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Day1 4 kirchner_stampriet

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Day1 4 kirchner

Ciencias
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(SAB)
STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN A Transboundary Aquifer System
INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 4 SAB LOCATION
RED DUNES WIDE VALLEYS INTRODUCTION
SHEEP FARMING CourtesyAgriForum Irrigation 46% Domestic 16% Stock Watering 38% and IRRIGATION INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 7 SAB LOCATION
INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 8 SAB LOCATION
INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 9 SAB LOCATION
INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 10 SAB LOCATION
INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 11 SAB LOCATION Hoachanas
INTRODUCTION MOSTELY DRY SOMETIMES FLOODED
INTRODUCTION ARTESIAN FREE-FLOWING WATER
HISTORY A CENTURY OF INVESTIGATIONS  Paul Range discovered the SAB in 1912  Irrigation Department drilled in the 1920s  Frommurze investigated in the 1930s  DWA drilled after World War II  K. Schalk investigated a cloud break in 1960  H. Martin researched for the Coal Commission (1961)  Oil and Coal exploration (1960s – 1980s)  Geochemistry, Geohydrology, Isotopes (CSIR, Tredoux, Kirchner & Vogel (1965-1982)  J. Nawrowski explored Abstraction and Irrigation (1980s - 1990s)  JICA – PCI SE Kalahari Groundwater Evaluation and Management Plan (2002)  J. Kirchner: IAEA RAF 8/029 (Isotope studies,
HYDROGEOLOGYGEOLOGY CONCEPTUAL MODEL
N-S SECTION BY HENNO MARTIN ALONG BOTSWANA BORDER (1956) GEOLOGY
FENCE DIAGRAM GEOLOGY
N-S SECTION BY ROY MILLER ALONG BOTSWANA BORDER (2001) GEOLOGY
Sand, gravel, calcrete Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes) Basalt W Dolerite (W at U & L contacts) Varicoloured sandstone, shale, yellow shale, coal, black shale W W Grey shale Yellow shale Whitehill; black shale, black limestone Grey shale U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W U coal, black shale M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W L coal, black shale L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W? U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated Mukorob shale, grey to black U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W U Nossob sandstone; fine grained U Nossob siltstone-shale L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W L Nossob sandstone; fine grained L Nossob siltstone-shale Mudstone, grey, with dropstones Tillite U Nama - Red sandstone, shale L Nama – grey shales, sandstones Kamtsas – pink arkoses KALKRAND (Jurassic to Triassic) RIETMOND (Permian) AUOB (Permian) MUKOROB (Permian) NOSSOB (Permian) DWYKA (Carboniferous) PRE-KAROO (Cambrian) K A R O O KALAHARI (Tertiary to Quaternary) GEOLOGY NINE AQUIFERS INSTEAD OF ONE:
Sand, gravel, calcrete Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes) Basalt W Dolerite (W at U & L contacts) Varicoloured sandstone, shale, yellow shale, coal, black shale W W Grey shale Yellow shale Whitehill; black shale, black limestone Grey shale U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W U coal, black shale M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W L coal, black shale L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W? U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated Mukorob shale, grey to black U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W U Nossob sandstone; fine grained U Nossob siltstone-shale L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W L Nossob sandstone; fine grained L Nossob siltstone-shale Mudstone, grey, with dropstones Tillite U Nama - Red sandstone, shale L Nama – grey shales, sandstones Kamtsas – pink arkoses KALKRAND (Jurassic to Triassic) RIETMOND (Permian) AUOB (Permian) MUKOROB (Permian) NOSSOB (Permian) DWYKA (Carboniferous) PRE-KAROO (Cambrian) K A R O O KALAHARI (Tertiary to Quaternary) GEOLOGY KALAHARI BASALT NEU LOORE RIETMOND AUOB MUKOROB NOSSOB TEN AQUIFERS INSTEAD OF ONE:
21 KALAHARI BASE GEOLOGY CIS- AND TRANSNOSSOB? after Roy Miller (2002)
NAMALAND Mapped by Range, 1906 - 1910 GEOLOGY
FIRST ARTESIAN WATER WAS STRUCK IN 1912 110 m3/h free flowing artesian borehole HYDROGEOLOGY
HYDROGEOLOGY CONCEPTUAL RECHARGE MODEL
HYDROGEOLOGY
HYDROGEOLOGY CSIR SAB SAMPLING SITES
HYDROGEOLOGY WATER QUALITY MAP TD S SO 4 NO 3 F The South West Africa Steering Committee for Water Research initiated a Water Quality Map Project in the second half of the 1960s. In the SAB about 4000 water points were sampled and other borehole and water use information collected.
HYDROGEOLOGY FIRST HP DATABASE, STARTED IN 1988
SAB HYDROCENSUS RESULTS ## # # # # # # ##### # # # #S## ### # ## # ## # # # # ## # #### # ##S#S ##S #S # ##S ## #S# # # # # ##S## ### ##S ## #### ###S##S# #S##S##S## # # ## # # ##### # # ## ## ### # # # # ##### ##S #S #S### # # #S ## ##S # ##S## #S ### ### ##### ##S# # # # # ##S #S###S # # # ###S ## # #S ### # # ## # #S ## # ## ## ## # #S#### ## ## ## # # # #S# # # # ## ## ###S#S # ##S # # ###S ###S # # ##S # #S# ##S#S## ## # ## # # # ##S#S ## #S ### #S# #S # ## ## # ##S ##S # ##S# ###S # ## ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # # # # # # #S #S #S #S # # # # #S ## # # # # # # #S # # # #S # #S #S #S # #S #S # #S #S # # #S # # # #S # #S # # #S # # # # # #S # #S # #S #S #S #S #S # # # # # # # #S # # # #S # #S # # #S #S # # # #S # # #S #S # # # # #S # #S# # #S #S # #S #S #S # #S #S # #S # # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # #S # #S ## # #### # # ## ##S # # ## # # # # ##S# # # ## # #S#S#S # ## ## # #### ## # ### # ## # # ##S#S ### # # #S # #S##S ### # # # # # #S#S#S# # # # # # ### # # ## # # ## # # # ###S# # # # # # # #S # # ## # #S # # #S #S # #S#S ##S ###S #S# #S##S##S #S##S ##S#S ##S #S # #S ###S ## # # ##S # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # #S # # #S # ## # # # ### ##S # # # # # # ##S #S# ##S# #S#S ### # ## # ### ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # # # ##S # # # # ## # # ####S ##S ### ## # # ## # ## # ### # # #S# # # # ## ## ##S #S#S #S # # # # # # # # ## # #S##S # # ### ##### # ##S# ##S ## #S# # ##S # # #S # # #### # ## #S # # # # ###S#S # # # ### # #S ## # # # # # ## # # ## # #S # ## # ##S # # # ### # # # # # ## # # ## # # # ## ##S # ## ## ##S ## # # # # # # ### # # # #S##S # ### ### ### # # # # # # # ## #### #S # #S # # ## # # ### # # # # # ## # # # ## ##S# # # # ##### # ##S # #S#S#S##S##S###S ## # ## # # ## # # # ##S # # # #S ##S # # ##S # # # # # # ### # # # # ##S#S ##S ## ## # # ## # # # ##S ##S # ### # ### # ## # ### # # # ##S #S #S ##S ## # ## # # # # # ## # # ## ##S#S#S # # # ## ## # # # # ## # # # ## # ### # # ## # # # #S# # ##S # ##S #S# # ## # # ## # # # ## ## ## # ## ## # ## # # ##S ## # # ###S### ### # # # ####S ##### # ## # #S###S #S## #### # ## # # # ##S# ### # ### # ##S#S #S# # # # # # ##S#S ## ## #S # # ##S##S ##S# ## # # # ##S ###S #S ##S # # # ### # # # ## ##S# # # # #S #S#S # ## # ##### # # # # ## ## # # ## # ## # # #S ## ## ### # # # ### # #S##S# ##S # # ## ## # # ## # # # ## # ##S# #S##S# ##S## ## ## # #S # ##S #S # ## # # # #S# # # # # ## # # # # # # ## ##### #S ## ###S # # # #S### ##S ## ##S# ## # # # # ## ## # # # ##S # # # # #### # # #####S # ###### ## # ########S #S ### # # # # #S ##S## # # ## ## ###S # #### # ## ### # # # ### # # # # ### #S# # ####S ## ## ### # #S#S## # #S# # # ## ### ###S # ##S # #S# # #### #S#S#S### # # # # ## ## ##S # # ### ## # ##### ### # # # ## # ###S## # # ## ### ## #S## # ###S##S#S ## # # ## #S##S # # ### ## #### # ## # ##S # # ##S# # ##S ### ######### ###### # ## ## # #S #S #S#S#S#S #S#S # # # #S##### ##S#S ## ## # # # # # # # # ## # #### ### #### # # ##S # # # # #### #### ## ##S # #S# # # # #####S #### # ## # # #S # # # ##S# # ## # # ## # ## ######S # ###S # # # ###S ##S# # ## ##S##S# # # ####S#S## ## ## ### ### #### #S # # # # ##S # # # ####S#S#S# # ###S ## ## # # ## # # # ## # #### # ########S#S### # ## # ## # # ##S # ## # ### ## # ## ## #S ### # # # #### # # ## # #### #S##S# # ## # ###S # ## # #S## # # #S # ###S# # ## # ## ## # # ###S # # c ## ##S# ## ## # # ### #S## # # ### # # #S# # # ##S # # ### # ## # # # ## ## # # ## # # ### ###S # # # ## # ## # #S # # ## # # # ###S ## # #S # #S#S#S # # ##S##S#S##S # # ##### #S #####S#S#S # # # #S # #S # # ##S # # # ##S# # ##S ##S # ###S # ## ##S### ## #S#####S## # ## ## #S # # ## #S #S #S##S# # # #S# # #### #S## # # # ###### ### #S# ### ##S ##S ## # #### # ##S# ## # ## ## ######## # # ##S##S# # ## # ##S# ## ## # ### #S # #S # # # # # # ### ## # # # #S # # ### # ### ### ##### ###S ## # # # # ##S# ## ## # # # # ## # ###S# #S#S#S #S## ## # ## # #### #S## #S# # #### #S# ### # # # # # #S ## ### ##### # # #S # #S# ### ## # ## # # # # ## # # ## # # # ## #### #S #S # # ### ## # ## # #S #S ##S #S# # #S ## #S #S ##### # # # # # # ###S# # ##S #S# # ## # ## ##S # ## # #S##S #S ###S#S # ## ##S## # ## ## # # # ## # ##S# ## ## # # # ### ## ### ##S# # # # # ## #### ## ### # ## # ## ## # # # # #S ## ##S#S###S#S#S##S#S #S#S####### # #### ## #### # ##S # ## #S#### # ## ##S# ## ### # # # #S ### ##S# ##S## #S#S # # #S ## # ##S #S #S ##S # ## ### # # # # # ##S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##S #S # ##S ####S # # # # # # #S ## # # # #S#S#S#############S #S ## # # #S # # #S # #####S # ## # # ### # # #S#S# ### # # # #S# # ## # ##S # ##S # # ###S ## ###S###S# # ## # ##### #S #S ##S #S##S####S ## # #### ## #S## # # # ## # ### # # # ## ######S #S # # # # # ###### #S#S##S# ##S#S##S###S##S#S ###S#S ## #S##S#S#S#S #S##S#S#S#S### # #S #S #S##S##### ###S #S # #S # # # ## # # ### ## # ####S#S# # # ## # #S # # # #S #S#S#S##S#S#S#S #S # # ### # #S ##### # # # ##S # # # #S ##S## # # #S # ## #S #S##S# ## # # #S#S # # # # ### #### # # #S # # ##S#S ## ## # ###S#S ## # # # #S #S#S #S #S # # ### # # #### # # # ## #S #S# ## # ## # # ###S # # # ### ## # # # # #S#S # ## # # # # ## # # ## ## ## # ##S # ##S## # # # # # # ##S# #### # # # ###S # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # ##S # # # # # # # # ## ##S###S # #S # # ###S ## # # #S#S#S# ## # # ### # # ### ###S # # # # ### # #####S ##S # # # # ## ## ###S # ### # #S # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # #S##S##S## ##S # ###S# # ### ######### # ## ## # # # # # # # ##S### ## # ## # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # ## # #S c # # # ## ### ## ## ## # # # # # # # #S ## # # ## #S #S#S##S##S # #S# # ## # # # # ### #S # # ## ##S## # # # # # # # # ## # #S# # # ## # # # ###S# # # #S ## # # ### # ## ## ###### # # #S # ## # # #S #S# # # ## # # ####S#S ### ## # # # # # # # # #S# # ##### ## # ## # ### # # #S # ## ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ### # #S #S#S # # # ## # ## # # # ##S## ##S#S # # #S## ## ##S#S #S # # # # # ##S# ## # ## ## # # #S#S#S ####S# #S # # #S # #### # #S # # # # #S ##S # # ### # # # # # ## 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## # # # # # # # # ### ###S## # # # # ### # # # # # # ## # ####S # # # ##S# # ##S # # ##S#S##S# #S# # ## ## ## # ## # # ## ##S# # ## # ## # # # ##### # # # # ##S# # ###S ## # ####S # # # #S#S #S ## # # #S #S#S#S # #S ###S #S #S ##S#S#S #S # # # ##S#S ###S#S#S ## # # # ### ## ## # # # # #####S # #S ## # ### # # # #S# ## ## # # ## # # ### # # #### # # # ## # #S #S# # ## ### ##S # # # ##S # # # # # ## # ## # ##S # # ## # #S#S # # # # # ###S # ##S # # # # # # # # ##S # # ## # # # # ## # # # #S # #S # # # # # # # ## # ## ##S # #S # # ##S#S ## # ##S# # #S# # # # # # ## # # # # ### # # ###S # # # # # # # # ## ###### #S ### # ### # # # # #### # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # # # # # # #S# # ## # # ### # # #S ## # ##S ## # ## # ###S#S#S#S#S#S#S##S ###S # ### ## # #S # #S ## ## # # ##S ##S #S# ##S#S## # ###S # # # ## ## ## #####S## # ###S # # ## # # # # ## ## ## ### ## # # # # ## ## ## # ## # # # ## # # # ## # # # ## # # # # ##S#S# # # ### # # # # ###S # # #S# ## # # # #S# # ## #####S ##S# # # # ##S# ##S# ### ## # ## # # # # ## ## # ##S # # # # # #S # ##S#S # # #S# # # ## # # #S# ## ## # # ## ##S # #S ###S#S# ## # # # # # #S # # # # #S # ## # # # # # ## #S # # #S #S # #S # # # #S # ## ##S ## # # #S# ##S # # # ## # # # # # # # #S # ## ##### ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # #S ##S ### ## # ### #S # ## # # ## ## ## # # # ## #S # ###### # # # # # # ### ## # # #S ##S # # # # # # # ##S# # ## # # # # #S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # ##S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S# # ## # # # # # # # # # # ##S #S#S # # # # # # ##S # #S # ## # # ## # ##S ##S # # ##S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # #S # # # ##S### ### # #S #S # # # # # #S # # # # # #### ### ##S#####S## # ## #### #### ## # #S# # ### ## # # # # ## ## ## #S## ## # ## # # # # # ##S # #S #S #S# # #S ## # # # ## # ### # # # # #S # # # #### # ## ##S## # ### # # # # ## # # ## ### # # #S##S## #### # # # # #S # # ## ## # ## # #S # # ### ##S # # # # # ## # ## # # # # #S## # #S #S## # # # # ###S #S###### # # # # # # # # ## # ##S# # # # # ####S# # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # ##S # #S # # # # # # ### # # # ## # # # # # # # ##S#S # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ##S# ####S # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # ##S# # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # ## # # # ##S # # # # # ## # # ### # # # # # # ##### ## # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # #S### # # # #S # #S # # ##S#S#S#S#S ##S #S## # # # # ##S ### # # #S ## ## #S ##S ## # # # # ### # ### ###S#S#S #S #S ###### # #S# # ## # ## ## # # ## ## ## # # # #S # ##S #S # # # # # # # #S#S#S # # # # ###S# ##### # # # ## # # ## # #S #S # # # # #S# # #S #S#S # #S #S #S #S #S#S #S## #S # #S# # #S #S #S #S #S#S # # ##S#S #S # #S # #S#####S# # # # #S # # # # # # #S # # ## # # # ## ### #S # ### # #S# #S # # # #S ## # #S # # # # # # # # # ## ###### ## # # # ###S#S# # ## # ## # # ## # # # # # # ### ### #S## ## ## ## # # # # # # # # ## # # ## ### # #S # # #S # ## # #S# # # ###S ## # ## ### ## ## # #S # #S# # ##S #S ##### ### # ## # # # ## #### # # # # ### # ### # ## #### # ## #S ##S##S### ##S ##S##S # # # #S# # #S # # # # #S ### #S#S # ## ## # #S#S### # ### ## # # ## ### ###S #S# # # # # # # # # #S # # # ### ## # # ## #### # # ## # # # # # ## # # ## # #### ##S ####S ### # # # # ## ## # ## #####S ##S ### # ## #S #### # ## # # ### # # # ###S # # # # # # # # # # # ###S### # # # ## # # #######S# #S # # # # ##S# ## # ##S #### ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # #S# # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S## #S # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # ## #S# ## ### ## # ## ##S## ###S###### #S#S #### ###S#S #S# ####S # # # # #S # # # #S # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## ## ### # # # ## # ## # # ####S # # # # ## # # # ## # # # #S #S # # #S#S# #S #S#S###S#S##S#S#S #S # ##S # # c CHECK # Des S NU # U 2holes 390holes 955holes 4915holes Stampriet Artesian Basin HydroCensus Results DISTRIBUTION OF BOREHOLES HYDROGEOLOGY
ORIGINAL AND RECONCILED DATA SETS Old DB CSIR HydroCensus GROWAS HYDROGEOLOGY
SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO SAR ratios of artesian and subartesian boreholes Generally better quality in the western (Cisnossob) half of the basin HYDROGEOLOGY
14C APPARENT AGE Young Auob water in the CisNossob 20 000 years older water in the TransNossob HYDROGEOLOGY
HYDROGEOLOGY MONITORING BOREHOLES IN THE SAB
WATER LEVEL MONITORING  1182 coordinates of Water-level Monitoring boreholes were captured in an M/S Access file during the Quantification Project (the file is attached to GRIM).  It contains more than 1.1 Mio water levels measured between July 1907 and January 2011.  I addition to that numerous water-level recorder charts are stored in Geohydrology’s Record Room HYDROGEOLOGY
ABSTRACTION DATA  Abstraction data are available for the NamWater schemes (Aranos, Leonardville, Stampriet, Gochas and Kries)  Some production data may be found in the files of DWA Law Administration  Bases on farm size, carrying capacity the abstraction for stock watering can be calculated.  Some info is in the 2001 Hydrocensus files HYDROGEOLOGY
AQUIFER PARAMETERS  During the JICA project 1999 to 2002 boreholes into Kalahari; Auob; and Nossob aquifers were drilled at 13 sites. From pumping tests of these holes, T- and S- values are available  Values from older observation holes at Olifantswater W; Tugela and Galton are also on record.  Some holes drilled by DWA during the JICA and IAEA projects have also been pump tested.  Vogel had the permeability of a core sample determined. HYDROGEOLOGY
HYDROGEOLOGY UHLENHORST CLOUD BURST 24-25 FEBRUARY 1960
 Schalk (1960) calculated the amount of water that infiltrated after the cloudburst as approximately: Q = 100 * 106 [m3] but did not estimate the proportion that might have reached the artesian aquifers.  The artesian water abstraction then was estimated at 44 000 m3/d or 16 * 106 [m3/a] SAB RECHARGE (SCHALK)
 Vogel et al. (1982) applied Darcy’s Law: Q = kD * b * i [m3/d] using an average gradient i = 1/1000, an average transmissivity kD = 11.3 m2/d and an aquifer width b = 55 km above Stampriet. This resulted in an average annual recharge rate for the Stampriet surrounding of: Q = 0.68 * 106 [m3/a] SAB RECHARGE (VOGEL ET AL.)
We do have such events from time to time Mariental flood 2006
HYDROGEOLOGY APRIL 2001 MARCH 2000
 PCI (2002) have calculated the combined recharge for all three aquifers using different approaches: 1. Modeling (a)1): 21 * 106 [m3/a] 2. Modeling (b): 87 * 106 [m3/a] 3. Water Balance (a): 105 * 106 [m3/a] 4. Water Balance (b): 341 * 106 [m3/a] 5. Water Balance (c): 1 550 * 106 [m3/a] The 4 to 15 times varying values allow not to decide on a correct mean recharge rate. SAB RECHARGE (PCI) 1) Modeling 1: ordinary year; 2: 1:50 year. Balance excluding losses (a): ordinary year CMBM, (b): 1:50 year CMBM, (c): 1:50 year assuming normal transpiration, withdrawal & groundwater flow
LEAKING BOREHOLE -35.00 -30.00 -25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 1970/01/01 1971/01/01 1972/01/01 1973/01/01 1974/01/01 1975/01/01 1976/01/01 1977/01/01 1978/01/01 1979/01/01 1980/01/01 1981/01/01 1982/01/01 1983/01/01 1984/01/01 1985/01/01 1986/01/01 1987/01/01 1988/01/01 1989/01/01 1990/01/01 1991/01/01 1992/01/01 1993/01/01 1994/01/01 1995/01/01 1996/01/01 1997/01/01 1998/01/01 1999/01/01 2000/01/01 2001/01/01 2002/01/01 2003/01/01 WaterLevel(mbgl) 09/09/77 @12H25; DGR=9.68m - measured by T. da Silva 09/09/77 @ 14H00; DGR=27.27m - measured by T. da Silva "complete maintance BH, water sample" Auob W-L Kalahari W-L Estimated 20 - 25 m drop of Water-level (Auob leaking into Kalahari)
LEGALASPECTS LEGISLATION: WATER ACT  Water Resources Management Act (2013)  Water Resources Management Act (2004) Water Act (1956)  Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (1993)  NamWater Act (1997)  National Water Policy White Paper (2000)  Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (2008) The Water Acts of 2004 and 2013 have been promulgated but not enacted. The Water Act of 1956 is still applicable. OTHER LEGAL AND POLICY DOCUMENTATION
LEGALASPECTS GROUNDWATER CONTROL AREAS Amongst others the Stampriet Artesian Basin (SAB) is a Groundwater Control Area. Regulations require that:  A permit is obtained to drill a borehole. • If drilled into the artesian aquifer the borehole must be cased and the casing be sealed in the overlying aquiclude.  A permit is furthermore required for irrigation of areas > 1 ha. • If the permit is granted monthly abstraction quantities must be supplied to Water Affairs.
LEGALASPECTS IRRIGATION IN THE STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN
LEGALASPECTS PRACTICAL PROBLEMS Many farmers tend not to comply fully with the regulations:  Boreholes are drilled or deepened without a permit  Casing requirements are not complied with  Abstraction readings are not supplied
In order for the GROWAS database to get up to date, a closer cooperation with the farmers is crucial and recent visits show that most of the irrigation farmers are not fully informed about the rules and regulations concerning their irrigation abstraction permit or mislead by the former owners of the former neighbors. Field investigations and the direct interaction with farmers . . are appreciated by almost all farmers. Many of the farmers visited in the Upper Hardap Region had no idea of a WW number belonging to their boreholes and had no platelets attached to the boreholes. •Through common hearsay by farmer visited on this area it seems that there has been a (Foul Worm) in the whole process from the beginning and that many feel that the current water committee in this area favors some above others and turn the irrigation quotas of those not in their favor down. •Some farmers told us that abstraction returns in the Stampriet area are up to 80% bias. •Prosopis trees seem to be a big problem on most farms as they can take up to 70 liters of water per hour LEGALASPECTS FROM A TECHNICIAN REPORT:
LEGALASPECTS LEGISLATION: RESEARCH  In 2004 an Act was promulgated that regulates a.o. research activities.  Regulations were enacted in 2011. According to the Act it is unlawful to do any research in Namibia unless an application has been made to the NATIONAL COMMISSION ON RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and the Commission has given their approval.
SOCIO-ECONOMICS SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS Carlsson et al., 2009: Review of the Molopo- Nossob Basin:  Population  Labour force  Household income  Settlement programs  Gross Domestic Products  Mining, Industry, Tourism, Trade, Infrastructure, Inflation and Finances  Economic activity centres  Aids  Effects on humans from TDS JICA, 2002: Study of the groundwater potential and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia:
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON AQUIFER SYSTEM 1. Impacts on Recharge 1. Dams 2. Bush encroachment 2. Impacts on Water Quality 1. Nitrate pollution 2. Irrigation return flow 3. Impact of Abstraction
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON RECHARGE 1. DAMS The alluvial aquifer(s) along the Nossob Rivers are mainly affected. 1. Farm Dams in the upper reaches of the Black Nossob River reduce the run-off. 2. The Daan Viljoen Dam together with the Tilda Viljoen Dam at Gobabis have the same effect 3. The Otjivero Dam in the White Nossob River near Omitara also reduces recharge of the alluvial aquifer.
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON RECHARGE 2. Bush encroachment Prosopis trees constitute a tremendous 2. BUSH ENCROACHMENT
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY 1. Nitrate pollution During data processing of the CSIR water quality data Gideon Tredoux and Jürgen Kirchner noticed that statistically water samples from the oldest boreholes showed higher nitrate concentration than those from younger boreholes. As farmers generally have their kraals and stock watering troughs next to the boreholes we concluded that the higher nitrate could be ascribed to wetted dung by overflowing reservoir and troughs. 2. Irrigation return flow Artificial fertiliser might also be a cause for concern.
Water quality changes over two to three decadesBorehol e No. WW Farm °S °E Aquife r Dates EC mS/m % change 874 R202 24.36940 18.68330 A 13-05-1965 72 +23.6 25-03-2000 89 1100 R118 24.57100 18.33810 A 09-06-1965 73 +27.4 10-10-2000 93 2302 R346 24.97435 19.10679 K 18-03-1968 205 +25.9 15-11-2000 258 5943 R128 24.14992 18.47790 A 21-07-1969 55 +10.9 04-11-2000 61 9105 R499 25.01740 19.93333 A 03-04-1967 202 +18.3 06-11-2000 239 9658 L618 23.56300 18.96990 R 04-09-1968 69 +10.1 21-03-2000 76 11314 R533 24.67171 19.56467 A 03-08-1971 155 +0.6 06-11-2000 156 12914 L957 23.32820 19.91860 N 16-10-1971 130 +34.6 18-03-2000 175 23169 L330 23.37930 19.58720 K 17-08-1978 109 +37.6 17-03-2000 150 23334 L330 23.14550 19.55690 R 29-08-1978 54 +18.5 17-03-2000 64
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACT OF ABSTRACTION When drilled after World War II the lowermost free- flowing boreholes along the Auob River were on the farms Wildmoor and Kalverhok upstream of Gochas. These boreholes have stopped flowing a long time ago. In the areas upstream water levels have, however always recovered again after extraordinary rainfall events. In the long run abstraction (plus leakage) and recharge appear to be in equilibrium. .
185 Entries under STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN with 62 attached documents THE GRIM META-DATABASE CONTAINS DATABASE
AgipCarbone (1984). Report on the 1984 exploration campaign in the Aranos area. Alker, M. (2008). The Stampriet Artesian Aquifer Basin - A case study for the research project ”Transboundary groundwater management in Africa”. Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa's transboundary groundwater resources. W. Scheumann and E. Herrfahrdt-Pähle. Bonn, German Development Institute: 37. Begujam, R. and L. Thamae (2008). ORASECOM - Groundwater review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for rural communities including assessment of national database at the sub-basin level for possible future integration, GCS in association with CCL: 42 pp. Beukes, H. (2007). Stampriet Monitoring Report. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 10 pp. Beukes, H., M. Katjimune, et al. (2005). Stampriet Artesian Aquifer - Drilling and test pumping of additional monitoring boreholes, Geohydrology/DWA. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pressure probe test, Borehole J3-N (WW39844), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 7 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pressure probe test, Borehole J5-N (WW39848), BIWAC & Metzger or JICA Study Team: 7 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J1-A (WW39839), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J2-A (WW39840), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J2-N (WW39841), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J3-A (WW39843), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J3-K (WW39842), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J4-A (WW39846), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J4-K (WW39845), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 3 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J4-N (WW39847), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J5-N (WW39848), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 6 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J6-A (WW39850), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J6-K (WW39849), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J7-K (WW39852), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 10 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J7-N (WW39853), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 6 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J8-K (WW39854), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 7 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J9-A (WW39857), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J4-K (WW39845), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 3 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J6-N (WW39851), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 3 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J7-N (WW39853), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J8-A (WW39855), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J8-K (WW39854), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J8-N (WW39856), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of step drawdown test data, Borehole J1-A (WW39839), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 1 tabel. Bockmühl, F. (2002). Full hole cementing during borehole construction by hydraulic pressure grouting in the Stampriet Artesian Basin. Carlsson, L., C. Massalila-Dodo, et al. (2009). Groundwater Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities Including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-Basin Level for Possible Future Integration. Gaborone, Geotechnical Consulting Services, Continental Consultants (PTY) LTD,: 220 pp. Christelis, G. (1979). Potential report on the groundwater conditions at Aranos. Conradie, P. (1991). Bedryfverslag ter evaluering van Aranos SWS. Corner, B. (2000). Interpretation of regional aeromagnetic data covering the Stampriet Artesian Aquifer study area, in central eastern Namibia, Corner Geophysics: 10 pp. Department of Water Affairs (1979). Addendum Verslag tot Aranos Beplanningsverslag Nr 3110/16, Julie 1978: 7 pp. Department of Water Affairs (2002). Full hole cementing during borehole construction by hydraulic pressure grouting in the Stampriet artesian basin. Department of Water Affairs, D. S. (1974). Verslag betreffende die artesiese boorgat op ou Stampriet, Drilling Section/DWA. Djama, M. (1996). Aranos State Water Scheme Memorandum on Drilling and Pumptest. Windhoek, DWA Geohydrology: 15 pp. Djama, M. (1996). Aranos State Water Scheme. Memorandum on drilling and test pumping. Windhoek, Geohydrology: 15 pp. + App. Djama, M. (1996). Aranos WSS: Drilling and test pumping of boreholes, DWA/Geohydrology. DWA (2003). Country situation report Namibia. Windhoek, DWA: 8 pp. Egerer, E. (1998). Sustainable development of groundwater resources in Southern and Eastern Africa regional technical co-operation project RAF 8/029. Euro Namibian investment Co. Ltd. (1987). Aranos Coal Deposit Locality Plan. Euro Namibian investment Co. Ltd. DATABASE
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S.W.Afr./Namibia 1: 63-67. Hemming, N. G., M. Stute, et al. (1998). "Secular variation in the composition of groundwater: Stampriet Artesian Aquifer, Namibia." Mineralogical Magazine 62A. Huyser, D. J. (1978). 'n Intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die distrik Maltahöhe en gedeeltes van Distrikte Rehoboth en Mariental (Gibeon). Pretoria, NIWR/CSIR. Huyser, D. J. (1978). Onverwerkte data versamel tydens 'n intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die Distrik Maltahöhe en gedeeltes van die Distrikte Mariental en Rehoboth. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Huyser, D. J. (1982). Chemiese kwaliteit van die ondergrondse waters in Suidwes-Afrika/Namibië (met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van die water). Pretoria, Nasionale Instituut vir Waternavorsing, Wetenskaplike en Nywerheidsnavorsingsraad, Pretoria: 147 pp. Huyser, D. J. (1982). Water quality map 1 : 1 000 000 (TDS, SO4, F, NO3). Pretoria, National Institute for Water Research/Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Hydrology Division, D. o. W. A. (1974). Vorderingsverslag oor afdigtingstegnieke en navorsing in die Stampriet Artesiese Gebied. Ihemba, S. (2008). Status of groundwater levels in Namibia. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 3 pp. JICA (1999). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia Progress report (l) Data Book of Existing borehole Survey. JICA (2001). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia. JICA (2002). Pumping test data of JICA well: 96 pp. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Data book. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency: 151 pp. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Executive Summary. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Main report. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Supporting report. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency. JICA (2002). 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Groundwater Monitoring 1st Quarter Report, DWA/Geohydrology: 16 pp. Muller, S. (1992). Aranos State Water Scheme Memorandum on drilling and test pumping. Windhoek, DWA/Geogydrology: 13 pp. Müller, S. (1992). Aranos State Water Scheme. Memorandum on drilling and test pumping. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 13 pp. Namwater (1997). Production - Aranos, DWA. Namwater (2006). Aranos WSS: Rehabilitation Karas area-Koichab Pan WSS and Aranos WSS: WSS. Namwater (2008, 2010). Aranos WSS: Photos. Namwater (2010). Aranos WSS: Data. Namwater (2010). Aranos WSS: Production. Namwater (2010). Aranos WSS: Test pumping. Nawrowski, J. Locality of the Salt Block, deeper groundwater sources underlying the salt block of the basin, Geohydrology: 9 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1986). Progress report No.1 on the Stampriet Artesian Basin (Results of the bh survey within the Stampriet-Gochas area). Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology Division: 18 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1986). Progress Report No. 1 on the Stampriet Artesian Basin: Results of the borehole survey within the Stampriet-Gochas Area. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 18 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1987). Progress Report 2 on the SAB - Results of the Borehole Survey within the Aranos-Leonardville Area, DWA/Geohydrology: 21 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1987). Progress report No.2 on the Stampriet Artesian Basin (Result of the bh survey within the Aranos-Leonardville area). Windhoek, DWA: Geohydrology Division: 21 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1987). Progress Report No. 2 on the Stampriet Artesian Basin: Results of the Borehole Survey within the Aranos-Leonardville Area, DWA. DATABASE
Nawrowski, J. (1987). Some notes on the geohydrology and hydrochemistry of the Salt Block within the Stampriet Artesian Basin. Windhoek, DWA - Geohydrology: 9 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1989). Progress report No. 3 on the Stampriet Artesian Basin (Result of the bh survey in Area 3, the north-western intake area). Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology Division: 17 pp. Nawrowski, J. (1989). Progress Report No. 3 on the Stampriet Artesian Basin: Results of the borehole survey in Area 3, The North-Western Intake Area, DWA: 17 pp. Ninham Shand (1971). Water resources investigation and planning for part of the Central Area of South West Africa. Report on ground water investigation - Drilling carried out from January 1970 to January 1971. Windhoek, Ninham Shand: 27 pp. + 27 Appendices. NN Appendix to HAR 63 - Unpubl. report. NN Groundwater investigation Auob artesian basin. NN Progress report on the Stampriet Artesian Basin. NN Rainfall figures Stampriet area-Unpubl. report. NN Seasonal rainfall summary 1937 - 1990. NN (1977). File: Olifantswater: Completion reports; Pumptest and Letters. NN (1978). File: Tugela: Completion reports; Pumptest and Letters. NN (1978). Geologiese opname - Artesiese gebied Stampriet (Lidfontein omgewing). NN (1978). SWA Coal Project (Aranos Basin). NN (1979). Galton: Completion reports; Pumptest and Letters. NN (1984). Minutes of a meeting to discuss investigations to determine groundwater potential. NN (1984). Minutes of an informal meeting: Stampriet artesian basin investigation. NN (1987). Vergadering onder voorsitterskap van die Ministerie van Landbou, Waterwese en Seevissery met grondeienaars wat binne die geproklameerde Stampriet Gochas, Leonardville, Aranos ondergrondse waterbeheergebied val. NN (1988). Databank Area 3: Reports and letters on Stampriet Artesian Area. NN (1997). Stampriet Water Committee Meeting on 14 March 1997. Planning Division (1978). Aranos Staatswaterskema - Goedkeuring van Fondse vir voorgestelde aanvullende werke, DWA Planning Division. Range, P. (1915). Ergebnisse von Bohrungen in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika. Berlin. Range, P. (1943). "Zur Wasserwirtschaft in Deutsch-Südwestafrika." Beitr. KolonForsch. 5: 133-147. Schalk, K. (1961). "Water balance of the Uhlenhorst cloudburst in South West Africa." CCTA Publ., Nairobi 66: 443-449. Sobott, A. P. (1974). Proposal and estimates for drilling, constructing and pressure grouting production and observation bores in the Southern region of South West Africa, Australian Wellfield Service: 20 pp. Stone, A. E. C. and W. M. Edmunds (2012). "Sand, salt and water in the Stampriet Basin, Namibia: Calculating unsaturated zone (Kalahari dune field) recharge using the chloride mass balance approach." Water SA 38(3): 12 pp. Stute, M. and A. S. Talma (1997). Glacial temperatures and moisture transport regimes reconstructed from noble gases and d18O. Stampriet Aquifer, Namibia. International Symposium on Isotope Techniques of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere, Vienna, IAEA. Swartz, B. (2010). Aranos WSS: Replacement drilling of production borehole Aranos WSS: WSS, Karas area. Symons, G. and R. M. Miller (2000). Geology and resistivity characteristics of the Stampriet Artesian Basin. Groundwater: Past Achievements and Future Challenges. S. e. al. Cape Town, Balkema: 337-342 pp. Symons, G., R. M. Miller, et al. (2000). Geology and resistivity characteristics of the Stampriet Artesian Basin Past Achievements and Future Challenges. O. e. a. Sililo. Cape Town, A.A. Balkema: 337-342. Tredoux, G. (1971). Intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die in die Soutblok gebied. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1971). 'n Waterkaart van die ondergrondse waters in Suidwes -Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van doe water. intensiewe opname van die waterbronne in die Soutblok projekverslag No. 7. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1971). 'n Waterkaart van die ondergrondse waters in SWA met spesifieke verwysings na die benuttingswaarde van die water. Onverwerkte data ingesamel gedurende 'n opname in die Soutblok. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1971). 'n Waterkwaliteitskaart van die Ondergrondse Waters in Suidwes-Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die Benuttingswaarde van die Water: Data versamel tydens 'n Intensiewe Opname van Waterbronne in die Soutblok: Projekverslag Nr. 7, CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1972). 'n Waterkwaliteitskaart van die ondergrondse waters in Suidwes-Africa met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van die water. Data versamel tydens 'n intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die Soutblok. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1972). 'n Waterkwaliteitskaart van die Ondergrondse Waters in Suidwes-Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die Benuttingswaarde van die Water: Data versamel tydens 'n Intensiewe Opname van Waterbronne in die Soutblok: Bylaag tot Projekverslag Nr. 7, CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1977). 'n Intensive opname van waterbronne in die Artesiese Gebied Stampriet. Pretoria, NIWR/CSIR. DATABASE
Tredoux, G. (1977). R: Distrik Mariental (Gibeon):Onverwerkte data, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1981). Die korrelasie tussen waterkwaliteit en geologiese formasie in SWA: 'n Geohidrochemiese ondersoek van die Artesian Kom Stampriet]. Bloemfontein, UOVS: 297 pp. Tredoux, G. (1999). The study of the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia Task 11: Initial Environmental Examination. Tredoux, G. (2000). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Project: RAF 8/029 Sustainable development of groundwater resources Task 13: Data evaluation and training report on Expert Mission to Namibia: 25 September to 6 October 2000. Tredoux, G. (2000). Report on Expert Mission to Namibia: 25 September to 6 October 2000. Tredoux, G. and J. Kirchner (1979). Die geohidrologie van die Artesiese Kom Stampriet met inagneming van die chemie en die isotopesamestelling van die waters. Pretoria, CSIR/NPRL. Tredoux, G. and J. Kirchner (1981). "The evolution of the composition of artesian water in the Auob sandstone." Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 84: 169-175. Tredoux, G., J. Kirchner, et al. (2009). Defining the Karoo aquifers shared by Botswana and Namibia. Groundwater 2009 Conference. Sommerset West/Cape Town. Tredoux, G., J. C. Vogel, et al. (1978). Die Geohidrologie van Die Artesiese Kom Stampriet met inagneming van die Chemie en die Isotoopsamestelling van die waters., CSIR. Tredoux, G., J. C. Vogel, et al. (1978). Die geohidrologie van die Artesiese Kom Stampriet, met inagneming van die chemie en die isotopesamestelling van die waters. Deel III: Data, CSIR & Geol. Survey. Tredoux, G., J. C. Vogel, et al. (1979). Die geohidrologie van die Artesiese Kom Stampriet. PART II: Maps, CSIR & Geol. Survey. van Vuuren, O. (1997). Test pumping at Westfalen. (Ref.03/004/ovv), Consulting Geohydrologist. van Vuuren, O. (2005, 2006, 2007). Aranos WSS: Annual Scheme Assessment. van Wyk, W. L. and P. F. Hamman (1969). Ondergrondse water in Suidwes-Afrika. Simposium oor Grondwater in Suidelike Afrika. Pretoria: 13 pp. van Zyl, G. (1981). Watervoorsiening aan Aminuisdorp. Windhoek, DWA/Ploanning: 16 pp. Verhagen, B. T. and M. J. Butler (2009). Groundwater input to a rare flood event in an arid zone ephemeral river identified with isotopes and chemistry. Pushing the limits. Somerset West, South Africa, Geological Society of South Africa/Groundwater Division Central Branch: 6 pp. Vogel, J. Isotope data, CSIR/NPRL. Vogel, J. and E. Visser (1978). Die ouderdom en isotoopsamestelling van grondwater in S.W.A. Pretoria, CSIR/NPRL: 4 pp. Vogel, J. C. (1975). Toepassing van Natuurisotope op Grondwaterprobleme in S.W.A., CSIR. Vogel, J. C. (1979). Isotoopsamestelling van die Grondwater in die Artesiese Kom Stampriet, CSIR. Vogel, J. C., A. S. Talma, et al. (1982). The Age and isotopic composition of groundwater in the Stampriet Artesian Basin S.W.A. Pretoria, CSIR/NPRL: 49 pp. Vogel, J. C., A. S. Talma, et al. (1982). The age and isotopic composition of groundwater in the Stampriet Artesian Basin, SWA, CSIR/NPRL: 49 pp. + tables 47 graphs. Vogel, J. C., A. S. Talma, et al. (1982). The age and isotopic composition of the groundwater in the Stampriet Artesian Basin, SWA. (Final report to the Steering Committee for Water Research). Pretoria, NPRL/CSIR. Vogel, J. C. and H. van Urk (1977). Isotoopsamestelling van die grondwater in die Artesiese Kom Stampriet. Vogel, J. C. and H. van Urk (1979). Isotoopsamestelling van die grondwater in die Artesiese Kom Stampriet - Deel I B, CSIR. Wilson, E. J. (1964). Artnell Exploration Company: Vreda 281 no.1 (stratigraphic test). DATABASE
1624 - Kok, T. S. (1964). The occurrence and location of ground water in South West Africa. Area: Namibia; Caprivi; Erongo; Hardap; Karas; Khomas; Kunene; Ohangwena; Okavango; Omaheke; Omusati; Oshana; Oshikoto; Otjozondjupa; Abenab; Ai-Ais; Aranos; Ariamsvlei; Aroab; Auob; Berseba; Bethanien; Bondels; Damaraland; Dreikuk; Eiseb; Epukiro; Etosha; Fish River; Fransfontein; Gibeon; Gobabis; Gross Barmen; Guinas; Helmeringhausen; Hoachanas; Hoanib; Hoarusib; Huab; Kalahari; Kalkfeld; Kalkrand; Kamanjab; Kanovley; Kaokoveld; Karasburg; Karibib; Karst; Keetmanshoop; Khan; Koichab; Kombat; Kuibis; Leonardville; Lüderitz; Maltahöhe; Maroelaboom; Namaland; Namib; Namutoni; Nauchas; Naukluft; Nossob; Ohopoho; Okahandja; Okaukuejo; Omaruru; Omatako; Ondangwa; Opuwo; Orange River; Osona; Otavi; Otjikoto; Otjituuo; Otjiwarongo; Outjo; Rehoboth; Rietfontein; Rössing; Rundu; Sesfontein; Skeleton Coast; Sossusvlei; Stampriet; Swakop; Swakopmund; Tses; Tsondabvlei; Tsumeb; Tsumis Park; Ugab; Uhlenhorst; Unjab; Usakos; Warmbad; Waterberg; Windhoek; Witpütz; Witvley; Stampriet Artesian Basin (SAB). Document location: Attached. (Kirchner) [Büroschrank] DATABASE
MODEL BOUNDARIES & FLUXES
ABSTRACTION ESTIMATES  Model incorporates abstraction from irrigation farmers, NamWater production wells as well as abstraction for domestic and stock watering purposes based on the JICA final report and recent (end of 2004) permit allocations (DWA).  Abstraction:  Irrigation/NamWater 9.9 Mm3/a (DWA Records) Localised (Point) Abstraction  Domestic/Stockwatering 7.7 Mm3/a (0.12 mm/a) (JICA Study) Evenly Distributed Abstraction
CALIBRATION POINTS  Area: 70,000 km2 FARM No. GEOLOGY START Boomplaas M1 Auob 01.07.1970 Gomchanas M2 Auob 17.01.1974 Olifantswater West M6 Auob 11.07.1977 Spes Bona S1 Auob 28.01.1978 Olifantswater West M3 U Rietm 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M4 Kalahari 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M5 Auob 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M7 K&R&A 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M8 K&R&A 09.07.1985 Tugela S2 K&A&N 10.07.1985 Tugela S3 K&A&N 10.07.1985 Tugela S4 K&A 10.07.1985 Tugela S7 Kalahari 10.07.1985
The model  accurately simulates the general groundwater flow pattern within the SAB.  provide a reasonable (transient) calibration of the long-term changes in groundwater levels since 1970. The model does not  achieve accuracy of <10m in the predicted groundwater levels within large portions of the basin.  accurately predict the occurrence of artesian conditions.  provide a reliable prediction of short-term (month to month) variations in the groundwater levels.  incorporate the Nossob Aquifer & the Neu Loore Fm.  distinguish between the 5 individual units within the Auob Fm.  consider spatial variability in hydraulic properties within the Kalahari sediments. DISCUSSION (1)
DISCUSSION (2)  Results indicate that most years contribute little or nothing to recharge whereas a few exceptional rainfall years may replenish the systems for years to come.  During the last 35 years substantial recharge occurred only three times, namely during the rainy season of the years 1974, 1976 and 2000.  Need to revise conceptual model based on new findings  Need to recalibrate numerical model based on new calibration data
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Totalproduction(m3) Productionineacharea(m3) Year NamWater Scheme Production Aranos Leonardville Stampriet Gochas Koes Kries Aminius Onderombapa Total
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40000 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 PRODUCTIONINM3/MONTH WATERLEVELBELOWSURFACE(m) DATE LEONARDVILLE WW7309 (Depth 188.06 m) PRODUCTION PWL RWL PID YIELD RECOMMENDED PROD
y = 5.45x - 12.02 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 Oxygen-18, per mil Deuterium,permil Kalahari Basalt Rietmond y = 5.45x - 12.02 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 Oxygen-18, per mil Deuterium,permil Kalahari Basalt Rietmond Auob Nossob MWL Linear (Kalahari) Global Meteoric Water Line
Sand, gravel, calcrete Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes) Basalt W Dolerite (W at U & L contacts) Varicoloured sandstone, shale, yellow shale, coal, black shale W W Grey shale Yellow shale Whitehill; black shale, black limestone Grey shale U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W U coal, black shale M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W L coal, black shale L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W? U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated Mukorob shale, grey to black U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W U Nossob sandstone; fine grained U Nossob siltstone-shale L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W L Nossob sandstone; fine grained L Nossob siltstone-shale Mudstone, grey, with dropstones Tillite U Nama - Red sandstone, shale L Nama – grey shales, sandstones Kamtsas – pink arkoses KALKRAND (Jurassic to Triassic) RIETMOND (Permian) AUOB (Permian) MUKOROB (Permian) NOSSOB (Permian) DWYKA (Carboniferous) PRE-KAROO (Cambrian) K A R O O KALAHARI (Tertiary to Quaternary) DISCUSSION  The Kalahari is compartmentalised.  The concept of a continuous uniform Stampriet aquifer is a simplification.  Even a uniform trippel-aquifer system isn’t applicable The thickness of the underlying up to 8 aquifers varies between zero and a  Rainfall/Recharg e works for vertically recharged aquifers only. Mean Rainfall in the NE is about 400 mm/a and in the SW about 200 mm/a.
DISCUSSION  A further problem is that the artesian aquifers in the Transnossob have not been recharged since the last Pluvial.  Water-level contours there reflect rather the transmissivity (lower at higher elevations) and not recent recharge areas.

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Day1 4 kirchner_stampriet

  • 2. STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN A Transboundary Aquifer System
  • 3.
  • 4. INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 4 SAB LOCATION
  • 6. SHEEP FARMING CourtesyAgriForum Irrigation 46% Domestic 16% Stock Watering 38% and IRRIGATION INTRODUCTION
  • 7. INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 7 SAB LOCATION
  • 8. INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 8 SAB LOCATION
  • 9. INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 9 SAB LOCATION
  • 10. INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 10 SAB LOCATION
  • 11. INTRODUCTION Division Geohydrology Department of Water Affairs Namibia 11 SAB LOCATION Hoachanas
  • 14. HISTORY A CENTURY OF INVESTIGATIONS  Paul Range discovered the SAB in 1912  Irrigation Department drilled in the 1920s  Frommurze investigated in the 1930s  DWA drilled after World War II  K. Schalk investigated a cloud break in 1960  H. Martin researched for the Coal Commission (1961)  Oil and Coal exploration (1960s – 1980s)  Geochemistry, Geohydrology, Isotopes (CSIR, Tredoux, Kirchner & Vogel (1965-1982)  J. Nawrowski explored Abstraction and Irrigation (1980s - 1990s)  JICA – PCI SE Kalahari Groundwater Evaluation and Management Plan (2002)  J. Kirchner: IAEA RAF 8/029 (Isotope studies,
  • 16. N-S SECTION BY HENNO MARTIN ALONG BOTSWANA BORDER (1956) GEOLOGY
  • 18. N-S SECTION BY ROY MILLER ALONG BOTSWANA BORDER (2001) GEOLOGY
  • 19. Sand, gravel, calcrete Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes) Basalt W Dolerite (W at U & L contacts) Varicoloured sandstone, shale, yellow shale, coal, black shale W W Grey shale Yellow shale Whitehill; black shale, black limestone Grey shale U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W U coal, black shale M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W L coal, black shale L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W? U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated Mukorob shale, grey to black U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W U Nossob sandstone; fine grained U Nossob siltstone-shale L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W L Nossob sandstone; fine grained L Nossob siltstone-shale Mudstone, grey, with dropstones Tillite U Nama - Red sandstone, shale L Nama – grey shales, sandstones Kamtsas – pink arkoses KALKRAND (Jurassic to Triassic) RIETMOND (Permian) AUOB (Permian) MUKOROB (Permian) NOSSOB (Permian) DWYKA (Carboniferous) PRE-KAROO (Cambrian) K A R O O KALAHARI (Tertiary to Quaternary) GEOLOGY NINE AQUIFERS INSTEAD OF ONE:
  • 20. Sand, gravel, calcrete Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes) Basalt W Dolerite (W at U & L contacts) Varicoloured sandstone, shale, yellow shale, coal, black shale W W Grey shale Yellow shale Whitehill; black shale, black limestone Grey shale U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W U coal, black shale M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W L coal, black shale L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W? U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated Mukorob shale, grey to black U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W U Nossob sandstone; fine grained U Nossob siltstone-shale L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W L Nossob sandstone; fine grained L Nossob siltstone-shale Mudstone, grey, with dropstones Tillite U Nama - Red sandstone, shale L Nama – grey shales, sandstones Kamtsas – pink arkoses KALKRAND (Jurassic to Triassic) RIETMOND (Permian) AUOB (Permian) MUKOROB (Permian) NOSSOB (Permian) DWYKA (Carboniferous) PRE-KAROO (Cambrian) K A R O O KALAHARI (Tertiary to Quaternary) GEOLOGY KALAHARI BASALT NEU LOORE RIETMOND AUOB MUKOROB NOSSOB TEN AQUIFERS INSTEAD OF ONE:
  • 23. FIRST ARTESIAN WATER WAS STRUCK IN 1912 110 m3/h free flowing artesian borehole HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 27. HYDROGEOLOGY WATER QUALITY MAP TD S SO 4 NO 3 F The South West Africa Steering Committee for Water Research initiated a Water Quality Map Project in the second half of the 1960s. In the SAB about 4000 water points were sampled and other borehole and water use information collected.
  • 29. SAB HYDROCENSUS RESULTS ## # # # # # # ##### # # # #S## ### # ## # ## # # # # ## # #### # ##S#S ##S #S # ##S ## #S# # # # # ##S## ### ##S ## #### ###S##S# #S##S##S## # # ## # # ##### # # ## ## ### # # # # ##### ##S #S #S### # # #S ## ##S # ##S## #S ### ### ##### ##S# # # # # ##S #S###S # # # ###S ## # #S ### # # ## # #S ## # ## ## ## # #S#### ## ## ## # # # #S# # # # ## ## ###S#S # ##S # # ###S ###S # # ##S # #S# ##S#S## ## # ## # # # ##S#S ## #S ### #S# #S # ## ## # ##S ##S # ##S# ###S # ## ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # # # # # # #S #S #S #S # # # # #S ## # # # # # # #S # # # #S # #S #S #S # #S #S # #S #S # # #S # # # #S # #S # # #S # # # # # #S # #S # #S #S #S #S #S # # # # # # # #S # # # #S # #S # # #S #S # # # #S # # #S #S # # # # #S # #S# # #S #S # #S #S #S # #S #S # #S # # # # # # # # #S # # # # # # #S # #S ## # #### # # ## ##S # # ## # # # # ##S# # # ## # #S#S#S # ## ## # #### ## # ### # ## # # ##S#S ### # # #S # #S##S ### # # # # # #S#S#S# # # # # # ### # # ## # # ## # # # ###S# # # # # # # #S # # ## # #S # # #S #S # #S#S ##S ###S #S# #S##S##S #S##S ##S#S ##S #S # #S ###S ## # # ##S # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # #S # # #S # ## # # # ### ##S # # # # # # ##S #S# ##S# #S#S ### # ## # ### ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S # # # ##S # # # # ## # # ####S ##S ### ## # # ## # ## # ### # # #S# # # # ## ## ##S #S#S #S # # # # # # # # ## # #S##S # # ### ##### # ##S# ##S ## #S# # ##S # # #S # # #### # ## #S # # # # ###S#S # # # ### # #S ## # # # # # ## # # ## # #S # ## # ##S # # # ### # # # # # ## # # ## # # # ## ##S # ## ## ##S ## # # # # # # ### # # # #S##S # ### ### ### # # # # # # # ## #### #S # #S # # ## # # ### # # # # # ## # # # ## ##S# # # # ##### # ##S # #S#S#S##S##S###S ## # ## # # ## # # # ##S # # # #S ##S # # ##S # # # # # # ### # # # # ##S#S ##S ## ## # # ## # # # ##S ##S # ### # ### # ## # ### # # # ##S #S #S ##S ## # ## # # # # # ## # # ## ##S#S#S # # # ## ## # # # # ## # # # ## # ### # # ## # # # #S# # ##S # ##S #S# # ## # # ## # # # ## ## ## # ## ## # ## # # ##S ## # # ###S### ### # # # ####S ##### # ## # #S###S #S## #### # ## # # # ##S# ### # ### # ##S#S #S# # # # # # ##S#S ## ## #S # # ##S##S ##S# ## # # # ##S ###S #S ##S # # # ### # # # ## ##S# # # # #S #S#S # ## # ##### # # # # ## ## # # ## # ## # # #S ## ## ### # # # ### # #S##S# ##S # # ## ## # # ## # # # ## # ##S# #S##S# ##S## ## ## # #S # ##S #S # ## # # # #S# # # # # ## # # # # # # ## ##### #S ## ###S # # # #S### ##S ## ##S# ## # # # # ## ## # # # ##S # # # # #### # # #####S # ###### ## # ########S #S ### # # # # #S ##S## # # ## ## ###S # #### # ## ### # # # ### # # # # ### #S# # ####S ## ## ### # #S#S## # #S# # # ## ### ###S # ##S # #S# # #### #S#S#S### # # # # ## ## ##S # # ### ## # ##### ### # # # ## # ###S## # # ## ### ## #S## # ###S##S#S ## # # ## #S##S # # ### ## #### # ## # ##S # # ##S# # ##S ### ######### ###### # ## ## # #S #S #S#S#S#S #S#S # # # #S##### ##S#S ## ## # # # # # # # # ## # #### ### #### # # ##S # # # # #### #### ## ##S # #S# # # # #####S #### # ## # # #S # # # ##S# # ## # # ## # ## ######S # ###S # # # ###S ##S# # ## ##S##S# # # ####S#S## ## ## ### ### #### #S # # # # ##S # # # ####S#S#S# # ###S ## ## # # ## # # # ## # #### # ########S#S### # ## # ## # # ##S # ## # ### ## # ## ## #S ### # # # #### # # ## # #### #S##S# # ## # ###S # ## # #S## # # #S # ###S# # ## # ## ## # # ###S # # c ## ##S# ## ## # # ### #S## # # ### # # #S# # # ##S # # ### # ## # # # ## ## # # ## # # ### ###S # # # ## # ## # #S # # ## # # # ###S ## # #S # #S#S#S # # ##S##S#S##S # # ##### #S #####S#S#S # # # #S # #S # # ##S # # # ##S# # ##S ##S # ###S # ## ##S### ## #S#####S## # ## ## #S # # ## #S #S #S##S# # # #S# # #### #S## # # # ###### ### #S# ### ##S ##S ## # #### # ##S# ## # ## ## ######## # # ##S##S# # ## # ##S# ## ## # ### #S # #S # # # # # # ### ## # # # #S # # ### # ### ### ##### ###S ## # # # # ##S# ## ## # # # # ## # ###S# #S#S#S #S## ## # ## # #### #S## #S# # #### #S# ### # # # # # #S ## ### ##### # # #S # #S# ### ## # ## # # # # ## # # ## # # # ## #### #S #S # # ### ## # ## # #S #S ##S #S# # #S ## #S #S ##### # # # # # # ###S# # ##S #S# # ## # ## ##S # ## # #S##S #S ###S#S # ## ##S## # ## ## # # # ## # ##S# ## ## # # # ### ## ### ##S# # # # # ## #### ## ### # ## # ## ## # # # # #S ## ##S#S###S#S#S##S#S #S#S####### # #### ## #### # ##S # ## #S#### # ## ##S# ## ### # # # #S ### ##S# ##S## #S#S # # #S ## # ##S #S #S ##S # ## ### # # # # # ##S # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##S #S # ##S ####S # # # # # # #S ## # # # #S#S#S#############S #S ## # # #S # # #S # #####S # ## # # ### # # #S#S# ### # # # #S# # ## # ##S # ##S # # ###S ## ###S###S# # ## # ##### #S #S ##S #S##S####S ## # #### ## #S## # # # ## # ### # # # ## ######S #S # # # # # ###### #S#S##S# ##S#S##S###S##S#S ###S#S ## #S##S#S#S#S #S##S#S#S#S### # #S #S #S##S##### ###S #S # #S # # # ## # # ### ## # ####S#S# # # ## # #S # # # #S #S#S#S##S#S#S#S #S # # ### # #S ##### # # # ##S # # # #S ##S## # # #S # ## #S #S##S# ## # # #S#S # # # # ### #### # # #S # # ##S#S ## ## # ###S#S ## # # # #S #S#S #S #S # # ### # # #### # # # ## #S #S# ## # ## # # ###S # # # ### ## # # # # #S#S # ## # # # # ## # # ## ## ## # ##S # ##S## # # # # # # ##S# #### # # # ###S # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # ##S # # # # # # # # ## ##S###S # #S # # ###S ## # # #S#S#S# ## # # ### # # ### ###S # # # # ### # #####S ##S # # # # ## ## ###S # ### # #S # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # #S##S##S## ##S # ###S# # ### ######### # ## ## # # # # # # # ##S### ## # ## # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # ## # #S c # # # ## ### ## ## ## # # # # # # # #S ## # # ## #S #S#S##S##S # #S# # ## # # # # ### #S # # ## ##S## # # # # # # # # ## # #S# # # ## # # # ###S# # # #S ## # # ### # ## ## ###### # # #S # ## # # #S #S# # # ## # # ####S#S ### ## # # # # # # # # #S# # ##### ## # ## # ### # # #S # ## ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ### # #S #S#S # # # ## # ## # # # ##S## ##S#S # # #S## ## ##S#S #S # # # # # ##S# ## # ## ## # # #S#S#S ####S# #S # # #S # #### # #S # # # # #S ##S # # ### # # # # # ## 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# # # ## #### # # # # ### # ### # ## #### # ## #S ##S##S### ##S ##S##S # # # #S# # #S # # # # #S ### #S#S # ## ## # #S#S### # ### ## # # ## ### ###S #S# # # # # # # # # #S # # # ### ## # # ## #### # # ## # # # # # ## # # ## # #### ##S ####S ### # # # # ## ## # ## #####S ##S ### # ## #S #### # ## # # ### # # # ###S # # # # # # # # # # # ###S### # # # ## # # #######S# #S # # # # ##S# ## # ##S #### ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # #S# # # # # # # # # # # # # # #S## #S # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # ## #S# ## ### ## # ## ##S## ###S###### #S#S #### ###S#S #S# ####S # # # # #S # # # #S # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## ## ### # # # ## # ## # # ####S # # # # ## # # # ## # # # #S #S # # #S#S# #S #S#S###S#S##S#S#S #S # ##S # # c CHECK # Des S NU # U 2holes 390holes 955holes 4915holes Stampriet Artesian Basin HydroCensus Results DISTRIBUTION OF BOREHOLES HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 30. ORIGINAL AND RECONCILED DATA SETS Old DB CSIR HydroCensus GROWAS HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 31. SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO SAR ratios of artesian and subartesian boreholes Generally better quality in the western (Cisnossob) half of the basin HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 32. 14C APPARENT AGE Young Auob water in the CisNossob 20 000 years older water in the TransNossob HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 34. WATER LEVEL MONITORING  1182 coordinates of Water-level Monitoring boreholes were captured in an M/S Access file during the Quantification Project (the file is attached to GRIM).  It contains more than 1.1 Mio water levels measured between July 1907 and January 2011.  I addition to that numerous water-level recorder charts are stored in Geohydrology’s Record Room HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 35. ABSTRACTION DATA  Abstraction data are available for the NamWater schemes (Aranos, Leonardville, Stampriet, Gochas and Kries)  Some production data may be found in the files of DWA Law Administration  Bases on farm size, carrying capacity the abstraction for stock watering can be calculated.  Some info is in the 2001 Hydrocensus files HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 36. AQUIFER PARAMETERS  During the JICA project 1999 to 2002 boreholes into Kalahari; Auob; and Nossob aquifers were drilled at 13 sites. From pumping tests of these holes, T- and S- values are available  Values from older observation holes at Olifantswater W; Tugela and Galton are also on record.  Some holes drilled by DWA during the JICA and IAEA projects have also been pump tested.  Vogel had the permeability of a core sample determined. HYDROGEOLOGY
  • 38.  Schalk (1960) calculated the amount of water that infiltrated after the cloudburst as approximately: Q = 100 * 106 [m3] but did not estimate the proportion that might have reached the artesian aquifers.  The artesian water abstraction then was estimated at 44 000 m3/d or 16 * 106 [m3/a] SAB RECHARGE (SCHALK)
  • 39.  Vogel et al. (1982) applied Darcy’s Law: Q = kD * b * i [m3/d] using an average gradient i = 1/1000, an average transmissivity kD = 11.3 m2/d and an aquifer width b = 55 km above Stampriet. This resulted in an average annual recharge rate for the Stampriet surrounding of: Q = 0.68 * 106 [m3/a] SAB RECHARGE (VOGEL ET AL.)
  • 40. We do have such events from time to time Mariental flood 2006
  • 42.  PCI (2002) have calculated the combined recharge for all three aquifers using different approaches: 1. Modeling (a)1): 21 * 106 [m3/a] 2. Modeling (b): 87 * 106 [m3/a] 3. Water Balance (a): 105 * 106 [m3/a] 4. Water Balance (b): 341 * 106 [m3/a] 5. Water Balance (c): 1 550 * 106 [m3/a] The 4 to 15 times varying values allow not to decide on a correct mean recharge rate. SAB RECHARGE (PCI) 1) Modeling 1: ordinary year; 2: 1:50 year. Balance excluding losses (a): ordinary year CMBM, (b): 1:50 year CMBM, (c): 1:50 year assuming normal transpiration, withdrawal & groundwater flow
  • 44. LEGALASPECTS LEGISLATION: WATER ACT  Water Resources Management Act (2013)  Water Resources Management Act (2004) Water Act (1956)  Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (1993)  NamWater Act (1997)  National Water Policy White Paper (2000)  Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (2008) The Water Acts of 2004 and 2013 have been promulgated but not enacted. The Water Act of 1956 is still applicable. OTHER LEGAL AND POLICY DOCUMENTATION
  • 45. LEGALASPECTS GROUNDWATER CONTROL AREAS Amongst others the Stampriet Artesian Basin (SAB) is a Groundwater Control Area. Regulations require that:  A permit is obtained to drill a borehole. • If drilled into the artesian aquifer the borehole must be cased and the casing be sealed in the overlying aquiclude.  A permit is furthermore required for irrigation of areas > 1 ha. • If the permit is granted monthly abstraction quantities must be supplied to Water Affairs.
  • 46. LEGALASPECTS IRRIGATION IN THE STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN
  • 47. LEGALASPECTS PRACTICAL PROBLEMS Many farmers tend not to comply fully with the regulations:  Boreholes are drilled or deepened without a permit  Casing requirements are not complied with  Abstraction readings are not supplied
  • 48. In order for the GROWAS database to get up to date, a closer cooperation with the farmers is crucial and recent visits show that most of the irrigation farmers are not fully informed about the rules and regulations concerning their irrigation abstraction permit or mislead by the former owners of the former neighbors. Field investigations and the direct interaction with farmers . . are appreciated by almost all farmers. Many of the farmers visited in the Upper Hardap Region had no idea of a WW number belonging to their boreholes and had no platelets attached to the boreholes. •Through common hearsay by farmer visited on this area it seems that there has been a (Foul Worm) in the whole process from the beginning and that many feel that the current water committee in this area favors some above others and turn the irrigation quotas of those not in their favor down. •Some farmers told us that abstraction returns in the Stampriet area are up to 80% bias. •Prosopis trees seem to be a big problem on most farms as they can take up to 70 liters of water per hour LEGALASPECTS FROM A TECHNICIAN REPORT:
  • 49. LEGALASPECTS LEGISLATION: RESEARCH  In 2004 an Act was promulgated that regulates a.o. research activities.  Regulations were enacted in 2011. According to the Act it is unlawful to do any research in Namibia unless an application has been made to the NATIONAL COMMISSION ON RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and the Commission has given their approval.
  • 50. SOCIO-ECONOMICS SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS Carlsson et al., 2009: Review of the Molopo- Nossob Basin:  Population  Labour force  Household income  Settlement programs  Gross Domestic Products  Mining, Industry, Tourism, Trade, Infrastructure, Inflation and Finances  Economic activity centres  Aids  Effects on humans from TDS JICA, 2002: Study of the groundwater potential and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia:
  • 51. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON AQUIFER SYSTEM 1. Impacts on Recharge 1. Dams 2. Bush encroachment 2. Impacts on Water Quality 1. Nitrate pollution 2. Irrigation return flow 3. Impact of Abstraction
  • 52. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON RECHARGE 1. DAMS The alluvial aquifer(s) along the Nossob Rivers are mainly affected. 1. Farm Dams in the upper reaches of the Black Nossob River reduce the run-off. 2. The Daan Viljoen Dam together with the Tilda Viljoen Dam at Gobabis have the same effect 3. The Otjivero Dam in the White Nossob River near Omitara also reduces recharge of the alluvial aquifer.
  • 53. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON RECHARGE 2. Bush encroachment Prosopis trees constitute a tremendous 2. BUSH ENCROACHMENT
  • 54. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY 1. Nitrate pollution During data processing of the CSIR water quality data Gideon Tredoux and Jürgen Kirchner noticed that statistically water samples from the oldest boreholes showed higher nitrate concentration than those from younger boreholes. As farmers generally have their kraals and stock watering troughs next to the boreholes we concluded that the higher nitrate could be ascribed to wetted dung by overflowing reservoir and troughs. 2. Irrigation return flow Artificial fertiliser might also be a cause for concern.
  • 55. Water quality changes over two to three decadesBorehol e No. WW Farm °S °E Aquife r Dates EC mS/m % change 874 R202 24.36940 18.68330 A 13-05-1965 72 +23.6 25-03-2000 89 1100 R118 24.57100 18.33810 A 09-06-1965 73 +27.4 10-10-2000 93 2302 R346 24.97435 19.10679 K 18-03-1968 205 +25.9 15-11-2000 258 5943 R128 24.14992 18.47790 A 21-07-1969 55 +10.9 04-11-2000 61 9105 R499 25.01740 19.93333 A 03-04-1967 202 +18.3 06-11-2000 239 9658 L618 23.56300 18.96990 R 04-09-1968 69 +10.1 21-03-2000 76 11314 R533 24.67171 19.56467 A 03-08-1971 155 +0.6 06-11-2000 156 12914 L957 23.32820 19.91860 N 16-10-1971 130 +34.6 18-03-2000 175 23169 L330 23.37930 19.58720 K 17-08-1978 109 +37.6 17-03-2000 150 23334 L330 23.14550 19.55690 R 29-08-1978 54 +18.5 17-03-2000 64
  • 56. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS IMPACT OF ABSTRACTION When drilled after World War II the lowermost free- flowing boreholes along the Auob River were on the farms Wildmoor and Kalverhok upstream of Gochas. These boreholes have stopped flowing a long time ago. In the areas upstream water levels have, however always recovered again after extraordinary rainfall events. In the long run abstraction (plus leakage) and recharge appear to be in equilibrium. .
  • 57. 185 Entries under STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN with 62 attached documents THE GRIM META-DATABASE CONTAINS DATABASE
  • 58. AgipCarbone (1984). Report on the 1984 exploration campaign in the Aranos area. Alker, M. (2008). The Stampriet Artesian Aquifer Basin - A case study for the research project ”Transboundary groundwater management in Africa”. Conceptualizing cooperation on Africa's transboundary groundwater resources. W. Scheumann and E. Herrfahrdt-Pähle. Bonn, German Development Institute: 37. Begujam, R. and L. Thamae (2008). ORASECOM - Groundwater review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for rural communities including assessment of national database at the sub-basin level for possible future integration, GCS in association with CCL: 42 pp. Beukes, H. (2007). Stampriet Monitoring Report. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 10 pp. Beukes, H., M. Katjimune, et al. (2005). Stampriet Artesian Aquifer - Drilling and test pumping of additional monitoring boreholes, Geohydrology/DWA. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pressure probe test, Borehole J3-N (WW39844), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 7 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pressure probe test, Borehole J5-N (WW39848), BIWAC & Metzger or JICA Study Team: 7 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J1-A (WW39839), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J2-A (WW39840), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J2-N (WW39841), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J3-A (WW39843), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J3-K (WW39842), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J4-A (WW39846), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J4-K (WW39845), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 3 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J4-N (WW39847), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J5-N (WW39848), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 6 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J6-A (WW39850), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J6-K (WW39849), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 8 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J7-K (WW39852), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 10 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J7-N (WW39853), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 6 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J8-K (WW39854), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 7 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of pumping test data, Borehole J9-A (WW39857), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 9 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J4-K (WW39845), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 3 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J6-N (WW39851), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 3 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J7-N (WW39853), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J8-A (WW39855), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J8-K (WW39854), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of slug test data, Borehole J8-N (WW39856), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 4 pp. BIWAC (2000). Evaluation of step drawdown test data, Borehole J1-A (WW39839), BIWAC & Metzger for JICA Study Team: 1 tabel. Bockmühl, F. (2002). Full hole cementing during borehole construction by hydraulic pressure grouting in the Stampriet Artesian Basin. Carlsson, L., C. Massalila-Dodo, et al. (2009). Groundwater Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities Including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-Basin Level for Possible Future Integration. Gaborone, Geotechnical Consulting Services, Continental Consultants (PTY) LTD,: 220 pp. Christelis, G. (1979). Potential report on the groundwater conditions at Aranos. Conradie, P. (1991). Bedryfverslag ter evaluering van Aranos SWS. Corner, B. (2000). Interpretation of regional aeromagnetic data covering the Stampriet Artesian Aquifer study area, in central eastern Namibia, Corner Geophysics: 10 pp. Department of Water Affairs (1979). Addendum Verslag tot Aranos Beplanningsverslag Nr 3110/16, Julie 1978: 7 pp. Department of Water Affairs (2002). Full hole cementing during borehole construction by hydraulic pressure grouting in the Stampriet artesian basin. Department of Water Affairs, D. S. (1974). Verslag betreffende die artesiese boorgat op ou Stampriet, Drilling Section/DWA. Djama, M. (1996). Aranos State Water Scheme Memorandum on Drilling and Pumptest. Windhoek, DWA Geohydrology: 15 pp. Djama, M. (1996). Aranos State Water Scheme. Memorandum on drilling and test pumping. Windhoek, Geohydrology: 15 pp. + App. Djama, M. (1996). Aranos WSS: Drilling and test pumping of boreholes, DWA/Geohydrology. DWA (2003). Country situation report Namibia. Windhoek, DWA: 8 pp. Egerer, E. (1998). Sustainable development of groundwater resources in Southern and Eastern Africa regional technical co-operation project RAF 8/029. Euro Namibian investment Co. Ltd. (1987). Aranos Coal Deposit Locality Plan. Euro Namibian investment Co. Ltd. DATABASE
  • 59. Frommurze, H. F. (1931). "Flowing boreholes in the Rehoboth, Gibeon and Gobabis Districts, South West Africa." Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr. 34: 129-149. Geotechnical Consulting Services (Pty) Ltd. and C. C. P. Ltd. (2009). Groundwater review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for rural communities including assessment of National Database at the sub-basin level for possible future integration. Final Report - Short version. Gerber, A. (1968). 'n Waterkaart van die ondergrondse waterbronne in Siudwes-Afrika, met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van die Water. 'n Intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die basaltgebiet om Kalkrand. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Gerber, A. (1969). 'n Waterkaart van die ondergrondse waterbronne in Siudwes-Afrika, met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van die Water. 'n Intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die basaltgebiet om Kalkrand. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Geyh, M. A. (1994). German-Namibian groundwater exploration project: Isotope hydrological study. Hannover, BGR: 66 pp. Geyh, M. A., B. T. Verhagen, et al. (2009). Confinement of the Stampriet Karoo Aquifer: New isotopic evidence. Pushing the limits. Somerset West, South Africa, Geological Society of South Africa/Groundwater Division Central Branch: 9 pp. Groom, B., J. Macgregor, et al. (2002). Sustainable management of the South East Kalahari Aquifer system, Namibia. Background discussion, management options and policy recommendations. Harris, M. (2005). Comments on Permit Application by Aranos Village Council. Heath, D. C. (1972). Geologie van die Sisteem Karoo in die gebied Mariental - Asab, SWA. Heaton, T. H. E., A. S. Talma, et al. (1980). The age and composition of groundwater in SWA, CSIR/NPRL: 19 pp. + tables 17 graphs. Heaton, T. H. E., A. S. Talma, et al. (1981). Progress Report to the Steering Committee for Water Research, CSIR. Hegenberger, W. (1985). "Some aspects of Nama and Karoo sedimentation from a borehole south-east of Gochas." Communs. geol. Surv. S.W.Afr./Namibia 1: 63-67. Hemming, N. G., M. Stute, et al. (1998). "Secular variation in the composition of groundwater: Stampriet Artesian Aquifer, Namibia." Mineralogical Magazine 62A. Huyser, D. J. (1978). 'n Intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die distrik Maltahöhe en gedeeltes van Distrikte Rehoboth en Mariental (Gibeon). Pretoria, NIWR/CSIR. Huyser, D. J. (1978). Onverwerkte data versamel tydens 'n intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die Distrik Maltahöhe en gedeeltes van die Distrikte Mariental en Rehoboth. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Huyser, D. J. (1982). Chemiese kwaliteit van die ondergrondse waters in Suidwes-Afrika/Namibië (met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van die water). Pretoria, Nasionale Instituut vir Waternavorsing, Wetenskaplike en Nywerheidsnavorsingsraad, Pretoria: 147 pp. Huyser, D. J. (1982). Water quality map 1 : 1 000 000 (TDS, SO4, F, NO3). Pretoria, National Institute for Water Research/Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Hydrology Division, D. o. W. A. (1974). Vorderingsverslag oor afdigtingstegnieke en navorsing in die Stampriet Artesiese Gebied. Ihemba, S. (2008). Status of groundwater levels in Namibia. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 3 pp. JICA (1999). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia Progress report (l) Data Book of Existing borehole Survey. JICA (2001). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia. JICA (2002). Pumping test data of JICA well: 96 pp. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Data book. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency: 151 pp. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Executive Summary. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Main report. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia - Supporting report. Tokyo/Japan, Pacific Consultants International (PCI) in association with SANYU Consultants INC, for Japan International Cooperation Agency. JICA (2002). The Study on The Groundwater Potential Evaluation and Management Plan in The Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in The Republic of Namibia, JICA. JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia (Draft final report: Executive summary, Main report, Supporting report, Data book). JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia (Final report: data book). JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia (Final report: Executive summary). JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia (Final report: Main report). JICA (2002). The study on the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia (Final report: Supporting report). DATABASE
  • 60. Kavikairiua, L. (2003). Aranos WSS: Camera inspection. Kent, L. E. (1949). "The thermal waters of the Union of South Africa and South West Africa." Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 52: 231-264. Kingsley, C. S. (1985). Sedimentological analysis of the Ecca Sequence in the Kalahari Basin, South West Africa/Namibia, CDM Mineral Surveys: 39 pp. Kirchner, J. (1979). Potential report on the groundwater conditions at Aranos. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 4 pp. Kirchner, J. (2001). The Study of the groundwater potential and management plan in the Southeastern Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin - Hydrocensus Report. Windhoek, Groundwater Investigation for PCI/JICA: 29 pp. Kirchner, J. (2008). Investigations in the Stampriet Artesian Aquifer - A follow-up study to determine effect of leakage; recharge in the eastern part of the basin; regional groundwater potential; and transfer existing data to GIS system. Windhoek, DWA/Geohydrology: 14 pp. Kirchner, J. (undated). AGE, DWA/Geohydrology. 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Aranos Staatswaterskema - Goedkeuring van Fondse vir voorgestelde aanvullende werke, DWA Planning Division. Range, P. (1915). Ergebnisse von Bohrungen in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika. Berlin. Range, P. (1943). "Zur Wasserwirtschaft in Deutsch-Südwestafrika." Beitr. KolonForsch. 5: 133-147. Schalk, K. (1961). "Water balance of the Uhlenhorst cloudburst in South West Africa." CCTA Publ., Nairobi 66: 443-449. Sobott, A. P. (1974). Proposal and estimates for drilling, constructing and pressure grouting production and observation bores in the Southern region of South West Africa, Australian Wellfield Service: 20 pp. Stone, A. E. C. and W. M. Edmunds (2012). "Sand, salt and water in the Stampriet Basin, Namibia: Calculating unsaturated zone (Kalahari dune field) recharge using the chloride mass balance approach." Water SA 38(3): 12 pp. Stute, M. and A. S. Talma (1997). Glacial temperatures and moisture transport regimes reconstructed from noble gases and d18O. Stampriet Aquifer, Namibia. International Symposium on Isotope Techniques of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere, Vienna, IAEA. Swartz, B. (2010). Aranos WSS: Replacement drilling of production borehole Aranos WSS: WSS, Karas area. Symons, G. and R. M. Miller (2000). Geology and resistivity characteristics of the Stampriet Artesian Basin. Groundwater: Past Achievements and Future Challenges. S. e. al. Cape Town, Balkema: 337-342 pp. Symons, G., R. M. Miller, et al. (2000). Geology and resistivity characteristics of the Stampriet Artesian Basin Past Achievements and Future Challenges. O. e. a. Sililo. Cape Town, A.A. Balkema: 337-342. Tredoux, G. (1971). Intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die in die Soutblok gebied. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1971). 'n Waterkaart van die ondergrondse waters in Suidwes -Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van doe water. intensiewe opname van die waterbronne in die Soutblok projekverslag No. 7. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1971). 'n Waterkaart van die ondergrondse waters in SWA met spesifieke verwysings na die benuttingswaarde van die water. Onverwerkte data ingesamel gedurende 'n opname in die Soutblok. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1971). 'n Waterkwaliteitskaart van die Ondergrondse Waters in Suidwes-Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die Benuttingswaarde van die Water: Data versamel tydens 'n Intensiewe Opname van Waterbronne in die Soutblok: Projekverslag Nr. 7, CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1972). 'n Waterkwaliteitskaart van die ondergrondse waters in Suidwes-Africa met spesifieke verwysing na die benuttingswaarde van die water. Data versamel tydens 'n intensiewe opname van waterbronne in die Soutblok. Windhoek, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1972). 'n Waterkwaliteitskaart van die Ondergrondse Waters in Suidwes-Afrika met spesifieke verwysing na die Benuttingswaarde van die Water: Data versamel tydens 'n Intensiewe Opname van Waterbronne in die Soutblok: Bylaag tot Projekverslag Nr. 7, CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1977). 'n Intensive opname van waterbronne in die Artesiese Gebied Stampriet. Pretoria, NIWR/CSIR. DATABASE
  • 62. Tredoux, G. (1977). R: Distrik Mariental (Gibeon):Onverwerkte data, NIWR/CSIR. Tredoux, G. (1981). Die korrelasie tussen waterkwaliteit en geologiese formasie in SWA: 'n Geohidrochemiese ondersoek van die Artesian Kom Stampriet]. Bloemfontein, UOVS: 297 pp. Tredoux, G. (1999). The study of the groundwater potential evaluation and management plan in the Southeast Kalahari (Stampriet) Artesian Basin in the Republic of Namibia Task 11: Initial Environmental Examination. Tredoux, G. (2000). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Project: RAF 8/029 Sustainable development of groundwater resources Task 13: Data evaluation and training report on Expert Mission to Namibia: 25 September to 6 October 2000. Tredoux, G. (2000). Report on Expert Mission to Namibia: 25 September to 6 October 2000. Tredoux, G. and J. Kirchner (1979). Die geohidrologie van die Artesiese Kom Stampriet met inagneming van die chemie en die isotopesamestelling van die waters. Pretoria, CSIR/NPRL. Tredoux, G. and J. Kirchner (1981). "The evolution of the composition of artesian water in the Auob sandstone." Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 84: 169-175. Tredoux, G., J. Kirchner, et al. (2009). Defining the Karoo aquifers shared by Botswana and Namibia. Groundwater 2009 Conference. Sommerset West/Cape Town. Tredoux, G., J. C. Vogel, et al. (1978). Die Geohidrologie van Die Artesiese Kom Stampriet met inagneming van die Chemie en die Isotoopsamestelling van die waters., CSIR. Tredoux, G., J. C. Vogel, et al. (1978). Die geohidrologie van die Artesiese Kom Stampriet, met inagneming van die chemie en die isotopesamestelling van die waters. Deel III: Data, CSIR & Geol. Survey. Tredoux, G., J. C. Vogel, et al. (1979). Die geohidrologie van die Artesiese Kom Stampriet. PART II: Maps, CSIR & Geol. Survey. van Vuuren, O. (1997). Test pumping at Westfalen. (Ref.03/004/ovv), Consulting Geohydrologist. van Vuuren, O. (2005, 2006, 2007). Aranos WSS: Annual Scheme Assessment. van Wyk, W. L. and P. F. Hamman (1969). Ondergrondse water in Suidwes-Afrika. Simposium oor Grondwater in Suidelike Afrika. Pretoria: 13 pp. van Zyl, G. (1981). Watervoorsiening aan Aminuisdorp. Windhoek, DWA/Ploanning: 16 pp. Verhagen, B. T. and M. J. Butler (2009). Groundwater input to a rare flood event in an arid zone ephemeral river identified with isotopes and chemistry. Pushing the limits. Somerset West, South Africa, Geological Society of South Africa/Groundwater Division Central Branch: 6 pp. Vogel, J. Isotope data, CSIR/NPRL. Vogel, J. and E. Visser (1978). Die ouderdom en isotoopsamestelling van grondwater in S.W.A. Pretoria, CSIR/NPRL: 4 pp. Vogel, J. C. (1975). Toepassing van Natuurisotope op Grondwaterprobleme in S.W.A., CSIR. Vogel, J. C. (1979). Isotoopsamestelling van die Grondwater in die Artesiese Kom Stampriet, CSIR. Vogel, J. C., A. S. Talma, et al. (1982). The Age and isotopic composition of groundwater in the Stampriet Artesian Basin S.W.A. Pretoria, CSIR/NPRL: 49 pp. Vogel, J. C., A. S. Talma, et al. (1982). The age and isotopic composition of groundwater in the Stampriet Artesian Basin, SWA, CSIR/NPRL: 49 pp. + tables 47 graphs. Vogel, J. C., A. S. Talma, et al. (1982). The age and isotopic composition of the groundwater in the Stampriet Artesian Basin, SWA. (Final report to the Steering Committee for Water Research). Pretoria, NPRL/CSIR. Vogel, J. C. and H. van Urk (1977). Isotoopsamestelling van die grondwater in die Artesiese Kom Stampriet. Vogel, J. C. and H. van Urk (1979). Isotoopsamestelling van die grondwater in die Artesiese Kom Stampriet - Deel I B, CSIR. Wilson, E. J. (1964). Artnell Exploration Company: Vreda 281 no.1 (stratigraphic test). DATABASE
  • 63. 1624 - Kok, T. S. (1964). The occurrence and location of ground water in South West Africa. Area: Namibia; Caprivi; Erongo; Hardap; Karas; Khomas; Kunene; Ohangwena; Okavango; Omaheke; Omusati; Oshana; Oshikoto; Otjozondjupa; Abenab; Ai-Ais; Aranos; Ariamsvlei; Aroab; Auob; Berseba; Bethanien; Bondels; Damaraland; Dreikuk; Eiseb; Epukiro; Etosha; Fish River; Fransfontein; Gibeon; Gobabis; Gross Barmen; Guinas; Helmeringhausen; Hoachanas; Hoanib; Hoarusib; Huab; Kalahari; Kalkfeld; Kalkrand; Kamanjab; Kanovley; Kaokoveld; Karasburg; Karibib; Karst; Keetmanshoop; Khan; Koichab; Kombat; Kuibis; Leonardville; Lüderitz; Maltahöhe; Maroelaboom; Namaland; Namib; Namutoni; Nauchas; Naukluft; Nossob; Ohopoho; Okahandja; Okaukuejo; Omaruru; Omatako; Ondangwa; Opuwo; Orange River; Osona; Otavi; Otjikoto; Otjituuo; Otjiwarongo; Outjo; Rehoboth; Rietfontein; Rössing; Rundu; Sesfontein; Skeleton Coast; Sossusvlei; Stampriet; Swakop; Swakopmund; Tses; Tsondabvlei; Tsumeb; Tsumis Park; Ugab; Uhlenhorst; Unjab; Usakos; Warmbad; Waterberg; Windhoek; Witpütz; Witvley; Stampriet Artesian Basin (SAB). Document location: Attached. (Kirchner) [Büroschrank] DATABASE
  • 64.
  • 66. ABSTRACTION ESTIMATES  Model incorporates abstraction from irrigation farmers, NamWater production wells as well as abstraction for domestic and stock watering purposes based on the JICA final report and recent (end of 2004) permit allocations (DWA).  Abstraction:  Irrigation/NamWater 9.9 Mm3/a (DWA Records) Localised (Point) Abstraction  Domestic/Stockwatering 7.7 Mm3/a (0.12 mm/a) (JICA Study) Evenly Distributed Abstraction
  • 67. CALIBRATION POINTS  Area: 70,000 km2 FARM No. GEOLOGY START Boomplaas M1 Auob 01.07.1970 Gomchanas M2 Auob 17.01.1974 Olifantswater West M6 Auob 11.07.1977 Spes Bona S1 Auob 28.01.1978 Olifantswater West M3 U Rietm 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M4 Kalahari 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M5 Auob 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M7 K&R&A 09.07.1985 Olifantswater West M8 K&R&A 09.07.1985 Tugela S2 K&A&N 10.07.1985 Tugela S3 K&A&N 10.07.1985 Tugela S4 K&A 10.07.1985 Tugela S7 Kalahari 10.07.1985
  • 68. The model  accurately simulates the general groundwater flow pattern within the SAB.  provide a reasonable (transient) calibration of the long-term changes in groundwater levels since 1970. The model does not  achieve accuracy of <10m in the predicted groundwater levels within large portions of the basin.  accurately predict the occurrence of artesian conditions.  provide a reliable prediction of short-term (month to month) variations in the groundwater levels.  incorporate the Nossob Aquifer & the Neu Loore Fm.  distinguish between the 5 individual units within the Auob Fm.  consider spatial variability in hydraulic properties within the Kalahari sediments. DISCUSSION (1)
  • 69. DISCUSSION (2)  Results indicate that most years contribute little or nothing to recharge whereas a few exceptional rainfall years may replenish the systems for years to come.  During the last 35 years substantial recharge occurred only three times, namely during the rainy season of the years 1974, 1976 and 2000.  Need to revise conceptual model based on new findings  Need to recalibrate numerical model based on new calibration data
  • 70. 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Totalproduction(m3) Productionineacharea(m3) Year NamWater Scheme Production Aranos Leonardville Stampriet Gochas Koes Kries Aminius Onderombapa Total
  • 72. y = 5.45x - 12.02 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 Oxygen-18, per mil Deuterium,permil Kalahari Basalt Rietmond y = 5.45x - 12.02 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0 Oxygen-18, per mil Deuterium,permil Kalahari Basalt Rietmond Auob Nossob MWL Linear (Kalahari) Global Meteoric Water Line
  • 73.
  • 74. Sand, gravel, calcrete Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes) Basalt W Dolerite (W at U & L contacts) Varicoloured sandstone, shale, yellow shale, coal, black shale W W Grey shale Yellow shale Whitehill; black shale, black limestone Grey shale U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W U coal, black shale M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W L coal, black shale L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W? U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated Mukorob shale, grey to black U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W U Nossob sandstone; fine grained U Nossob siltstone-shale L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W L Nossob sandstone; fine grained L Nossob siltstone-shale Mudstone, grey, with dropstones Tillite U Nama - Red sandstone, shale L Nama – grey shales, sandstones Kamtsas – pink arkoses KALKRAND (Jurassic to Triassic) RIETMOND (Permian) AUOB (Permian) MUKOROB (Permian) NOSSOB (Permian) DWYKA (Carboniferous) PRE-KAROO (Cambrian) K A R O O KALAHARI (Tertiary to Quaternary) DISCUSSION  The Kalahari is compartmentalised.  The concept of a continuous uniform Stampriet aquifer is a simplification.  Even a uniform trippel-aquifer system isn’t applicable The thickness of the underlying up to 8 aquifers varies between zero and a  Rainfall/Recharg e works for vertically recharged aquifers only. Mean Rainfall in the NE is about 400 mm/a and in the SW about 200 mm/a.
  • 75. DISCUSSION  A further problem is that the artesian aquifers in the Transnossob have not been recharged since the last Pluvial.  Water-level contours there reflect rather the transmissivity (lower at higher elevations) and not recent recharge areas.