus: General

PE PRODUCTS
Chip on Board Bulbs
The LED PAR30C series comes
with a clear, precision UV-sta-bilized
polycarbonate lens that
directs high-brightness 820
lumens in warm white, 840
lumens in natural white, and
790 lumens in pure white LED
color temperature. They have
a 60-degree beam of light in a
medium flood illumination pat-tern.
The PAR30C bulb operates in a voltage input of 100 to 277 VAC,
offering long-lasting durability and easy drop-in installation in existing
standard 26 mm Edison screw-base sockets. This bulb with COB LED
replaces up to 60-watt halogen PAR30 bulbs, while consuming only 11
watts of power, resulting in energy savings of up to 80 percent.
LEDtronics Inc.
Kashiwa Conn. • (800) 579-4875 • www.ledtronics.com
Drum Crusher/In-Drum
Compactor
The Sahara explosion-proof drum crusher/in-drum
compactor is suitable for use in Class I,
Division I areas. It reportedly reduces waste
volumes for safe and economical disposal
– crushing drums down to 4-inch pancakes.
Its explosion-proof construction makes it
ideal for use in NFPA Class I, Division I areas.
It features 60,000 lbs. of compaction force,
welded steel construction, a non-sparking
compaction chamber and a quick-change
head for easy conversion to in-drum com-pacting
mode.
Benko Products Inc.
Sheffield Village, Ohio
(440) 934-2180
www.benkoproducts.com
Combination Truck
The PAT 360-HD is a multi-pur-pose
cleaning truck that utilizes
a combination of jetter, vacuum
and downhole pump to provide
a complete stand-alone cleaning
system for large diameter lines,
digesters, grit chambers, lift sta-tions,
water treatment plants,
ponds, lagoons and other hard-to-clean environments. It utilizes four,
8-inch hydraulic pumps, enabling it to pump/separate sand and water at
up to 10,000 gallons per minute. It delivers up to 1,100 horsepower and
performs in surcharged conditions, allowing a facility to remain com-pletely
on-line. It features an extra-long hydraulic knuckle boom crane with
up to 49 feet of reach from the center and 180-degree rotation.
Polston Applied Technologies
Onalaska, Texas • (941) 444-1440 • www.PolstonProcess.com
Bushed Para-Flex Couplings
The Baldor-Dodge Para-Flex QD (PXQD) prod-uct
line is available in sizes PX50 through
PX200, with torque ratings through 82,500
in-lbs. Para-Flex QD flanges are designed
to offer greater bore capacity, allowing
customers to downsize their coupling
selections. The QD bushing allows for easy
installation and removal with minimal shaft
damage, reducing overall replacement costs.
When used with the Para-Flex element, the
complete couplings system reportedly per-forms
in difficult applications, providing excellent
misalignment capabilities.
Baldor Electric Company
Fort Smith, Ark. • (479) 646-4711
www.baldor.com
Decentralized AC Drive
The VACON 100 X is equipped with
advanced control capabilities and sup-ports
both induction and permanent
magnet motors up to 50 HP (37 kW). It is
designed for wide-ranging applications,
including outdoor installations, as well
as heat, dirt and vibration. It is rated for
zero to 100 percent relative humidity,
3 g vibration resistance, 25 g shock for
6 ms (3M7 acc. to IEC 60721-3-31), and
operating temperatures from 10°C to
40°C (up to 60°C with current derating).
Vacon PLC
Vaasa, Finland • (877) 822-6606
www.vacon.com
Temperature Transmitter
Omega’s M12TX temperature transmitter features a sensor with a
computer-programmable built-in transmitter, a molded connector
(IP67), a M12 connection, 4 to 20 mA output and a minus 58 to 932°F
temperature range. The probe is ideal for areas with space limitations
where traditional head connections are too large to fit. The transmitter
is ideal for HVAC, automation and industrial processing.
OMEGA Engineering Inc.
Stamford, Conn. • (800) 848-4286
www.omega.com
> Product Focus: General

Investigating
Undersea
Munitions
>> BY GEOFFREY CARTON, CALIBRE SYSTEMS INC. ; SONIA SHJEGSTAD, ENVIRONET INC. ; MARGO
EDWARDS, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII; J. C. KING, OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY
OF THE ARMY FOR ENVIRONMENT SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Using increasingly innovative technology, the Army
has been investigating munition disposal sites on the
sea fl oor to study the effects of the discarded munitions
on the sea and surrounding wildlife.
he Hawaii Undersea Military Muni-tions
Assessment (HUMMA) is a
multi-phase program addressing the
challenge of characterizing a historic
deep-water munitions disposal site.
The specific objectives of the pro-gram
are to determine the potential
impact of the ocean environment on sea-disposed muni-tions
and of sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environ-ment
and those that use it.
Due to the environmental conditions at the site (average
temperature: 43°F; average pressure: 55 atmospheres) and
the difficulty accessing it, the field program consists of sever-al
short-duration, high-intensity deployments. Maximizing
COVER STORY
T
Deploying one of the
submersibles, Pisces IV,
with Diamond Head in the
background. The HUMMA
study area is between 3 and
20 miles from shore. Photo
credit: Hawaii Undersea
Research Laboratory

the effectiveness of the overall effort involves orchestrating
a multidisciplinary team – historians, oceanographers, geo-physicists
and geochemists, environmental scientists, and
biologists from academia, industry and government – and a
variety of sophisticated equipment to accomplish the objec-tives.
To date, the HUMMA team has achieved a series of
programmatic successes, facilitated technology transfers,
and documented lessons learned that are being applied to
underwater munitions investigations worldwide.
Background
Through the 1970s, sea disposal was internationally accept-ed
as an appropriate method for disposal of a variety of
wastes, including conventional and chemical munitions. It
was common international practice to dispose of munitions
and other wastes in the oceans. Following this accepted
practice of the time, the U.S. Armed Services disposed
excess, obsolete and unserviceable munitions in U.S. coastal
waters from as early as the late 1800s through 1970.
In 2006, Public Law 109-364 § 314 (Research on the
Effects of Ocean Disposal of Munitions) required the
Department of Defense to identify sea disposal sites in
U.S. coastal waters, identify navigational and safety haz-ards,
characterize six of these sea disposal sites and inves-tigate
the feasibility of remediation of the munitions. The
2009 Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to
Congress contained the final report on the sea disposal
of military munitions, which was based on four years of
archival research. The report details disposals of conven-tional
and chemical munitions in U.S. coastal waters. The
chemical munitions and bulk containers held approxi-mately
32,000 tons of chemical agents. In Hawaiian
waters, the disposal of conventional munitions is known to
have occurred between 1920 and 1951, with the disposal
of chemical munitions occurring between 1933 and 1946.
Policies governing the sea disposal of military munitions
were not specific in the early 1900s, but they became more
restrictive over time. By 1945, the Department of Defense
required munitions to be disposed 10 miles from shore, with
conventional munitions at a minimum depth of 3,000 feet
and chemical warfare materiel at least 6,000 feet. About 96
percent of the net chemical agent weight was disposed of in
water depths of 1,000 feet or more. In 1970, the Department
of Defense discontinued the use of sea disposal. In 1972,
Congress passed the Marine Protection, Research and Sanc-tuaries
Act. This act effectively prohibited ocean disposal of
waste materials, including military munitions.
Investigating a Deep-Water Disposal Site
To aid the Department of Defense in meeting the unique
challenge posed by Public Law 109-364 §314’s require-ments,
the Army initiated HUMMA in 2006 to investigate
a Department of Defense military munitions sea-disposal
site in Hawaii (Department of Defense sea-disposal site
HI-05). This poorly documented site is 3 to 20 miles south
of Oahu in water depths of 800 to 2,000 feet. The site con-tains
conventional and chemical military munitions, includ-ing
16,000 100-pound mustard-filled bombs. The site’s close
proximity to shore and the University of Hawaii’s research
facilities, technologies and personnel facilitated the logistical
Coal

COVER STORY
support required for a detailed investigation.
Investigations in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012 used inno-vative
technologies to map and verify, using two three-man,
deep-sea research submersibles, towed-video cameras, and
remotely operated vehicles, to find small seafloor munitions
targets; and collect an array of samples (sediment, seawater
and biota) within 6 feet of selected munitions. The final
2014 field program will complete the sampling program
using a more sophisticated remotely operated vehicle.
HUMMA’s approach allows the site to be studied across
a broad range of resolutions, stretching from regional maps
covering hundreds of square miles to extremely high-reso-lution
imagery of individual munitions and the animals co-existing
with them. This approach and its resulting robust,
multi-disciplinary dataset will aid in optimizing sampling
at other sea-disposal sites in both deep and shallow water.
Prior to the 2007 SONAR survey, the University of
Hawaii reviewed its extensive library of past manned
submersible training missions in the area and mapped
the locations of munitions detected by submersible video
cameras. This analysis provided an indication of the types
of munitions present and their general distribution, docu-menting
that hundreds of munitions were exposed on the
seafloor and not buried by sediment. This seven-day 2007
survey started with the collection of medium-resolution
(6-by-6 foot grid cells) bathymetry and reflectivity data
over 250 sq. miles using a SONAR system hull-mounted
on a University of Hawaii research vessel navigated using
GPS. The GPS-navigated SONAR data provided a base
map that depicted enough topographic detail to allow
other systems to be towed within a few feet of the seafloor
with reduced risk of collision and could later be used for
co-registration with higher resolution datasets. The last
five days of the 2007 survey used a higher frequency
SONAR system towed 150 to 200 feet above the seafloor
to capture higher resolution (1.5-by-1.5 foot grid cells)
information of surface roughness and detect munitions,
including the 100-pound mustard bombs.
The data from the higher resolution 2007 SONAR sur-vey
covered 30 sq. miles and allowed the 2009 survey by
manned submersibles and a small remotely operated vehicle
to focus on target-rich areas. The manned submersibles
collected 94 sediment and 30 water samples within 6 feet of
high-interest munitions and control sites to evaluate whether
munitions constituents, including chemical agents or agent
breakdown products, were detectable at levels higher than
at nearby munitions-free control sites. Tissue samples from
edible marine life, 16 fish and 19 shrimp, were also collected.
Photo from a submersible
showing box core for the
collection of sediment
and shrimp trap. Note:
A bomb is seen in the
background. Photo
credit: Hawaii Undersea
Research Laboratory

Given the potential for encountering toxic chemi-cal
agents, strict screening and decontamination
protocols were followed at sea. Sediment and
biological samples were screened onboard for the
presence of chemical agent prior to release to a
shore-based commercial environmental laboratory
for analysis. Although the 2009 HUMMA survey
successfully identified more than 2,500 munitions
and collected samples near 20 munitions, no 100-
pound mustard bombs were identified.
In 2009 and 2010, commercial surveyors
investigating pathways for cables and pipelines
south of Oahu contacted the HUMMA team
and, based on the distribution of munitions
depicted in HUMMA’s data, planned high-res-olution
surveys for their efforts outside known
munitions sites. In 2009, the first commercial
survey photographed 103 munitions in trails
outside the southern boundary of the 2007 study
area, and in 2010, five additional munitions
were photographed near the northern boundary.
The casings in both sets of photographs were
consistent with the size and shape of 100-pound
mustard bombs. In several photographs, the
munitions’ markings, which were still visible,
identified the bombs as most likely being chemi-cal
munitions. In 2001, based on these findings,
a second SONAR survey was conducted. The
2011 SONAR survey expanded on the 2007
survey, encompassing the region where the com-mercial
surveyors photographed the munitions
and covered five times as much area as the 2007
survey over an equivalent five-day period thanks
to implementing lessons learned during the
original survey. The equipment used was also
modified between the 2007 and 2011 SONAR
surveys, yielding significantly sharper imagery for muni-tions,
shipwrecks and smaller geological features. Numer-ous
additional munitions’ trails were detected, including
some near the commercial survey sites.
One aspect of the program worthy of special mention
was the safety precautions related to possible contact with
chemical agent. Equipment contacting the seafloor and
samples had to be screened to ensure that neither the
personnel nor the research vessel had been contaminated
with any chemical agent. The Army worked closely with
the researchers during the planning stages to outline the
onboard safety procedures to be followed. Army person-nel
screened each sample for chemical agent prior to
releasing it to team scientists who handled and packaged
the samples for shipment to commercial laboratories. The
Army initially screened equipment and samples on deck
immediately upon the equipment’s recovery from the
seafloor, and then each sample was quantitatively analyzed
within 24 hours of collection in an onboard laboratory,
providing data suitable for risk assessment.
The 2011 SONAR survey was followed by a 2012
HUMMA program that returned to sampling, with the
objective of collecting information to make informed
decisions regarding the condition, potential impacts, risks
and actions that, if needed, might be taken to address
sea-disposed chemical munitions in deep water. The 2012
HUMMA program used manned submersibles to col-lect
212 samples (153 sediment, 36 shrimp, 12 in fauna,
six deep-sea dwelling starfish and five water) within 6
feet of 100-pound mustard bombs and at control sites.
An innovative mass spectrometer was deployed on three
submersible dives to collect in-situ, real-time readings for
chemical agent in seawater at select munitions sites, with
results correlated against the discrete samples collected for
laboratory analysis. Additionally, 30,000 high-definition
downward-looking photographs were collected during 17
Above is a map of the
HUMMA study area,
south of Pearl Harbor,
Oahu, Hawaii. The area
covered by the 2011
SONAR survey is clearly
much greater than
that in the 2007 survey
due to improvements
in both equipment and
methodologies.

transects through the area, two time-lapse cameras were
deployed to observe the interactions of marine life with
munitions, and shrimp and starfish in direct contact with
munitions were collected; the latter action resulted in the
discovery of a new starfish species.
Dissemination of Methods and Technology
The academic, government and industry participants
agreed early in the planning that open discussion of the
team’s approach and alternatives would benefit not only
HUMMA but other investigations as well. Given this, the
participants shared completed work at technical meetings
through the project website (www.hummaproject.com)
and in peer-reviewed and industry journals. HUMMA
researchers are currently collaborating with the multi-national
Baltic Sea Chemical Munitions Search and
Assessment (CHEMSEA) research team to compare data
from the two sites to increase the understanding of both.
The Path Forward
The planned HUMMA field activities will conclude with a
2014 field program that will use the Woods Hole Oceano-graphic
Institution’s Jason-2 remotely operated vehicle to
collect samples near chemical munitions and at control
sites. Sampling and analytical techniques will replicate those
used during the 2012 manned submersible effort. This pro-gram
will allow a direct comparison of the capabilities and
COVER STORY
cost effectiveness of using remotely operated vehicles and
manned submersibles for sampling. The substantial collec-tion
of a wide array of samples, using a variety of both dis-crete
and in-situ technologies, will provide one of the most
comprehensive and robust datasets in the world for under-water
munitions disposal sites. HUMMA is furthering the
Department of Defense’s understanding of the effects of
sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environment and will
provide a comprehensive database for use in tailoring future
sampling programs at underwater munitions sites.
To date, the study has drawn a number of conclusions
and achieved a series of programmatic successes, technol-ogy
transfers and lessons learned:
• Most munitions in the study area were disposed of by
ships while underway, resulting in linear trails of muni-tions
that are readily apparent to SONAR.
• Backscatter data from sidescan SONAR are extremely
effective in detecting 3- to 5-foot-long reflective targets.
• The integrity of munitions widely varies.
• Analytical methods used to detect munitions constitu-ents
during the program were effective.
• Improvements in the SONAR platform motion sensors
and the use of non-overlapping survey tracks yielded a
five-fold improvement of SONAR coverage with notice-ably
sharper resolution.
This research led to cooperation with overseas institu-tions
that are studying HUMMA approaches and results
to improve the effectiveness of analogous research in other
water bodies.
Mr. Hershell Wolfe, the deputy assistant secretary of the
Army for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health
commented that “The Army considers this research effort
extremely important as it is helping close data gaps in
DoD’s understanding of the effects of chemical muni-tions
on the ocean environment and helping validate and
improve upon procedures developed for investigating sea
disposal sites, particularly those in deep water.”
Comments, views and conclusions in this article are
those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those
of their employers, the U.S. Army or the Department of
Defense.
A manned submersible
preparing to collect
samples next to a
suspected 100-pound
mustard-filled bomb at
a depth of about 1,700
feet south of Oahu,
Hawaii. Photo credit:
Colin Wollerman,
Hawaii Undersea
Research Laboratory
Geoff Carton is a senior analyst with Calibre Systems and
provided technical oversight throughout all HUMMA phases.
Sens questions to him at Geoff.Carton@calibresys.com
Margo Edwards is a senior research scientist at the University
of Hawaii and principal investigator for the HUMMA program.
Sonia Shjegstad is the environmental division manager
at Environet Inc., and has been involved in designing and
implementing the multiple phases of the HUMMA program.
J. C. King is the director for munitions and chemical matters
for the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army
for Environment Safety and Occupational Health.

A&WMA Membership Benefits
Here’s just a sampling of the benefits you receive as an Air & Waste Management Association
Quality Information: from the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association to EM
magazine to technical books and publications, you get the technical, practical, and professional
information you need.
Professional Development and Education: improve your professional skills and expertise at
more than 30 continuing education programs, specialty conferences, and a wide variety of
workshops held each year, in addition to the Annual Conference & Exhibition.
Networking and Contacts: take advantage of numerous opportunities to meet with your
peers and expand your circle of valuable business contacts.
Job Search and Employment: find a position in the environmental field or fill a vacancy in
your organization through our online job board.
Membership and Resource Directories: your quick reference for finding colleagues and a
range of products and services.
Discounts: members receive substantial discounts on publications, conferences, educational
seminars, insurance coverage, logo merchandise, and more.
Recognition: get recognized for your accomplishments through the A&WMA awards
programs, publishing an article in EM or the Journal, or serving on an A&WMA committee.
For more information on these great member benefits,
contact A&WMA Member Services at 1-800-270-3444
or visit us online at www.awma.org.
Member:

Cleaning sites for reuse can be a rewarding experience and
will help to save public health and improve safety as well as
improving aesthetics.
>> BY SAVANNAH COOPER, WRITER AT WORLDWIDE RECYCLING EQUIPMENT SALES L LC
A
round the United States, many lands lie aban-doned
and wasted because potentially hazard-ous
contaminants may be present in the soil or
groundwater. But hope of reinvestment is not
lost for lands such as these, known as brown-fields.
In Pittsburgh, for example, many former steel mill
sites have been converted into high-end residential, shop-ping
and business areas. One area in Pittsburgh, known
as Nine-Mile Run, was formerly a dumping area for
industrial slag, a waste product of steel processing. The
Pittsburgh Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA),
with help from the EPA, assessed and redeveloped Nine-
Mile Run and another smaller tract of land into valuable
residential property.
Papa John’s Stadium in Louisville, Ky., was constructed
on a 92-acre former industrial site that was contaminated
with chemicals and petroleum during almost a century of
use as a railroad repair yard. One hundred cubic yards
of soil were contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and 47 constituents were addressed, including
lead, arsenic and chromium. The initial estimated cost of
the remediation was $40 million, but the final cost was just
under $7 million, after a risk assessment and the imple-mentation
of a cleanup and containment plan.
Similarly, the Jenkins Valve Site in Bridgeport, Conn.,
was once an abandoned 18-acre area with industrial
contamination. In 1994, the city used a brownfield pilot
assessment grant from the EPA to evaluate the extent of
the contamination at the site. Today, the former brown-field
is now Harbor Yard, a sports complex with a 5,500-
seat baseball park, an indoor ice skating rink, an arena
and a museum.
REMEDIATION
The Remediation of
Brownfi eld Sites
Above: Remediation
gear can sometimes
be delivered in
modules that are
quick to stage at the
brownfield site.

FPZ Chemical Duty Blowers
Available with EXPLOSION PROOF motors.
All over the country, there are brownfield
sites waiting to be cleaned up and reused.
The EPA estimates that there are more than
450,000 brownfields in the U.S. alone. Most
commonly found in urban areas, brownfield
sites are contaminated properties that have
previously been used for industrial or com-mercial
purposes. Brownfields can be aban-doned
factories, mills, foundries and even
gas stations. Brownfield land is often con-taminated
by low concentrations of hazard-ous
wastes, such as hydrocarbons, pesticides
or heavy metals, such as lead.
In the U.S., the investigation and cleanup
of brownfield sites is regulated by state envi-ronmental
agencies in cooperation with the
federal EPA. The EPA often provides techni-cal
help and some funding for the assessment
and cleanup of brownfield sites. Through
the Business Liability Relief and Brownfields
Revitalization Act, funds from the federal
government help with the cost of cleaning up
these sites.
Numerous organizations may play a part in
the cleanup and redevelopment of a brown-field
site. State environmental agencies, com-munity
groups, technical consultants, legal
counsel, investors, real estate professionals
and federal government agencies, such as the
EPA, are just a few of the groups that may be
Above is a look at the inside of a typical indirect fire thermal desorption unit with vapor recover unit from Vulcan.
· Reliability/Quality
· Low noise
· Factory direct pricing
· 3 year warranty
TM
Saukville, WI
262-268-0180
usa@fpz.com
www.fpz.com

REMEDIATION
involved in the remediation of brownfields.
The actual cost of the cleanup is dependent on a variety
of factors, including the level, type, amount and extent of
contamination in the soil or groundwater. For example,
if the groundwater beneath the site is also contaminated,
the cost of cleanup will likely be higher. Similarly, the
time it takes to clean the site varies. Brownfield sites with
extensive contamination that will be reused for residential
purposes will take longer to clean than sites with minimal
www.defiant-tech.com
FROG-4000™ Portable GC 505-999-5880
contamination that will be reused for industrial purposes.
There are many advantages for property owners who
clean up and reuse their brownfield properties. Often,
it is borderline impossible to sell a brownfield site as is
or even to receive a bank loan with a brownfield site as
security. Cleaning up brownfields helps property owners
avoid potential environmental enforcement actions by
regulatory agencies – actions that could result in high
penalties and expensive cleanups. Also, there are often
tax benefits for cleaning up and reusing contaminated
properties, as well as increased returns from the revi-talized
property, which is more valuable and market-able.
Remediating brownfield sites reduces the potential
contamination of adjacent properties or groundwater,
decreasing the likelihood of additional cleanup costs in
the future. The cleanup and redevelopment of brownfield
sites can encourage higher property values and stimulate
job growth, as well as have a positive impact on the local
economy by creating safer, healthier urban spaces.
Savannah Cooper is the writer at Worldwide Recycling
Equipment Sales LLC. For more information on remediation
solutions from Vulcan Systems, visit them at www.getavulcan.
com, or contact Worldwide Recycling Equipment Sales LLC at
(660) 263-7575 or wwrequip@wwrequip.com.
Screening with Meaning Using
the Worlds Smallest Portable GC
Email: frog4000@defiant-tech.com
CONTENT THAT…
positions you as a thought leader
helps solve problems
helps generate leads
IF YOU NEED A VARIETY OF CONSISTENT AND ENGAGING CONTENT, WE CAN PROVIDE IT.
LET’S TALK IT THROUGH. orangetap@bnpmedia.com | www.bnporangetap.com | @orangetap

WATER
Testing New
UV System Designs
for NWRI Approval
As precious water resources dwindle, it is vital to fi nd
ways to reuse water but in a safe and healthy manner.
B Y J I L L B I B B Y, N E P T U N E B E N S O N
rticles that highlight the water crisis facing
a number of areas in the U.S. are published
with increasing frequency. One recent article,[1]
accepted for the journal Geophysical Research Let-ters
by the University of California and NASA
scientists used data from the NASA Gravity Recovery and
Climate (GRACE) satellite mission to track changes in the
mass of the Colorado River Basin, which is directly related
to changes in water amount on and below the surface. The
results, which have been determined by analyzing data from
December 2004 to November 2013, show that the basin has
lost nearly 53 million acre-feet of freshwater. This amount
is double the size of Nevada’s Lake Mead, the largest reser-voir
in the U.S. More troubling is that 77 percent of this, or
41 million acre-feet, is from groundwater.
According to Stephanie Castle, a water resources spe-cialist
at UC Irvine and the study’s lead author, “We don’t
exactly know how much groundwater we have left, so we
don’t know when we’re going to run out.”
The amount of water above ground in the basin’s
rivers and lakes is documented by the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, so the losses above ground are well docu-mented.
However, pumping from underground aquifers
is regulated by individual states and not always as well
documented.
This has major mid-term implications; the Colorado
River is the only major river in the southwest part of the
U.S. Its basin supplies water to approximately 40 million
people in the seven basin states and irrigates 4 million
acres of farmland. Given the well-documented drought
that the western part of the U.S. has been experiencing
and a vastly diminished snow pack, the rapid depletion
rate of groundwater will further compound the water cri-sis,
as groundwater has for some time now been used to
bridge the gap between supply and demand.
A perfect storm of changing rainfall patterns, a warm-ing
climate, growing demand, and decreasing availability
means that many areas in the U.S., as well as globally,
will experience a shortage of drinking water in the next
30 years. A report from the Columbia Water Centre[2]
illustrates this point; a 99 percent population increase
since 1950 has led to a 127 percent increase in water use,
which has further decreased water availability making it
increasingly difficult to replenish aquifers after a drought.
The Columbia study identifies several locations within the
U.S. that will experience water stress, and it develops risk
metrics used to predict future water stress including one
called normalized deficit cumulated (NDC) that uses data
gathered over several years to point to future shortages.
Some of the regions they identify below are surprising:
A
Above: Temporary
structure over test
unit, with flow visible
in clear spool piece
• Picture credit
Neptune Benson

• Washington, D.C., metro area
• New York metro area
• California from San Diego to Santa Barbara and
inland
• Agricultural belt: Dakotas
• Agricultural belt: Nebraska
• Illinois
• Lower Mississippi belt: Arkansas area
• Agricultural belt: North Texas
• Agricultural regions in Ohio
• Agricultural regions in Minnesota
A third report from the Cooperative Institute for
Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colo-rado,
Boulder[3] analyzes water supply trends over the last
10 years. This report shows that 193 out of the nation’s
2,103 watersheds – almost 10 percent – are stressed, mean-ing
their current supply of water is less than demand.
Aquifers underlying central California and the Ogal-lala
Aquifer (or High Plans Aquifer) that stretches from
Nebraska to Texas are being drawn down more quickly
than they are being recharged. Vast stretches of Texas
farmland lying over the High Plains Aquifer no longer
support irrigation. In west-central Kansas, up to 20 per-cent
of the irrigated farmland along a 100-mile swath of
the aquifer has already been depleted. This region receives
only 12 to 24 inches of rain each year. In many other
places, there no longer is enough water to supply farmers’
peak needs during the Kansas summer heat.
The rate of Aquifer decline is accelerating: in 2011 and
2012, the Kansas Geological Survey reports, the average
water level in the state’s portion of the aquifer dropped 4.25
feet – nearly a third of the total decline since 1996. More than
90 percent of Kansas is in drought; this is the worst drought
since the Great Depression, and consequently, nearly every
monitoring well in the state is “much below normal” or “low.”
The High Plains Aquifer has traditionally been used as a fall-back
water source, but this resource is dwindling. The north-ern
end of the High Plains Aquifer in Nebraska is, however,
showing a gain in reserves, and for this reason the Keystone
XL pipeline was re-routed as the original plan showed the
pipeline routed over sand hills which feed the Aquifer.
The scarcity of water supplies is producing a variety of
actions across the U.S.; in most regions water conserva-tion
is now being taken more seriously, leakage rates in
pipes are being addressed and improved, and water ration-ing
is being considered, with California water regulators
voting July 8, 2014, to approve fines of up to $500 per day
for residents who waste water.
Attention is also being turned to uses of water that do
not require potable water, such as municipal and crop
irrigation, dust suppression and urinal flushing. Water
supply for each of these applications is now being switched
to previously used water, or indirect potable reuse water
(IPR). In some of the most water-stressed regions, com-munities
are now directly consuming reuse water. Such
direct potable reuse will grow as the public becomes more
comfortable with the safety of the process.
The disinfection of reuse water is clearly a critical step in
protecting public health, and ultraviolet light has for some
time been an integral step in the treatment of reuse water.
UV light has the ability to damage the deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) found within all microbes. When exposed to
a sufficient dose of UV light, DNA becomes permanently
damaged, or dimerized. The dimers form where the cross
bonds within the DNA structure is broken by the UV light,
rendering the microbe non-viable. Normal cell functions
such as respiration, replication and the assimilation of food
cease, and the organism quickly dies. No organisms have
demonstrated any tolerance to UV light; however several
species have become tolerant to chemical disinfection meth-ods
such as chlorination or biocide dosing. Some organisms
do show repair mechanisms, most of which occur when the
organism has received a low dose of UV light and is subse-quently
exposed to sunlight. UV-A exposed to sunlight trig-gers
a repair enzyme reaction called photolysis, which can
WATER
Neptune Benson UV
system undergoing
performance testing.
Access hatch visible in
foreground.

Most UV systems are validated using
bioassay techniques by a third party to
demonstrate adequacy of performance.
assist in a repair mechanism. For this reason, most advanced
UV systems used for IPR and now DPR are contained with
a closed pipe rather than the older open channel type. Open
channel UV systems must be covered to prevent sunlight
from reversing the germicidal action.
Most UV systems are validated using bioassay tech-niques
by a third party to demonstrate adequacy of per-formance.
The National Water Research Institute (NWRI)
Guidelines are the standard protocol used when selecting
and sizing UV systems for water reuse or reclamation.
Originally launched in 2000, the guidelines were updated
in 2012 and are now the standards most commonly used by
regulators, design engineers and water/wastewater agencies.
All of the leading UV companies such as Trojan Tech-nologies,
Calgon and ETS-UV by Neptune Benson have
systems that have been validated in accordance with the
NWRI guidelines, and as computer based emulation
techniques such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
have evolved, reactor geometry and design features have
also improved. CFD models allow manufacturers to build
virtual UV reactors and to simulate fluid flow through the
reactor. When the actual reactor performance is under-stood
as determined by bioassay, then the manufacturer
has the ability to refine the models and hence to produce
and validate highly optimized UV designs.
Validation of UV Systems
Validation of UV systems is generally undertaken by a
third party. Neptune Benson hired Carollo Engineers
to oversee the validation of a family of closed vessel,
advanced UV systems, specifically for the high level disin-fection
of reuse water.
Between December 2011 and September 2012, Carollo
Engineers undertook a series of performance validation
tests on the ETS-UV equipment from Neptune Benson
at the Dublin San Ramone Services District Wastewater
Treatment Facility (DSRSD-WWTF) in Pleasanton, Calif.
A total of nine such systems were validated. In each
case, a bioassay test was conducted by adding a non-pathogenic
surrogate organism, MS-2 coliphage (MS-2) to
the process water upstream of the UV system, which was
filtered secondary effluent from the WWTP. Influent and
effluent samples were taken to quantify the performance of
the UV system via inactivation of MS-2 phage for a range
of flow rates, power settings and UV transmittance levels.
UV transmittance was altered using Super-Hume, which is
a humic acid with strong UV absorbing properties.
Power was provided by diesel generators, and pumps lift-ed
the filtered wastewater from the treatment plant and then
returned it after the UV treatment for each case. For each
reactor, the flow, transmittance, power level, pressure loss
across the UV chamber, and UV intensity were measured.
In total, 2,400 microbiological samples were analyzed, 700
collimated beam samples were run and approximately 65
liters of MS 2 phage (5x1011 PFU/ml) was used.
All of the ancillary equipment needed was rented for
the duration of the testing, and a temporary shelter was
erected to shield the ETS engineers and Carollo scientists
from the elements.
The results were analyzed in accordance with the 2003
and the 2012 UV guidelines, and algorithms were derived
CFD model of ETS -UV
system to emulate
performance • Picture
credit Neptune Benson

WATER
that calculate how much UV reduction equivalent dose
(RED) was delivered by each of the UV systems for the
performance envelope defined.
The report that Carollo completed was presented to
the state Water Resources Control Board, and Neptune
Benson has now received conditional acceptance of each
reactor reviewed.
The NWRI guidelines are designed to ensure that the
water produced poses no health risk, so a 5-log reduction
of Polio virus and a 7-day median total coliform of 2.2
PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT
most probable number (MPN) /100 mL must be achieved.
The standards require a UV dose of 100 mJcm2 when
the effluent is filtered before the UV system by a cloth or
other conventional filter. The UV dose is permitted to be
reduced to 80 mJcm-2 when the UV is used in combina-tion
with micro filtration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) and
is permitted to be reduced to 50 mJcm-2 when the effluent
is treated by reverse osmosis (RO).
The testing program is rigorous and requires each
system to be tested and performance to be verified. In
each case, the CFD model prediction of the manufacturer
is compared with the actual microbiological performance
achieved, and the correlation between the Neptune Ben-son
model and the actual performance achieved was in
excess of 98 percent.
REFERENCES
1. Stephanie L. Castle, et al. “Groundwater Depletion During Drought Threatens
Future Water Security of the Colorado River Basin.” Geophysical Research
Letters 2014: DOI: 10.1002/2014GL061055
2. “America’s Water Risk: Water Stress and Climate Variability” Columbia Water
Center White Paper
3. Co-operative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Bolder: Sectoral
Contributions to Surface Water Stress in the Coterminous United States (Averyt
et al.) (www.iopscience.iop.org)
ETS-UV systems
installed at reclaim
facility. • Picture credit
Neptune Benson
Jill Bibby is directory of marketing for Neptune Benson in
Coventry, R.I. Send any questions to her at jbibby@neptune-benson.
com.
Minimize Wastewater Volume –
Introducing Caloris Cubix™
Compact Evaporators
Ultra-compact Caloris Cubix™ Evaporators are ideally suited for
concentrating waste streams to provide clean water for reuse and
to dramatically reduce disposal costs. The Caloris proprietary design
uses mechanical vapor recompression, making the units extremely
energy-efficient. This reliable system requires limited space – even
the largest models fit under a ten-foot ceiling. Please contact Caloris
to learn how the Cubix™ Compact Evaporator can help you meet
your water management goals.
Caloris Engineering LLC
Easton, Md. • 410-822-6900 • www.caloris.com

Simply treating water for reuse may not be enough.
People have to be taught that the new product is safe for
the application.
here are two potable water reuse options cur-rently
in use for transforming wastewater
into potable water. One is direct potable reuse
(DPR), which involves purifying wastewater
into purified water and then introducing the
purified water directly into a water supply
system. The other is indirect potable reuse (IPR), which
involves releasing treated wastewater into groundwater or
surface water sources, which is subsequently reclaimed
and then treated to become purified water that meets
drinking water standards.
While a number of water and wastewater utilities are
considering DPR, IPR is already a proven technology and
has been providing benefits around the country, especially
in the Southwest.
Public Utilities Department – San Diego
Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, involves the use of large
quantities of water, three to eight million gallons per well,
mixed with additives, to break down the rocks and free up
the gas. About 10 to as much as 40 percent of this fluid
returns to the surface as “flowback water” as the gas flows
into a wellhead. In fracking, millions of tons of water are
injected at high pressure down wells to crack open deeply
buried shale deposits to extract natural gas trapped within
the formation. Some of the water flows back up through
the well, along with natural brines and the natural gas.
One utility planning an IPR process is the Public Utili-ties
Department of San Diego, which is the eighth largest
city in the U.S., with a population of about 1.3 million.
The city receives an average annual rainfall of less than 11
BY WIL LIAM ATKINSON
WATER
The Challenges with
Potable Water Reuse
T

WATER
inches and has limited local water supplies. It depends on
importing 85 percent of its water from the Colorado River
and Northern California. However, prolonged droughts
and court-ordered pumping restrictions have reduced
the reliability of these deliveries. “We are currently in a
drought state of emergency, with the last two winters being
extremely dry,” said Beth Murray, program manager,
management support. “These conditions, plus continued
population growth, have intensified the need for new
sources of water.”
As a result, the city began looking for ways to diversify
its water portfolio to reduce its dependence on imported
water. It has determined that potable reuse is feasible,
from cost, regulatory and technical standpoints. As a
result, San Diego is proceeding with a full-scale potable
reuse implementation. The first facilities will be capable of
delivering 15 MGD of potable reuse and are scheduled to
be completed by 2023. Additional facilities to be built by
2035 could increase total delivery to more than 80 MGD,
which is approximately 30 percent of the city’s projected
water need.
For treatment, a combination of membrane filtration,
reverse osmosis and ultraviolet/advanced oxidation will be
used. The resulting water will then be piped to a reservoir
where it will be blended with imported water and runoff,
then piped to a drinking water plant for additional treat-ment
and distribution. “The Orange County’s Groundwa-ter
Replenishment System has used membrane filtration,
reverse osmosis and ultraviolet/advanced oxidation to
produce purified water since 2008 for its county,” said
Murray. (Orange County’s system is discussed below.)
Throughout the purification process, the water undergoes
frequent testing and continuous monitoring.
San Diego worked with the California Department of
Public Health (now the Division of Drinking Water within
the state Water Resources Control Board) and the Region-al
Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB). The city
engaged the Division of Drinking Water staff throughout
the demonstration project’s reservoir study, from scripting
out reservoir modeling scenarios to determining appropri-ate
metrics for the reservoir’s performance as a barrier
and ultimately to obtaining their concept approval of the
proposed project. In September 2012, the division issued
a letter to the city expressing its conceptual approval of the
proposed San Vincente Reservoir Augmentation Project.
The city similarly engaged the RWQCB throughout the
reservoir study because it would have jurisdiction over a res-ervoir
augmentation project. While the Division of Drink-ing
Water’s main interests were in retention and dilution
of the water in the reservoir, the RWQCB’s interest was
the impact to reservoir water quality. “Reservoir modeling
showed no adverse impacts of purified water on reservoir
quality,” said Murray. The RWQCB issued its concept
approval of the city’s proposed project in February 2013.
The project will provide multiple benefits. It will pro-vide
a more reliable water source, allow the city to become
more water-independent, increase diversification, greatly
reduce (and potentially eliminate) the need for expensive
secondary upgrades at the Point Loma Water Treatment
Plant, reduce ocean discharges in Point Loma and provide
a system that is more resilient to drought, climate change
and natural disaster. “That is, the project has the benefit of
offloading some of the city’s wastewater from the system
and eliminating the need for a costly update and capital
improvements to that system,” said Murray. “There are
also environmental benefits in reducing ocean discharges.”
Orange County Water District
While San Diego is working toward IPR, the Orange
County Water District (Fountain Valley, Calif.) already
has the technology in place. “Our interest in this devel-oped
in the mid-1970s, when the Water District developed
a project called Water Factory 21,” said Mike Markus,
general manager. “This was the first project in the nation
to use reverse osmosis to treat wastewater.” The water
was injected into the ground along a seawater barrier that
has been built along the coast, which prevents seawater
Convincing the Public
While the technology to treat water for reuse can be challenging, convincing the
public to drink the water can be even more challenging.
The Public Utilities Department of San Diego retained a nationally recognized
consulting firm to assist with the outreach and public education on the project. The
outreach effort began in the summer of 2011 and includes specialized services of
three multi-cultural consultants, development of a comprehensive communications
plan and strategy, coordination of speakers for bureau presentations, facility tours,
community events, production of collateral materials, stakeholder involvement and
media outreaches. “To date, we have reached more than 20,000 members of the
public through these efforts and have seen acceptance of purified water rise from
26 percent in 2004 to 73 percent in 2012,” said Beth Murray, program manager,
management support.
“When it came to getting the word out to the public, our board was visionary,”
said Mike Markus, general manager of the Orange County Water District (OCWD).
“The board realized from the beginning that we would have to do some type of
public outreach campaign.” In the mid-1990s, the OCWD conducted focus groups
and polling and found out what concerns that the public had. It then went out and
talked with its main customers, which were the 19 retail agencies that would be
pumping the water out of the ground, and got letters of support from them. “We
also went to our local political leaders at the state and federal levels and got their
support,” said Markus. “We also reached out to and got the support, of the health
and medical communities.” The OCWD then went out to service organizations
such as the Kiwanis, Rotary, Chambers of Commerce, etc. It also reached out to
the environmental community and was able to get their support, including the
Surfriders Foundation, the Coastkeepers and the Sierra Club. “We ended up giving
over 1,200 presentations in a 10-year period,” he said. “We had, and continue to
have, no active opposition to the project.”

This project became operational in
2008 and is currently the largest
IPR project in the world.
from coming in and contaminating the groundwater base.
“Since that time, we have become very large groundwater
managers,” he said. “The system currently provides about
72 percent of the water supply to 2.4 million people.”
In the mid-1990s, the OCWD wanted to expand its
seawater barrier as a way to increase the Water Factory 21
from 15 MGD to 35 MGD. At the same time, the Orange
County Sanitation District, which is located next to the
OCWD, was considering the need to build a second ocean
outfall. “As a result, we began to work together,” said
Markus. “The idea was that if we would increase the size
of our project to 70 MGD, the Sanitation District would
not need to build the second ocean outfall, and they were
willing to contribute half of the cost of our project.” In this
project, the OCWD is using secondary effluent from the
Sanitation District. “This project became operational in
2008 and is currently the largest IPR project in the world,”
said Markus.
Two years later, the OCWD board decided to expand
the project from 70 MGD to 100 MGD. “We expect this
new expansion to be completed by early 2015,” he said.
In terms of the technology, since the OCWD is tak-ing
secondary effluent from the Sanitation District, it is
receiving wastewater that has already been treated and is
safe enough to discharge into the ocean. “We then run
this secondary effluent through a three-step process,” said
Markus. The first is micro-filtration, which removes bac-teria,
protozoa and suspended solids. “This is an effec-tive
pretreatment to the second process, which is reverse
osmosis, which removes dissolved minerals, viruses,
pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals,” he
said. However, there are still some very small, low-weight
molecular organics that can get through the reverse
osmosis, and the third step, which is intense UV light
with hydrogen peroxide, destroys these. “By the time the
water has gone through this three-step process, it is as
pure as distilled water,” he said.
INTERVIEWEES:
Mike Markus is the general manager for Orange
County Water District in Fountain Valley, Calif.Send
questions to Gina Ayala at gayala@ocwd.com.
Beth Murray is the program manager, management
support for the Public Utilities Department in San Diego.
Send questions to her at BMurray@sandiego.gov.

articulate is a word used in the environmental
industry that simply means dust. The composi-tion
and size of the particles can make a large
difference in the potential impacts that must be
considered and why it is so important to con-trol
this special subspecies of dust.The JOS of
the LACSD is a large regional sewerage system consisting
of 17 sanitation districts, serving 73 cities and unincorpo-rated
areas within Los Angeles County. The economies of
scale and efficient operation of the large system have kept
sewer rates in the districts among the lowest of all Califor-nia
and U.S. sewerage agencies.
What’s the Big Deal?
Size is perhaps the most important of all the problems cre-ated
by particles suspended in the air. A bar of aluminum
is not dangerous, but if that same bar was milled into tiny
dust-sized particles suspended in air and contained in an
area, a tiny spark could easily ignite those particles.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration dis-cusses
the dangers of what they refer to as explosible dust,
which would be conditions that could allow rapid oxidation
resulting in powerful explosions of materials that are not
normally flammable. They provide examples such as an
incident in West Virginia in 2010 when dust from titanium
caused an explosion that killed three workers. In 2008, accu-mulated
dust at a Georgia facility resulted in an explosion
that killed 14 people. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Haz-ardous
Investigation Board listed 281 combustible dust inci-dents
between 1980 and 2005 that killed 119 people, injured
another 718, and resulted in extensive property damage.
But depending on the size of a dust particle, it can be
aspirated and then lead to a much slower but just as dead-ly
situation. The EPA has established airborne concentra-tions
for any dust less than 10 microns because particles
of this size can be drawn into the lungs where they can
become attached and lead to infections. There is a separate
standard for dust particles less than 2.5 microns because
they can travel even deeper into the structure of the lungs.
While dust masks can help reduce the particles, the
commonly seen types that come 50 to a box at the local
hardware store will not even slow down a 10 micron
particle. Facial hair, even a light shadow, will destroy the
capability of the mask to hold back much of the particles.
Many people do not really relate to the the size of a
particle or what a 10 micron particle would look like. In
the first place, 10 microns is right at the limit of visibility
for someone with good eyesight. Figure 1 is a table that
Tiny particles can
cause major damage
to people when they
are aspirated into
a lung. Though
diffi cult, these air
pollution elements
can be controlled.
BY ROY BIGHAM
AIR
Particulate
Control
P
Above: Figure 2:
Cutaway schematic
of a typical Cloud
Chamber System
shows its operational
sequence. Based on
new discoveries and
patented innovations
in electrofluidics, the
CCS utilizes a unique
method of charging
water droplets and
capturing particles.

provides an idea of the normal size range of some every-day
substances. Keep In mind that particles larger than 10
microns can still be lodged in the bronchial tube and nose.
So it is still important to use proper mask equipment to
keep these critical pathways clean.
Controlling Particles
Controlling or removing such tiny particles can be a chal-lenge.
An exhaust fan can move particles from a workplace
but can also leave dead spaces. Additionally, if the problem
is small particulate, then they cannot be exhausted either.
A good plan is to hire a quality air flow engineer who can
assist in system designs. A HEPA filter must be capable of
removing 99.97 percent of particles 0.3 microns or larger,
according to the Department of Energy standard 3020-
2005. Maintenance is critical with such filters.
Some operations will require control of large volumes
of particulate materials. For example, transferring coal or
coal dust can yield very large volumes of small particles.
The tiny particles are easily airborne and suspended
because they are so light. Waste to energy plants can also
produce high volumes of tiny particles if left uncontrolled.
Calling in expert engineers can be helpful because
what works in one place may not do so well in another.
For example, in one plant that made cement in Michigan,
it was determined that an electrostatic precipitator would
easily remove the particles. The impact was quite dramatic.
Before the plant installed the precipitator, the process emit-ted
a whitish smoke from its stacks. When the installed pre-cipitator
was activated, the smoke simply disappeared. The
electrostatic precipitator worked by directing the air flow
between charged plates. The particles were attracted to the
charged plate by electromagnetic forces. Flow was periodi-cally
changed to a different stack, and the electromagnetic
plates were turned off. The collected dust fell to a hopper
at the bottom of the stack and collected in super sacks that
were easily moved and transported for disposal. The sacks
contained the materials quite well.
Company managers decided to install another system
at a plant in a Southern state that made the same product.
However, when the new system was activated, the smoke
from the stack remained white. They ended up calling in the
same engineer to come down and help solve the problem. It
turned out that the source of the raw material was different
enough, and that little difference in chemistry did not allow
the particles to take on the same charge. It was a costly repair.
Another practice to remove particulates from an exhaust
air stream is a counter-flow sprayer system in which tiny
particles will be removed from the exhaust gases by the
well-dispersed water droplets. The water is collected at the
bottom of the stack and treated as needed to remove the
solids. The water can then be filtered and reused in the
stack treatment. It is critical to work with a good supplier
to choose the correct spray nozzle for the application. Bete
Fog is a good source for such information.
Another innovation used in this industry is a combina-tion
of technologies called wet electrostatic precipitation
(WESP). There are a few variations on this technology, and
competition is high. Michael Beltran, president of Beltran
Technologies Inc., wrote about WESP technology in Pollu-tion
Engineering’s October 2012 issue (http://bit.ly/1x7F1NQ
page 21). Their multistage system is capable of removing fine
particulate and gas contamination from exhaust air streams.
Taking the technology to the next level, Tri-Mer Corp.
developed a Cloud Chamber System technology (see Fig-ure
2) that can capture particulates of all sizes, including
the fine particles that are less than 2.5 microns, and gases
simultaneously. In a Pollution Engineering article in June
2007 (http://bit.ly/1tXd8FR), Development Director Kevin
Moss described in some detail how the system functioned.
Basically, the system mimics nature by charging really tiny
water particles so that they are attracted to the particles as
well as to the gases. The combined materials collect and
are easily treated as needed.
One other source might be Eisenmann. They have a
product called the WESP-2F that can remove fine particles
as well as gases from an exhaust stream.
These are certainly not the only methods of controlling
particulate materials. It is important to properly character-ize
the tiny bits and find a competent engineering advisor
to help with the design.
Figure 1: The chart
provides a comparison
of common particles
in the atmosphere to
provide an idea of the
dimension of 10 and 2.5
microns.

Protecting bay waters with a low-maintenance, long-lasting
system was a high priority.
niversal Environmental Solutions (UES) of
Tampa, Fla., recently began operating its new
industrial wastewater pre-treatment system.
UES is an affiliate of Hendry Marine Indus-tries,
an 88-year-old business that began as a
dredger and is now a ship repair company.
The plant was officially unveiled to the public on April
17 by Ed Kinley, president of the company, in a ceremony
at the Hendry dry docks and berths in Port Tampa Bay.
The new plant was designed to treat oily bilge water
from ships using the Port of Tampa Bay in a manner that
is highly protective of the environment. Bilge water is
water that does not run off the ship’s deck and collects in
the lowest part of the ship; it can include sea water taken
in from rough seas, and it typically contains residual petro-leum
hydrocarbons generated from leaks, routine repairs,
cleaning and other maintenance activities conducted on
board. Pollution prevention regulations prohibit the con-taminated
oily bilge water from being pumped overboard.
This facility was partially financed by an economic devel-opment
opportunity from the state of Florida. The facility’s
operation will benefit Florida not only because it minimizes
potential marine pollution, but also the residuals from the
plant are recycled by way of energy input production.
The plant’s primary treatment method is based on the
use of dissolved air flotation (DAF) technology, a proven
technology that can be used to reduce biochemical oxy-gen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
nitrogen, phosphorus and certain metals in a wide variety
of wastewater streams. The DAF was designed to treat
influent concentrations of 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l)
oil and grease (OG) and 500 mg/l total suspended solids
(TSS) to less than 100 mg/l OG and 870 mg/l TSS, so
that the effluent meets Tampa’s pre-treatment standard for
disposal in the city’s sewer system.
The major parts of the treatment plant complex include:
• A 10,000 square foot operations building that houses, in
containment, the treatment system and plant controls.
• A transfer pipeline that allows oily bilge water to be
off-loaded from ships docked at the Hendry berth. The
pipeline is made of a fused high density polyethylene
(HDPE) pipe and has double-walled construction to
BY BRUCE CLARK, P.E. , SCS ENGINEERS
U
WATER
NEW BILGE
Water Treatment System Design
Exhibit 1: Dissolved
Air Flotation (DAF) unit
is shown above.

The new plant was designed to treat
oily bilge water from ships using
the Port of Tampa Bay in a manner
that is highly protective of the
environment.
capture leakage, allow-ing
it to be re-processed.
The interstitial space
between the two pipe
walls is continuously
and automatically mon-itored
for leakage from
the operations building
within the plant.
• An aboveground
bulk storage tank farm
and transfer pump sys-tem.
The tank farm
receives the flow from
the pipeline or tanker
trucks and provides
approximately 270,000
gallons of storage. The
main tankage was creat-ed
by refurbishing four
steel tanks purchased
from the city of Key
Largo that were former-ly
used at its wastewater
treatment plant. Trans-fer
pumps feed the DAF
reactor at a maximum
flow rate of approximately 175 gpm (252,000 GPD).
The tank farm is surrounded by a concrete spill con-tainment
wall built to the 100-year flood elevation.
• A high volume “Butterworth/Gas Freeing” tank
cleaning system at the Hendry Corporation shipyard.
Cargo tanks of petroleum service barges are cleaned
in advance of repair and “hot work/welding” in the
shipyard. These cleaning efforts can result in as much
as 1,000,000 gallons of wastewater treated per vessel.
• A 10,000 gallon capacity DAF reactor unit (Exhibit
1) constructed of 304 stainless steel, mechanical
peripherals and an automated control system manu-factured
by Piedmont Technical Services, Charlotte,
N.C. As the flow comes into the head of the DAF,
more compressed air is introduced into the lower
part of the unit. The compressed air bubbles rise
through the flow and simultaneously sweep oily par-ticles
up to the surface. The heavier solids continue
to coagulate and sink to the bottom of the unit. The
floating oily layer (called float) moves to the end
of the unit where it is skimmed and processed to
initially separate the oil from the water.
• A chemical injection and mixing unit. As the flow
comes into the treatment plant, flocculating chemicals
and compressed air are introduced into the DAF piping
system. The flow moves through a circuitous pipeline
to allow time for the chemicals to start the flocculating
process on the solids and oily droplets in the wastewa-ter.
Bench tests conducted by the DAF vendor demon-strated
the efficacy of the chemical application.
• Two 1,000-gallon decant tanks that promote separa-tion
of the float into two phases, an oily layer phase
and a clarified water phase. The oil residue is then
pumped out to the tank farm and stored in tote con-tainers
where it is periodically transported to an off-site
reclamation facility and refined for re-use. The
clarified water is mixed in with the treated effluent
from the DAF.
• A sludge thickening area. Settled sludge drawn from
the DAF unit is pumped to a sealed, water-tight roll-off
box which is periodically transported for disposal of its
contents at an off-site permitted solidification facility.
Treated effluent discharged from the DAF unit is
pumped into a new sanitary sewer gravity main which
connects to Tampa’s main wastewater collection system.
The flow rate is monitored by an ultrasonic meter and
digital recorder.
Redundant systems are used on the plant to reduce the
potential for adverse environmental impact. These systems
include 1.) placing the entire treatment system and related
pumps and piping inside a covered spill containment area,
including spill curbing for the sludge roll-off container, 2.)
high-level alarms and pump shut-down in the farm tanks
and DAF unit and 3.) use of double-walled piping with
continuous interstitial leak monitoring for buried piping.
The plant’s engineering design, permitting and con-struction
plans were completed by SCS Engineers, Tampa.
The plant required four environmental permits, three from
the city and one from the county. The plant construction
was handled by Seavy Associates, Tampa, Fla., and was
completed in six months and within budget. Mr. Kinley
indicated that the Hendry facility provides a significant
amount of space for future expansion of the treatment
plant as other wastewater sources are anticipated.
Ed Kinley is president of Universal Environmental Solutions
LLC, Tampa, Fla.
Bruce Clark, P.E., is a project director with SCS Engineers in
Tampa, Fla. Send questions and comments to him at bclark@
scsengineers.com.

March 2-4, 2015
Westminster, CO
The Westin Westminster
DELIVERING THE LATEST,
CUTTING-EDGE DEVELOPMENTS
WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE AND
REMEDIATION FIELDS
Join us, collaborate, learn and be a
part of our industry’s evolution!
Register Today at:
RemTECSummit.com
EAR LY B I R D
R EG I STRATION
ENDS
1/30/15!
P r e s e n t e d b y :
Founding Sponsor
Platinum Sponsor

Bombs away

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (12)

Destacado

Destacado (14)

Similar a Bombs away

Similar a Bombs away (20)

Más de Geoffrey Carton

Más de Geoffrey Carton (15)

Último

Último (20)

Bombs away