The document discusses nationalism and its role in the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Political nationalism sought to unite all members of a national group into a single nation-state. Factors like Austrian opposition hindered Italian unification initially, but the movement was led by Cavour and Garibaldi united northern and southern Italy. German unification faced challenges like opposition from Austria and France as well as the failure of the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly, but Bismarck was able to use Prussian military strength to defeat Denmark, Austria and France to unite most German states by 1871 under Prussian leadership.

1. Nationalism Nationalism and the Unification of Italy and Germany

2. Nationalism Cultural Nationalism Focused on uniqueness of each group of people Not better, just different Created appreciation for history of national community Fostered pride in cultural accomplishments

3. Nationalism Political Nationalism Demanded loyalty from members of national group National culture was best Preserved when all people of that culture were contained in one national state

5. Nationalism The Unification of Italy

15. Nationalism The Unification of Germany

22. Nationalism Wilhelm I of Prussia (r.1861-1888)

29. Nationalism Results of German Unification