This document summarizes research on human memory and artificial intelligence. It discusses models of human memory including Atkinson-Shiffrin model and Squire's taxonomy of long-term memory systems. It also reviews the history of implicit memory research and motor skill learning. The document defines cognitive architectures and provides a taxonomy of symbolic, emergent and hybrid architectures. It examines memory structures in the Soar and OpenCog Prime cognitive architectures and compares various architectures. It discusses using virtual worlds like Second Life to test memory and motor skills learning and the relationship between human users and their online representations.
5. A taxonomy of mammalian long-term memory systems (1980 – present) Squire, L.R. Memory and Brain, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
6. History of implicit memory Descartes (1649), Maine de Biran (1804) Implicit memory is based on implicit learning. It is an unconscious, non intentional form of memory that is expressed through performance rather than recollection In our every day language we refer to explicit memory not implicit
8. Cognitive Architecture Definition A Cognitive Architecture specifies the underlying infrastructure of an intelligent systems The short-term and long term memory that store content about the agent’s belief, goals and knowledge The representation and organisation of structures that are embedded in these memories The functional process that operate on these structures (performance and learning mechanisms) A programming language that lets one construct knowledge-based systems which embody the architecture’s assumptions.
12. Emergent Architecture Based on Subsymbolic artificial intelligence Used as a metaphor of the human brain, where cognitive activities of the brain are interpreted by theoretical concepts that have their origin in neuroscience
17. Soar (Symbolic) Investigating transfer learning in the urban combat testbed. Integrating soar with a real-time strategy game Efficiently implementing episodic memory. Interface Application
19. OpenCog Prime (Hybrid) Intelligent virtual agents for MMOGs, serious games and training simulations. Some natural language applications Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Interface Application
21. Motor skills learning tests e.g. retention of procedural knowledge, procedural memory consolidation, procedural learning Pursuit-rotor learning Mirror tracing Serial Retention Time Task Pouring task
22. Serial Retention Task (RST) Subjects press keys as quickly as possible in response to stimuli that appear in various locations on the screen The dependent measure is reaction time
24. Cognitive Science in Virtual Worlds? Human interacting via the virtual world and run the experiment with the avatar pushing the buttons Too complex to design such a test in a Virtual World (limitation)? What hypothesis I can present? Cognitive relationship between a human user and his or her on-line representation Gardner Multiple Intelligence theory (1993): Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence (“body smart”)
25. How to bridge link from experimental results to an AI agent? ?
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Much debate about learning in the absence ofawareness.• Perhaps unconscious memory?• Perhaps hard to verbalize?In implicit memory studies, subjects are aware of the stimuli, but not necessarily their memory for them.
the striatum, cerebellum and motor areas of the cortex (neocortex, parietal cortex). Basal Ganglia
Is language an architecture? Definition of an architeture
A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligence action Newell and Simon (1976)
The intuitive processor is a subconceptual connectionist dynamical system that does not admit a complete, formal and precise conceptual level of description Smolensky (1988)
perception, robotics, learning and pattern recognition
Soar is a general cognitive architecture for developing systems that exhibit intelligent behavio
Working memory= short term memory
Cognitive Synergy Theory adopts a workingdefinition of intelligence as “the ability toachieve goals in environments”, where the issueof how to weight different goals andenvironments is admitted as a subtle one
types ofmemory, corresponding to the following typesof knowledge: declarative, procedural, sensory,episodic, attentional and intentional.The first four of these memory types arestandard in cognitive science [9,10]. Attentionalknowledge is knowledge pertaining to whichentities within the system should get space andtime resources at a given moment; this is closelyrelated to the notion of consciousness [11].Intentional knowledge refers to the system’soverall goals and derived subgoals (which maybe continually revised by the system’s activity
VEs in training procedural memory
The quintessentialparadigm for studying procedural learning is the serialreaction time (SRT) task [43], in which subjects press keysas quickly as possible in response to stimuli that appear invarious locations on the screen. A large response timeimprovement is observed when the stimulus sequence isrepeated, even when subjects are unaware that a sequenceexists. In addition, changing the location of the responsekeys interferes with SRT learning, but changing thefingers that push the keys does not [44]. Thus, ifprocedural learning is used in information-integrationtasks then switching the locations of the response keysshould interfere with learning, but switching the fingersthat depress the keys should not.
Combines features of web2.0 instant messaging, voice chat, real time social networkingSL is good to mount formal experiments in social psy or cognitive science because the researcher can construct a facility comparable to a lab and can recruit online subjects. low costWoW may be better for nonintrusive statistical methodologies examining social networks and economic systems, because it naturally generates a vast trove of diverse butstandardized data about social and economic interactions. Both allow users to create new software modules to extract data. WoW is a very conducive environment forquantitative research because it encourages individuals to write “mod” or “add-on” programs, and scientists can use some existing software as research tools or write their ownOnline virtual worlds illustrate well the deficienciesof the Internet (46), notably its highlatency (slow packet delivery speed) and lowbandwidth (amount of information that can bedelivered in a given period of time). WoW managesthe bandwidth problem by placing all thegraphics on the users’ computers, but this meansthat they cannot create their own objects and atbest can assemble existing components. Thiswould not work for SL, because the whole pointis to empower users to create everything in theirvirtual world from scratch themselves. The penaltyfor SL users is a delay whenever the avatarmoves to a new location, because all the specificationsfor the environment must be downloadedfrom the server, often thousands of milesaway.
Those with strong bodily-kinesthetic intelligence seem to use what might be termed muscle memory - they remember things through their body such as verbal memory or images.Procedural memory is the long-term memory of skills and procedures, or "how to" knowledge (procedural knowledge).
