1. Dr. Robert Wright
Examples of CCS
R&D Programs in the U.S.
U.S. Department of Energy
Workshop for Civil, Chemical, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Introduction to Capture, Use and Geological Storage of CO2
October 13-14, 2014
DF CFE Technology Museum

2. R Wright
Presentation Outline
• R&D Areas
– CO2 capture and compression
– CO2 storage
• Geological storage
• Monitoring, Verification and
Accounting (MVA)
• Use and Reuse
• Infrastructure (Regional Carbon
Sequestration Partnerships)
• Examples for each R&D area
Slide 2

3. Integrated Fossil Energy Solutions
Advanced Energy
Advanced Turbines
R Wright
Slide 3
 Pressurized
 O2 membrane
 Chemical looping
 USC Materials
TARGETS
Increase efficiencies > 45%
Decrease capital cost by 50%
$10 - $40/tonne CO2 captured
Near-zero GHGs
Near-zero criteria pollutants
Near-zero water usage
 Solvents
 Sorbents
 Membranes
 Hybrid
 Process Intensification
 Cryogenic Capture
 Gasification
 Turbines
 Supercritical CO2
 Direct Power Extraction
 Carbon Utilization (EOR)
 Infrastructure (RCSPs)
 Geological Storage
 Monitoring, Verification
and Accounting (MVA)
Advanced Combustion
5 MWE Oxycombustion Pilot
CO2 Capture and
Compression
Systems
CO2 Storage

4. R Wright
R&D Area: CO2 Capture
Slide 4

5. R Wright
CO2 Capture Progression
Slide 5
Laboratory/Bench-Scale
○ Simulated operating conditions
○ Short duration tests (hrs/days)
○ Proof-of-concept
○ Parametric testing
○ High risk
○ 0.2 to 1,000 scf per minute
up to 0.5 MWe –> TRL: 2-4
1 MW Solvent Pilot
Pilot-Scale Slipstream
○ Real operating conditions
○ Long duration tests (wks/mths)
○ Lower risk
○ 5,000 to 100,000 scf per minute
1.0 to 25 MWe –> TRL: 5-7
(Neumann) 5 MW Oxy-combustion
Pilot (Alstom) 25 MW Solvent Heat Integration
(Southern Company)
Demonstration-Scale
○ Variable operating conditions
○ Extended duration (yrs)
○ Demonstrate integrated
full-scale; Minimal risk
commercial application
○ CO2 Utilization/Storage
50-500 MWe –> TRL: 7+

6. Mixed Organics Solvent System
R Wright
Slide 6
Project SumPmroajercyt S—umIOmNar yEngineering
Approach
Demonstrate solvent CO2 capture using mixtures of amines
and organic solvents
Status
• 0.2 MW scale testing on flue gas for 72 hrs at EERC
• Selected for slipstream testing at 1 MW scale
Advantages
• Higher CO2 loading capacities
• Reduced corrosion and solvent losses
• Less make-up water used by the process.
• Ability to use lower-quality steam in regeneration
Challenges
• The current performance levels need to be demonstrated
at the 0.5- to 1.0-MW slipstream level for longer test runs
• Solvent stability, degradation, and corrosion under coal-fired
slipstream test conditions

7. Stabilize the cost
during commercial
R Wright
Carbon Capture
Simulation Initiative (CCSI)
Slide 7
Identify
promising
concepts
Reduce the time
for design &
troubleshooting
Quantify the technical
risk, to enable reaching
larger scales, earlier
deployment
National Labs Academia Industry

8. R Wright
R&D Area: CO2 Storage
Slide 8

9. R Wright
CO2 Geological Storage
Slide 9

10. R Wright
Modeling Fingering
Slide 10
R Wright U.S. Department of Energy
Colorado School of Mines 3-D Simulation
o Reservoirs are heterogeneous
o Fingering
• Reduces the storage
volume
• Makes locating the plume
boundary (edge) more
difficult
o 3-D simulation increases our
understanding of the CO2
plume underground

11. R Wright
R&D Area: MVA
Slide 11

12. R Wright
MVA
Slide 12
Monitoring, Verification and Accounting (MVA)

13. Energy and Environmental Research Center
University of North Dakota
Monitoring well (04-03 OW) has 50 three-component
geophones spaced at 50-foot
intervals from 50 ft to 2,500 ft in depth
R Wright
Permanent Downhole
Receiver Array
o Understanding the risk of seismicity
due to CO2 injection
• Permanently installed and
dedicated seismic monitoring
array
• More economical and less
logistically challenging than on-demand
time lapse 3-D VSP
using a traditional retrievable
array
• Continuously passive seismic
monitoring compared to discrete
monitoring
Slide 13

14. R Wright
R&D Area: CO2 Use and Reuse
Slide 14

15. R Wright
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Slide 15
R Wright U.S. Department of Energy
14 October 2014 Mexico City DF

16. R Wright
CO2 Utilization
Slide 16

17. R Wright
CO2 Reactivity
Slide 17
R Wright U.S. Department of Energy
14 October 2014 Mexico City DF
RTI International
CO2 reactivity depends on feedstock

18. R Wright
R&D Area: Infrastructure
Slide 18

19. Characterization Phase (2003-2005)
Validation Phase (2005-2011)
20 injection tests in saline formations, depleted oil,
R Wright
RCSP
Slide 19
Seven Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP)
BIG SKY
WESTCARB
Developing the Infrastructure for Wide Scale Deployment
400+ distinct organizations, 43 states, 4 Canadian Provinces
SWP
PCOR
MGSC
MRCSP
SECARB
o Engage regional, state, and local governments
o Determine regional sequestration benefits
o Baseline region for sources and sinks
o Establish monitoring and verification protocols
o Validate sequestration technology and infrastructure
unmineable coal seams, and basalt
Development Phase (2008-2018+)
8 large scale injections
(over 1 million tons each)
Commercial scale
understanding and validation
Identify potential CO2
storage locations and large
CO2 sources
Found potential for 100s of
years of storage

20. R Wright
Small Scale Tests
Slide 20
1 12
19
3
14
9
16
5
2
6
CO2 Injection/Test Complete
Project Moved to Phase III
(Large-Scale Injection)
Small-Scale CO2 Injection Sites
(added July 2011)
1
RCSP Formation
Type
2
4
5
6
8 9
12
14
15 16
19
11
11
Saline Formations
(3,000 to 60,000 metric tons)
Oil and Natural Gas Reservoirs
(50 to 500,000 metric tons)
Unmineable Coal
(200 to 18,000 metric tons)
Basalt Formations
(1,000 metric tons)
20
7
20
3
10
10
13
13
17
18
17 18
1
3
BSCSP
WESTCARB
SWP
PCOR
MGSC
MRCSP
SECARB
1
2-a
3
4
7
15
8
2-a
2-b
Completed 19 Injections 2-b
More than 1.22 MMT injected
Geologic
Province
BIG SKY SALINE Columbia Basin
MGSC
Midwest Geological
Sequestration Consortium
OIL-BEARING
SALINE
COAL SEAM
Illinois Basin
MRCSP
Midwest Regional Carbon
Sequestration Partnership
SALINE Cincinnati Arch,
Michigan Basin,
Appalachian Basin
PCOR
The Plains CO2 Reduction
Partnership
OIL-BEARING
COAL SEAM
Keg River, Duperow,
Williston Basin
SECARB
Southeast Regional Carbon
Sequestration Partnership
OIL-BEARING
SALINE
COAL SEAM
Gulf Coast,
Mississippi Salt
Basin, Central
Appalachian, Black
Warrior Basin
SWP
Southwest Regional
Partnership on Carbon
Sequestration
OIL-BEARING
COAL SEAM
Paradox Basin,
Aneth Field, Permian
Basin,
San Juan Basin
WESTCARB
West Coast Regional Carbon
Sequestration Partnership
SALINE Colorado Plateau
Other Small Scale
Injections
Formation
Type
Geologic
Province
University of Kansas OIL-BEARING
& SALINE
Sedwick Basin
Virginia Tech COAL SEAM
ORGANIC
SHALE
Appalachian Basin;
Sourwood or
Oakwood CBM fields
Blackhorse Energy, LLC OIL-BEARING Gulf Coast Basin;
First Wilcox Sand

21. R Wright
Large Scale Tests
Slide 21
8
7
6
Injection Ongoing
Injection Scheduled 2014-2015
 Large-volume tests
 Five Partnerships currently injecting CO2
 Remaining injections scheduled 2014-2015
Injection began
Nov 2011
Injection Started
April 2009
Core Sampling
Taken
Note: Some locations presented on map may
differ from final injection location
Injection started
in depleted reef
February 2013
Injection Started
May 2013
Seismic Survey
Completed
Partnership
Field Project -
Formation
Metric Tons Injected
(Date)
Big Sky
Kevin Dome-
Duperow Formation
0 (7/1/14)
MGSC
Illinois Basin Decatur-
Mt. Simon Sandstone
>864,741 (7/1/14)
MRCSP
Michigan Basin-
Niagaran Reef
>238,100 (6/22/14)
PCOR
Bell Creek-
Muddy Sandstone
>741,095 (5/1/14)
Fort Nelson-
Sulfur Point Formation
0 (7/1/14)
SECARB
Early Test (Cranfield
Field)- Tuscaloosa
Formation
>4,354,592 (6/1/14)
Anthropogenic Test
(Citronelle Field) –
Paluxy Formation
>100,661 (6/17/14)
SWP
Farnsworth Unit-
Morrow Formation
>102,374 (5/1/14)
WESTCARB Regional Characterization
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
5
2
3
4
6 7
8
Injection began
August 2012
Start injection
October 2013

22. ○ “Valley of Death” for Technologies
− Expensive to build and operate
− Uncertain market potential and/or
R Wright
Technology Progression
Slide 22
business model
○ Financing
○ Sitting
○ Warranties and guarantees

23. R Wright
Thank You
Slide 23
Dr. Robert Wright
Office of Fossil Energy
U. S. Department of Energy
Email: robert.wright@hq.doe.gov
Telephone: +1 202 586 0429
SPECIAL RECOGNITION:
Angela Dunn, NETL
Mark Ackiewicz, FE
Regis Conrad, FE
Darren Mollot, FE
Ed Steadman, EERC
U.S.: 40 years of EOR and 15 years of CCS