The Global CCS Institute is pleased to have held the first Venezuela specific webinar on Wednesday 18 December from 9:30-10:30am (Venezuelan Standard Time). This webinar series will be presented in Spanish, and is part of the Global CCS Institute’s capacity development program in the Americas. The webinar will focused on ‘The Global Status of Carbon Capture & Storage & CO2-EOR’ and briefly touched on the potential role of EOR-CCS in the Venezuelan technical context. The Institute is pleased that Vanessa Nuñez, Research Scientist Associate at the Gulf Coast Carbon Center of the University of Texas at Austin’s Bureau of Economic Geology, is presenting this webinar series. Vanessa serves as Principal Investigator for several applied CCS projects. She holds a BS in Petroleum Engineering from Universidad Central de Venezuela, an MS in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and an MA in Energy and Mineral Resources also from the University of Texas at Austin. Before joining the Bureau of Economic Geology, Vanessa was a Senior Reservoir Engineer at Chevron Energy Technology’s Carbon Storage group, where she served as company representative for several Joint Industry Projects, such as the Weyburn-Midale IEA project. Back in her native Venezuela, she worked as an Instructor Professor at Universidad Central de Venezuela.

1. The global status of carbon capture
and storage and CO2-EOR
Webinar – 19 December 2013, 0100 AEDT

2. Vanessa Nuñez
Research Scientist Associate, Gulf Coast Carbon Center
Vanessa Nuñez is a Research Scientist Associate at the Gulf
Coast Carbon Center of the University of Texas at Austin’s
Bureau of Economic Geology. In this position, she serves as
Principal Investigator for several applied CCS projects. She
holds a B.S. in Petroleum Engineering from Universidad
Central de Venezuela, an M.S. in Petroleum Engineering
from the University of Texas at Austin and an M.A. in Energy
and Mineral Resources also from the University of Texas at
Austin. Before joining the Bureau of Economic Geology,
Vanessa was a Senior Reservoir Engineer at Chevron
Energy Technology’s Carbon Storage group, where she
served as company representative for several Joint Industry
Projects, such as the Weyburn-Midale IEA project. Back in
her native Venezuela, she worked as an Instructor Professor
at Universidad Central de Venezuela.

3. QUESTIONS
 We will collect questions during
the presentation.
 Your MC will pose these
question to the presenter after
the presentation.
 Please submit your questions
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The webinar will start shortly.

4. The Global Status of CCS
Vanessa Núñez López, M.S., M.A.
vanessa.nunez@beg.utexas.edu

5. Achieving a low carbon future: A call to action for CCS
The Global Status of CCS: 2013 – The key Institute publication
 2013 edition: released 10
October
 Comprehensive coverage
on the state of CCS projects
and technologies
 Recommendations for
moving forward based on
experience
 Project progress outlined
since 2010
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6. CCS: A vital part of our low-carbon energy future

7. CCS well understood and a reality
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8. EOR continues to drive development
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9. Important gains but project pipeline reduced
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10. Need long term commitment on actions to mitigate
climate change
 ƒ CS progress is currently below the pace required
C
to make a significant contribution to climate change
mitigation
 In the Institute’s project survey 70 per cent of
projects agreed that policy uncertainty was a major
risk to their project
 Pipeline of projects could then shrink further, placing
climate change targets at risk
RECOMMENDATION 1
Implement sustained policy support that includes long-term
commitments to climate change mitigation and strong market–
based mechanisms that ensure CCS is not disadvantaged
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11. Strengthen incentive mechanisms to support
immediate demonstration
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12. Support needed for first mover projects
 ƒ eed robust projects to move through the
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development pipeline and commence construction
 The value of CCS must be continually affirmed
 CCS must not be disadvantaged in relation to other
low-carbon technologiesƒ
ƒ
RECOMMENDATION 2
Boost short-term support for the implementation of
demonstration projects. This will require targeted financial
support measures that enable first mover projects to progress
faster through development planning into construction and
provide necessary support during operations
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13. Some power generation projects are in the pipeline
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14. Goals remain challenging
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15. Dealing with regulatory uncertainties
 Some important legal and regulatory progress
 ƒ espite this several issues persist
D
 Includes post-closure stewardship and cross-border
movement of CO2
RECOMMENDATION 3
Implement measures to deal with the remaining critical regulatory
uncertainties, such as long-term liabilities. This will involve
learning from the efforts of jurisdictions within Australia, Canada,
Europe and the US, where significant legal and regulatory issues
have been, and continue to be, resolved
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16. Meeting the energy needs of developing nations
 With a pressing need to build large amounts of
generating capacity, emissions could increase
dramatically without CCS
 Overall CCS is at the very early stages in many
developing countries
 Encouragement is needed to consider CCS and if so
help with implementation
 Significant progress is being made in some countries to
advance CO2 storage programs and CCS regulation
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17. Support R&D and collaboration
 Much can be learnt from large pilot projects, especially
in industries where no large-scale projects exist
 These projects are crucial for reducing costs and
strengthening investor and stakeholder confidence
 Need to address gaps in iron and steel and cement
 Globally collaborative R&D more cost effective
RECOMMENDATION 4
Continue strong funding support for CCS research and
development activities and encourage collaborative approaches
to knowledge sharing across the CCS community
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18. Storage pilots and demonstration projects have
an important role
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19. Planning for storage site selection
 Storage screening is important but there is also a need to
focus on maturing demonstration project storage sites
 Storage site selection can take 5–10 years or more
 Currently limited incentives for industry to undertake
costly exploration programs
RECOMMENDATION 5
Create a positive pathway for CCS demonstration by advancing
plans for storage site selection
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20. Encourage shared infrastructure
 Scale of infrastructure required for CCS to help meet
climate change mitigation targets is great
 ‘Trunk lines’ that connect capture projects with storage
formations could allow for:
 lower entry barriers
 optimal development of infrastructure
RECOMMENDATION 6
encourage the efficient design and development of transportation
infrastructure through shared hub opportunities to become ‘trunk
lines’ for several carbon dioxide capture projects
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21. Action needed
 Encouraging progress with 12 projects in operation
 But we must deal with the decline in the project pipeline
 Short term injection of support required to help
demonstration projects proceed and to build confidence
 Need to ensure that CCS can play its full part in climate
change mitigation and in providing energy security
 Above all action on long-term climate change mitigation
commitments is key to the deployment of CCS
 Time to act is now
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22. How the Institute is committed to the challenge
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23. CO2-EOR basic concepts
What is it?
CO2-EOR is a technology that targets the residual oil in depleted oil
reservoirs by the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Where is it applied?
In depleted light-oil reservoirs that have gone through
primary recovery (natural flow) and, in most cases,
secondary recovery (mainly waterflooding).
How does it work?
CO2 is a solvent: it
mixes with the oil
• Oil expands (swells)
• Oil viscosity is reduced
• Interfacial tension (IT) disappears*
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24. Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP)
At constant temperature and composition, MMP is the lowest pressure at
with miscibility can be achieved. At MMP, the interfacial tension is zero and
no interface exists as the fluids have become one single phase.
Miscibility: two fluids are miscible when they dissolve in all proportions
producing a homogeneous solution. Miscibility goes beyond solubility!
• First contact
Types of Miscibility
• Multiple contact
• Miscible: Above MMP
Types of Flooding
• Immiscible: Below MMP
Depending on temperature and oil composition, MMP values can be achieved in oils
ranging from 35 to 40 API
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25. The extra-heavy oil challenge
CO2-EOR cannot be applied directly to heavy or extra-heavy oil fields, at least
in its conventional form. However, there exist EOR options in which the
development of such fields could be considered as part of broader multicomponent CCS projects
Options include:
High CO2 emitting conventional and unconventional thermal processes, where
CO2 is captured, transported, and injected into nearby light oil reservoirs or
saline aquifers.
•
Steam injection
•
In-situ combustion
CO2 captured
and transported
Miscible oil fields
Near-miscible oil fields
Gas fields
Deep saline aquifers
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26. QUESTIONS / DISCUSSION
Please submit your questions
directly into the GoToWebinar
control panel.
The webinar will start shortly.

27. Please submit any feedback to: webinar@globalccsinstitute.com