Chapter 8.3

1. LATIN AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE

2. Bolívar
fights
Spanish
troops
in his
endeavors
to free South
America.
Simón Bolívar

3. 1750-1914:
AN AGE OF
REVOLUTIONS
Latin
American
Independence
Movements

4. IMPERIALISM IN THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA, 1898–
4
1917
Referred to as Banana Republics

5. LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF
3
INDEPENDENCE
 What caused discontent in Latin America?
 How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central
America win independence?
 How did nations of South America
win independence?

6. 3
WHAT CAUSED DISCONTENT IN LATIN AMERICA?
By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped
Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There,
discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system
that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule.
 Peninsulares were those born of Spanish parents in Spain;
therefore, they had the most wealth, education, & status.
 Creoles resented their second-class status.
 Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied
the status, wealth, and power available to whites.
 Native Americans suffered economic misery under the
Spanish.
 Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed
for freedom.

7. 3
CENTRAL
HAITI MEXIC
AMERICA
O
In 1791, Toussaint Father Miguel Hidalgo Spanish-ruled lands
L‟Ouverture led slaves and José Morelas led declared their
in revolt. popular revolts. independence in the
By 1798, enslaved Rebels led by Agustín early 1820s.
Haitians had been de Iturbide overthrew Local leaders set up
freed. the Spanish the United Provinces
In 1802, Napoleon viceroy, creating an of Central America.
sent an army to independent Mexico.
recapture Haiti. The union soon
Napoleon‟s forces Iturbide took the title of fragmented into
agreed to a truce, or emperor, but was separate republics of
temporary peace. quickly overthrown. Guatemala, Nicaragu
Liberal Mexicans set up a, Honduras, El
In 1804, Haitian Salvador, and Costa
the Republic of Mexico.
leaders declared Rica.
independence.
STRUGGLES FOR INDEPENDENCE

8. INDEPENDENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA
3
In South America, Native Americans
had rebelled against Spanish rule as
early as the 1700s, with limited
results. It was not until the 1800s that
discontent sparked a widespread
drive for independence.
Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator,”
:the George Washington of South
America,” led an uprising that
established a republic in Venezuela.
He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador,
Peru, and Bolivia.
 In 1816, José de San Martín
helped Argentina win freedom from
Spain. He then joined forces with
Bolívar.
 Bolívar tried to unite the liberated
lands into a single nation called Gran
Colombia. However, bitter rivalries
made that dream impossible.
Before long, Gran Columbia split into

9. INDEPENDENT NATIONS OF LATIN AMERICA ABOUT 1844
3

10. 3
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA
Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
European domination of Latin America People of Latin America resent
colonial rule and social injustices
Spread of Enlightenment ideas
American and French revolutions Revolutionary leaders emerge
Growth of nationalism in Latin America Napoleon invades Spain and ousts
Spanish king
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Toussaint L„Ouverture leads Attempts made to rebuild
slave revolt in Haiti economies
Bolívar, San Martín, and others 18 separate republics set up
lead successful revolts in Latin Continuing efforts to achieve stable
America democratic governments and to
Colonial rule ends in much of gain economic independence
Latin America

11. François Toussaint-
Simón Louverture-
Miguel Bolívar
Hidalgo Key
People
Pedro I José de
San Martín

12. LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS, 18TH & 19TH C.
Wars of
Independenc
e
In Latin
America
Many Latin
American
nations tried
a break for
freedom
while
Napoleon
was in power

13. RESULTS
 Caudillos
 Strong military leaders emerge
 Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge
 Dependency theory challenges “Modernity”
theory
 Western European markets determine the product
 South America dependent upon others buying their one
crop
 Banana Republics
 United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late
19th and early 20th century
 Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent
on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and
corrupt clique put in power by the United States
government in conjunction with the CIA and the US
business lobby

14. LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL CLASSES
Peninsulares were men born in Spain or
Portugal who held highest offices and
important military and political positions
Creoles were Spaniards born in the Latin
American colonies who were officers in
army, but not in government and controlled
much of the land and business in the
colonies. But they deeply resented power
of the peninsulares.
Mestizos made up the majority of the society
because it was mixed European and
Indian. They worked as servant to the
peninsulares and Creoles and as
plantation overseers and farmhands.
Mulatto-European and African mixed ancestry.
The Native Americans/Africans were the
lowest society group but also the largest.
They were not known as citizens but did
much labor.

15. FRENCH COLONIES: REVOLUTION IN HAITI
 Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti
 Western third of island of Hispanola in
Caribbean Sea.

16. • The first Latin American uprising was in the French
colony of Haiti, which was where huge plantations of
sugar, cotton and coffee spread across the mountains
and valleys of the lush tropical land. The Plantations
were owed by French planters and worked by the
colony‟s enslaved African population
• There was a high demand of sugar and coffee from the
small colony of Haiti
• 500,000 to 560,000 people living in Haiti in the late
1700s were enslaved or had been
• Unrest erupted in the early 1790‟s when enslaved
Africans led by François Toussaint-Louverture revolted
by setting fires to plantation homes and fields of
sugarcane.
• Napoleon sent forces in 1802 in order to take control of
the colony and successfully captured Toussaint-
Louverture and imprisoned him in France until his death
in 1803.
• Yellow fever was the death of thousands of French
soldiers which is what the Haiti people needed to defeat

17. TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE
 Former slave, self-educated.
 Untrained in military and political matters, but
became a skilled general and diplomat.
 Allegedly got name (“opening” in French)
from being able to find openings in enemy
lines.
 Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke
out in 1791.
 100,000 slaves in revolt.
 By 1801, L’Ouverture moved into Spanish
Santo Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the
island of Hispanola), took control of territory
and freed slaves.
 In January 1802, French troops landed.
 Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting if the
French would end slavery
 French accused him of planning another
uprising.
 Sent him to a prison in the French Alps.

18.  Father Miguel Hidalgo was a
Mexican priest who was the
leader of the Mexican war for
Independence. He started the
movement of independence
in 1810. With his help, the
fight for independence lasted
for 11 years but Miguel did
not see it to the end. He was
executed in 1811 because of
traitors who sold him out to
the Spaniards.
 Miguel Hidalgo was known as
a risk taker with the motto:
“We want a free Mexico;” with
this motto, his fight for
independence never ended.
May 8, 1753 –July
30, 1811

19. • Miguel Hidalgo led the fight against the
Spanish government in Mexico because of
the deep care he had for the poverty-
stricken Native Americans and mestizos.
• Hidalgo‟s goals were political freedom, an
end to slavery, and improvements to living
conditions for Mexico‟s poor and revolt was
the only way to bring change
• On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo gave a
stirring address that became known as “el
Grito de Dolores” that called for Mexicans to
fight for “Independence and Liberty.”
• In 1811 the well-trained Spanish army finally
overwhelmed the rebels and Hidalgo was
captured and executed

20. Agustín de Iturbide José Francisco de San
Simón Bolívar July September 27, 1783 – Martín
24, 1783 – July 19, 1824 February 25, 1778 –
December 17, 1830
August 17, 1850

21. Chilean liberator Bernardo O‟Higgins by the famous
Mexican muralist David Alfaro
Siquieros at Chillán‟s Escuela México.
The son of the Irish-born governor of
Chile, he was a leading figure in the
movement to overthrow the ruling
Spanish administration and was the
first head of state of the independent
Chile.
O'Higgins Rides Again, Arica, Chile -
Every South American city displays
its heroes in bronze. In Arica, it's
Bernardo O'Higgins who does the
honors. O'Higgins fought alongside of
Argentina's Jose San Martin,
defeating Spain at Chacabuco,
bringing independence to Chile in

22.  Agustín de Iturbide decisively ended the Mexican War of
Independence. After the liberation of Mexico was secured, he
was proclaimed President of Regency in 1821 and
Constitutional Emperor of the new nation, reigning as Emperor
briefly from May 19, 1822 to March 19, 1823. Agustín de
Iturbide is also credited as the original designer of the Mexican
flag.
 Simón Bolívar led many colonies to independence because he
believed in equality and saw liberty as “the only object worth a
man‟s life.” Bolívar‟s nickname was “The Liberator” because he
devoted his life to the freedom for Latin Americans. In 1810,
Simón Bolívar started a revolt against the Spaniards in
Caracas which lasted 9 years until he crushed Spain‟s power in
northern South America. Also called “George Washington of
South America”
 José de San Martín led Latin American armies over the Andes
Mountains and into Chile where he joined Bernardo O‟Higgins.
The two men successfully achieved independence for Chile in
1818. In 1820, they also captured Lima and declared Peru
independent. In 1826, Bolívar and his armies had liberated all
of South America.

23. Bolivar
San
Martín
O’ Higgins

24. GRAN COLOMBIA, 1820-1830
 Bolivar’s vision of a united South America.
 Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and
Panama.
 Short-lived due to dissension amongst various
factions.
 Bolivar resigned in 1828.
 In 1830, Bolivar’s Gran Colombia divided into
Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
 Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance,
1903.

25. BRAZIL GAINS INDEPENDENCE
 Brazil gains independence without the
bloodshed because when Napoleon‟s
French army had invaded Portugal,
causing the Portuguese royal family to flee
to Brazil.
 King João transferred his monarchy to
Brazil and immediately introduced
governmental reforms in Brazil. With the
different reforms made by King João,
Brazil was a self-governing kingdom
without the Portuguese in 1815.
 In September 1822 Brazil won full
independence from Portugal and crowned
Dom Pedro as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil.

26. CHALLENGES THAT COME WITH GROWTH
• Because of the high mountains and thick jungles made transportation and
communication difficult, hindering trade and economic growth, which let
many fertile lands remaining undeveloped.
• Stable food source is important to growth; building infrastructure is equally
important—schools, roads, hospitals…
• In the Colonies the executive branch of the government had the political
power.
• The judicial branch was weak and limited, and
• the legislative branch was practically nonexistent.
• The leaders were well educated but had no experience in the legislative
process, and with low literacy rates, the people were slow to get a grip on
democratic process.
• But there were still the separation between the upper and lower classes,
but now the creoles owned the best land and controlled business and
government, not the peninsulares.

27. • Although Catholicism remained the official religion and
Church and government continued to be closely tied.
• With the gain of independence came the increase of
political conflicts. Liberals called for separation of
Church and state, the breakup of large estates, higher
taxes on land, public social services, and civilian control
of the government. There were liberals than there were
the creoles, most of whom were rich landowners, church
leaders, and military officers. The decades that followed
the wars for independence saw an ongoing struggle for
economic strength and social justice.

28. 4
POLITICAL PROBLEMS
During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were
plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships.
 Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as
independence barely changed the existing social and
political hierarchy.
 With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations
were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area.
What they really needed:
 Land Reform
 a break with traditional customs
 experience with government
 infrastructure
 separation of Church and State

36. Revolutions in Europe

37. Events in
France

38. 1
OPPOSING
IDEOLOGIES
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to
turn the clock back to the way things had been before 1789.
Other voices, however, kept challenging the order imposed
by the Congress of Vienna.
The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or
systems of thought and belief, plunged Europe
into more than 30 years of turmoil.

39. 1
WHAT WERE THE GOALS OF CONSERVATIVES?
Conservatives pursued the following goals:
 Restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when
Napoleon swept across Europe.
 Maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes
respected and obeyed their social superiors.
 Maintain an established church.
 Suppress revolutionary ideas.

40. 1
THE LIBERAL AND NATIONALIST CHALLENGE
Challenging the conservatives at every turn were liberals and
nationalists who were inspired by the Enlightenment and the
French Revolution.
LIBERALISM NATIONALISM
Liberals wanted:  National groups who
 Governments based on shared a common heritage
written constitutions and set out to win their own
separation of powers. states.
 Natural rights of
liberty, equality, and  Nationalism gave people
prosperity. with a common heritage a
 Rulers elected by the sense of identity.
people and responsible
to them.
 Nationalism often bred
 A republican form of intolerance and led to
government. persecution of other ethnic

41. Revolutions in Europe

42. REVOLTS AGAINST THE OLD ORDER
1
Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism,
revolutionaries fought against the old order.
 In the Balkans, first Serbia, and later Greece
fought for and won independence from their
Ottoman rulers and becomes “The Powder
Keg of Europe”.
 In Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian peninsula, rebels
struggled to gain constitutional governments. In response, a French
army marched over the Pyrenees to suppress the revolts in Spain.
Austrian forces crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.

43. THE BALKANS, 1878
4

44. 2
HOW DID REVOLUTION
SPREAD IN 1830?
The revolts in Paris inspired uprisings
elsewhere in Europe. Most were
suppressed by military force. But
here and there, rebels did win
changes from conservative
governments. Even when they failed,
revolutionaries frightened rulers badly
enough to encourage reform later in Poland
the century. Nationalists in
Poland staged an
Belgium The one notable success uprising in 1830.
for Europe‟s revolutionaries in 1830
took place in Belgium. The Congress However, the
of Vienna had united Belgium and rebels failed to
Holland under the Dutch king. gain widespread
The Belgians resented this
arrangement and pushed for support, and were
independence. brutally crushed
In 1831, Belgium became an by Russian
independent state with a liberal forces.
constitution.

45. REVOLUTIONS
2
IN EUROPE,
1830 AND
1848

46. 2
REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across
Europe.
 In Austria, revolts caused Metternich to resign. The
Austrian government agreed to reforms, but these gains
were temporary. With Russian help, Austrian forces
defeated the rebels. Many were imprisoned, executed, or
exiled.
 Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburg
rulers. They expelled the pope and installed a nationalist
government. Before long, Austrian troops ousted the new
government and the French army restored the pope to
power.
 In Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to
agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly.
 Within a year, Frederick dissolved the assembly and
issued his own constitution keeping power in his own
hands.

47. Conflicting Ideologies
This cartoon shows
Prince Metternich
standing resolute against
the angry crowd behind
him who are pushing for
reform. Metternich
represented the
conservative order and
opposed revolutionary
ideals such as freedom
and progress.
How does the cartoonist
portray those in the
crowd?
What does the crowd
support?
What did Metternich do
to suppress revolutionary
ideas?

48. Metternich Flees
Austria

49. THE BALKANS, 1878
4

50. Serbs in Battle
Serb leader Karageorge (left) leads the Serbs
against the Ottomans at the Battle of Misar
during the first Serbian rebellion.
(a) Why would this battle and others like it help
lead to a sense of Serbian national identity?
(b) Why was this sense of nationalism important
for the Serbs?

51. Belgium Wins Independence
The one notable success in 1830 took place in Belgium. In 1815, the Congress
of Vienna had united the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the
Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king. The Congress had wanted to create
a strong barrier to help prevent French expansion in the future.
The Belgians resented the new arrangement. They and the Dutch had different
languages. The Belgians were Catholic, while the Dutch were Protestant. The
Belgian economy was based on manufacturing; the Dutch, on trade.
In 1830, news of the Paris uprising ignited a revolutionary spark in Belgium.
Students and workers threw up barricades in Brussels, the capital. Britain and
France believed that they would benefit from the separation of Belgium and
Holland and supported Belgian demands for independence. As a result, in 1831,
Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
Rebels Fail in Poland
Nationalists in Poland also staged an uprising in 1830. But, unlike the
Belgians, the Poles failed to win independence for their country.
In the late 1700s, Russia, Austria, and Prussia had divided up Poland. Poles
had hoped that the Congress of Vienna would restore their homeland in 1815.
Instead, the great powers handed most of Poland to Russia.
In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt. The
rebels failed to gain widespread support, however, and were brutally crushed by
Russian forces. Some survivors fled to Western Europe and the United
States, where they kept alive the dream of freedom.

54. Events
in
France

55. 2
REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 AND 1848
• Why did revolutions occur in France in
1830 and 1848?
• How did revolution spread in 1830?
• What were the results of the 1848
revolutions?

56. WHY DID REVOLUTIONS OCCUR IN FRANCE IN 1830 AND 1848?
2
1830 1848
Charles X, a strong believer When the government
in absolutism, suspended the tried to silence critics and
legislature, limited the right to prevent public
vote, and restricted the meetings, angry crowds
press.
took to the streets.
Liberals and radicals
rebelled and took control of
Paris. Louis Philippe abdicated.
Moderate liberals put in
place a constitutional Revolutionary leaders
monarchy, and chose proclaimed a Second
Louis Philippe as king. Republic.

57. REVOLT IN FRANCE IN 1830
 Wanted to restore absolute monarchs
 Had support of ultraroyalists- -nobles favoring
a return to the old order
 Dissolved the Assembly and held new elections Charles X
 Issued the July Ordinances
 Measures that showed the dissolved assembly, ended
press freedom, and restricted voting rights
 Les Trois Glorieuses—in return for July Ordinances
 Three glorious days of rioting and revolution, again!
 Parisian workers and students forced Charles to give up
the throne and flee to Great Britain

58.  Louis Philippe accepted the throne as “The Citizen
King”
 Dressed and behaved like a middle class citizen
 Favored wealthy and ignored middle class
demands
 Francois Guizot
Louis-Philippe I
 Prime minister of France
 Also refused middle class
demands
François Guizot accepts the charter from
Louis-Philippe, the "Citizen-King".

59. FRANCE--THE REVOLUTION OF 1848
 Guizot feared a demonstration and cancelled a
banquet
 February 22
 Crowds flooded the streets singing “The
Marseillaise” and shouted protests to Guizot
 Troops called to calm it sided with the rebels and
joined the parade
 52 civilians were killed or wounded
 Louis Philippe fled to Great Britain
 Rebels declared France a republic
Marianne/Liberte

60.  Written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
 Allons, enfants de Patrie,
http://www.nationalanthems.info/fr.htm
Le jour de gloire est arrive;
Contrenous de la tyranne,
L'etendard sanglant est leve,
L'etendard sanglant est leve,
Entendezvous, dans les campagnes, « The Marseillaise »
Mugir ces feroces soldats?
Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras, Arise children of the fatherland
Egorger nos fils, nos compagnes. The day of glory has arrived
Aux armes, citoyens! Against us tyranny's
Formez vos bataillons! Bloody standard is raised
Marchons, marchons! Listen to the sound in the fields
Qu'un sang impur abreuve nos sillons! howling of these fearsome soldiers
The
They are coming into our midst
To cut the throats of your sons and consorts
To arms citizens Form your battalions
March, march
Let impure blood
Water our furrows

61. 2
WHY DID THE UPRISINGS FAIL?
By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age
of liberal revolution that had begun in 1789.
 Rulers used military force to suppress the
uprisings.
 Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
 A growing gulf divided workers seeking
radical economic change and liberals
pursuing moderate political reforms.