1. Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia By: Mambreh Gharakhani Supervisors: Dr. Artak Hambarian Dr. Edwin Safari Referee: Dr. Aram Hajian Special Thanks to: Dr.Knel Touryan Special Thanks to: Prof. Evrik Afrikian

4. The plan (?) Waste water Algae Green house gasses(CO2, NO2, CH4) Biomass, Biofuel fertilizer, etc..

6. The existing networks collect waste water from 60-80% of urban areas, while rural areas do not basically have sewage systems, so that waste water is entirely discharged into the river basin.Eutrophication (algal bloom) We are Dying

7. What are Algae?

8. Bad Attitude Algae : Sea weeds Algae : Pond Scum Algae : Frog Spittle

9. Algae: simple plants, they do not have complex system (Xylem and phloem) to circulate water and nutrients Autotrophic: Using sunlight Heterotrophic: does not require sunlight and Use organic Carbon (CH2O)n instead carbon dioxide + water + sunlight-> carbohydrate + oxygen multicellular forms: seaweed (Macro algae) and unicellular species which Microalgae: unicellular ,exist individually, or in chains or groups

10. – “Dirty Water”. Species flourish in brackish, Saline and wastewater. • Wastewater nutrients support highly productive algal cultures

13. distinguished from – fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological material and are not renewable.

15. Biomass: is low cost plant matter for production of commodities (feeds, fuels, foods, fibers, chemicals) Algae yield: 30 tones/acre. year Other crops: 15 tones/ acre. year

17. comparison of oil yield for various oilseed crops Source: Bennenmen,2008

19. Grow a fuel without polluting the atmosphere

20. Harvest a crop every day instead of yearly

21. Generate up to 300 times more biomass per acre

22. Grow Crops in both fresh and sea water, also in wastewater (sewage)Bonus: microalgae can be used in the wastewater treatment as the micro organisms influencing the cleaning process Well we can! >> Micro-algae will do all these things

23. What algae needs for growth and productivity of biomass? A little bit of everything… • Sunlight •Temperature •Water (Fresh, brackish, wastewater, etc.) •Supply of carbon dioxide (use exhaust of power plants) •Macronutrients: C, N, P, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cl, NO3, NH4 •Micronutrients (Trace elements): Fe, B, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cu, SO4, Co, Al, Br, Etc..

24. Energy from photosynthesis The energy - in the form of biomass - that can be obtained via photosynthesis thus depends on the level of PAR and the efficiency of the conversion process Q. Ebiomass= PAR x Q Micro algae eight photons to capture one molecule of CO2into carbohydrate (CH2O)nGiven that one mole of CH2O has a heating value of 468kJ and that the mean energy of a mole of PAR photons is 217.4kJ, then the maximum theoretical conversion efficiency of PAR energy into carbohydrates is: 468kJ/(8 x 217.4kJ) = 27% In Practical Case: decreases to 10%

25. 1 3 5 2 4

26. Which Algae Production Technology? Microalgae were first mass cultured on rooftop at MIT during the early 1950s, first mention of algae biofuels in report of that project. The energy shocks of the 1970s led renewed study of microalgae biofuels, methane combination with wastewater treatment . Many Oil companies are doing research program to make biodiesel for transportation needs 1980 - 1995

29. Which Algae Production Technology? Closed photobioreactors are economic for high value applications (nutraceuticals) but are presently not cost effective for biofuel production

30. Technologies Based On wastewater treatment Biodiesel production from algae grown in wastewater has the potential to address three important goals: Development of new energy sources (oil production) Management of agricultural wastes to protect aquatic environment Reduction of the global anthropogenic green house effect

31. Direct Cost Direct production costs(combined annual maintenance and operating costs) contribute highest: 68% Nutrient expenses: 33.7% Labor and overheads: 24% Water: 16% Electricity: 7%

32. Ideal Goal: Biofuels from Algae: using Non-Fresh Water Sources

33. Preliminary treatment (removing large objects like rocks or bottles, etc), primary treatment (removing solid material), and secondary treatment (removing biological material)

35. The site is in city of Gavar near to second largest wastewater treatment plant

36. It dumps the incomplete treated wastewater with a flow rate of 2400 cubic meter per day.

37. The average temperature in the coldest month is take 5

39. The local economy is improving in a very slow rate

40. BOD5 and suspended solids values were very low: not metered water consumption, leaking water pipes causing large infiltration amounts in the sewers and connections existing between sewerage and storm water network.

41. Same latitude as Denver city~ 30000 liters oil/ hectare . Year (Kristina M. Weyer, Al Darzins, “Theoretical and maximum algal production”, Springerlink.com)

42. Table. 1: Input parameters for wastewater in Gavar 30000 × 100 × 80% × 10-3 = 2400

43. The Alternative options for the solution (Cultivation of algae) 1. The traditional wastewater ponds system 2. Advance integrated wastewater treatment 3. Photobioreactor integrated with wastewater treatment Algal biomass harvesting Oil extraction

45. The biological characteristic is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the various organic chemicals.

46. BOD: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), concentration of Organic compounds in wastewater (waste) that are the source of food for bacteria and are digested by them.(g/m3 or mg/liter) >>>> BOD5

49. Facultative organisms function with or without dissolved oxygen

50. Treatment in a facultative pond is provided by settling of solids and reduction of organic oxygen demanding material by bacterial activity.

52. Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond) Wastewater treatment High Rate Algal Ponds are presently the only option for cost-effective biofuel production due to co-benefits of wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery and GHG abatement + The various byproducts.

53. Settlingponds To increase the concentration of algae in up to 3 g/l Decrease the operational and power consumption costs 50 to 80 percent of algae can be removed. If higher degrees of algae are required secondary harvesting method is required.

54. 2. Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponds System Advanced Facultative pond Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond) Algae settling ponds Maturation pond

55. Algal Settling Ponds Advanced Facultative Pond Maturation Pond High Rate Pond Paddlewheel (3–6 rpm) Fermentation pit Raw Wastewater Effluent 4.0 - 6.0 m deep 0.1- 0.3 m deep 1.0 m deep 1.0-2.0 m deep Advanced Integrated Ponds system

56. Example: High Rate Ponds in Florida

58. Algae growth in HRP

59. 200 m2 Raceway Vero Beach

60. 3. Photo bioreactor integrated with wastewater

61. Area Calculated for Photo bioreactor for 2 million gallons of biodiesel

62. Algae Harvesting Concentration of diluted algae suspension until a thick Algae paste is obtained Primary harvesting Auto flocculation Flocculation Centrifugation

63. Oil extraction Extracting oil from algae paste (algal bio mass) with 90-95% efficiency Solvent extraction: Using Hexane + Mechanical Pressing

64. Oil extraction from photobioreactor

66. Algal oil to Biodiesel Transesterification Transesterification is the process that the algae oil must go through to become biodiesel. It is a simple chemical reaction requiring only four steps and two chemicals: 1. Mix methanol and sodium hydroxide creates sodium methoxide 2. Mix sodium methoxide into algae oil 3. Allow to settle for about 8 hours 4. Drain glycerin and filter biodiesel to 5 microns

67. Technical summary of options table .1

69. Onsite systems which are flexible and can be moved can be used

71. Special thanks…. Dr. Antonyan Dr. Al. Darzin, NREL Dr. Treq Lundquist, CalPol University Kate Riley ,Yield Energy Ryan Davis, NREL Mark van Schagen, Evodos Special thanks to family And friends Also Siranush Vopyan

72. Qu…es…tion???

73. Thanks for your attention!