Computers, Generations of Computers, Input and output devices, Operating System, SPSS, SAS, Microsoft Office

1. Fundamentals of Computers
By- Gyanika Shukla

2. Generations of Computer
Generation Technology Year Example Adv Disadv
First Vacuum tube 1946-1959 ENIAC,
UNIVAC, IBM-
701, IBM-
650, EDVAC
calculate in
milliseconds
Costly, large
sized,
weighted,
require
constant
cooling, large
energy and
maintenance,
very less
efficiency
Second Transistor 1959-1965 Honeywell
400, IBM
7094, CDC
1604, CDC
3600,
UNIVAC 1108
Better than
first
generation
constant
cooling, large
energy and
maintenance

3. Generations of Computer
Generation Technology Year Example Adv Disadv
Third Integrated
circuits
1965-1971 PDP-8, PDP-11,
ICL 2900, IBM
360, IBM 370
Better than
second
generation
difficult to
maintain,
highly
sophisticated
technology
required for
the
manufacturing
of IC chips, Air
conditioning is
required
Fourth Microprocesso
r
1971-1980 IBM 4341, DEC
10, STAR 1000,
PUP 11
Fastest, heat
generation was
negligible,
smaller in size,
less
maintenance
required
Microprocesso
r design and
fabrication are
very complex

4. Generations of Computers
Generation Technology Year Example Adv Disadv
Fifth Ultra scale
microprocesso
rs
1980-till now Desktop,
Laptop,
NoteBook
More reliable,
efficient, cost-
effective,
require less
space
None
specifically
Sixth Artificial
Intelligence
Present Robots enables the
devices to
think and
take actions
on their own
Can be a threat
to humans in
future

6. Input and Output Devices of
Computer
Input
• (1) Keyboard .
• (2) Mouse :
• (3) Scanner :
• (4) Track Ball :
• (5) Light Pen :
• (6) Bar Code Reader :
• (7) Voice Input Systems :
Output
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker

7. DIFFERENCE RAM ROM
Data retention
RAM is a volatile memory which
could store the data as long as
the power is supplied.
ROM is a non-volatile memory
which could retain the data
even when power is turned off.
Working type
Data stored in RAM can be
retrieved and altered.
Data stored in ROM can only be
read.
Use
Used to store the data that has
to be currently processed by
CPU temporarily.
It stores the instructions
required during bootstrap of the
computer.
Speed It is a high-speed memory. It is much slower than the RAM.
CPU Interaction
The CPU can access the data
stored on it.
The CPU can not access the
data stored on
Size and Capacity Large size with higher capacity. Small size with less capacity.
Used as/in CPU Cache, Primary memory. Secondary memory
Accessibility
The data stored is easily
accessible
The data stored is not as easily
accessible as in RAM

8. Key LAN MAN WAN
Definition LAN stands for Local Area
Network.
MAN stands for
Metropolitan Area
Network.
WAN stands for Wide
Area Network.
Ownership LAN is often owned by
private organizations.
MAN ownership can be
private or public.
WAN ownership can be
private or public.
Speed LAN speed is quiet high. MAN speed is average. WAN speed is lower than
that of LAN.
Delay Network Propagation
Delay is short in LAN.
Network Propagation
Delay is moderate in
MAN.
Network Propagation
Delay is longer in WAN.
Congestion LAN has low congestion
as compared to WAN.
MAN has higher
congestion than LAN.
WAN has higher
congestion than both
MAN and LAN.
Fault
Tolerance
Fault Tolerance of LAN is
higher than WAN.
Fault Tolerance of MAN is
lower than LAN.
Fault Tolerance of WAN is
lower than both LAN and
MAN.
Maintenan
ce
Designing and
maintaining LAN is easy
and less costly than WAN.
Designing and
maintaining WAN is
complex and more costly
than LAN.
Designing and
maintaining WAN is
complex and more costly
than both LAN and MAN.

9. Operating System
• An Operating System (OS) is an interface
between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a software
which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers.
• Types: DOS, linux, windows

10. DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
• DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS) is a system
software, which is closely associated with the
computer hardware and provides the
interface between the user and resources of
the computer.
• As DOS was written by Microsoft
Corporation, usually it is called MS-DOS. IBM
has been licensed to use and sell the same
DOS with their computer.

11. There are many functions performed by DOS,
few of them are listed below.
• 1. Coordinates the input/output devices such as
monitor, printers, plotters, disk drivers, etc.
• 2. Configures the computer hardware for required
purposes.
• 3. Maintains an orderly system of files on the disk.
• 4. Customizes for international use (you can change the
keyboard layout, character set and even the language
according to your choice within a given set).
• 5. Manages computer’s memory.
• 6. Enables the user to load and execute the programs.

12. • DOS was a single-user and single-tasking
operating system, which meant that only one
program could be run at a time by a
single user.
• Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a
command line user interface (means - there
was no mouse, no menus, or any graphical
components).

13. INTERNAL COMMANDS
• COMMAND.COM is a command processor, which works as an interface
between the user and DOS. It basically interprets what user has typed at
the DOS prompt and processes them.
• 1. BREAK Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.
• 2. CD Displays the name of or changes the current directory.
• 3. CLS Clears the screen.
• 4. COPY Copies one or more files to another location.
• 5. DATE Displays or sets the date.
• 6. DEL Deletes one or more files.
• 7. DIR Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.
• 8. EXIT Quits the COMMAND.COM program (command interpreter).
• 9. VOL Displays a disk volume label and serial number.

14. • Advantages:
• 1. Will run on a much smaller system. (ENTIRE OS can be placed on a
SINGLE MODERN ROM chip!)
• 2. Gives more "direct" control of the processes.
• 3. Because of smaller size will "boot" much faster than ANY windows
version.
• 4. Is easier to write "special purpose" programs for, so long as they don't
require "fancy" graphics.
• 5. Allows to make use of the "old, slow" system hid in the closet when you
bought the "new" one.
•
Disadvantages:
• 1. Very few "new" programs available, therefore need to be able to write
programs in many cases.
• 2. Not nearly as fancy in the graphics department.
• 3. Not compatible with current "browsers" and most internet

15. Operating System - Linux
• It is open source as its source code is freely
available. It is free to use. Linux was designed
considering UNIX compatibility. Its
functionality list is quite similar to that of
UNIX.

16. Components of Linux System
• Kernel − It is the core component of Operating
System, interacts directly with hardware,
provides low level services to upper layer
components.
• Shell − An interface to kernel, hiding complexity
of kernel's functions from users. The shell takes
commands from the user and executes kernel's
functions.
• Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user
most of the functionalities of an operating
systems.

17. Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of
hardware in same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their
installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community based
development project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the
capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access
system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple
applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in which
system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to
execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various
types of operations, call application programs. etc.
Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like
password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.

18. Windows (Graphical User Interface)
Windows Version Year Features
Windows 1 1985 It was notable because it relied heavily on use
of a mouse
Windows 2 1987 introduced the ability to minimise or maximise
windows
Microsoft Word and Excel also made their first
appearances
Windows 3 1990 introduced the ability to run MS?DOS
programmes in windows
Windows 3.1 1992 introduced TrueType fonts
Minesweeper game also made its first
appearance
Window 95 1995 brought the first ever Start button and Start
menu
connect a peripheral and the operating system
finds the appropriate drivers

19. Windows 7, 8, 10, 13, 16
Windows Version Year Features
Windows 98 1998 Outlook Express, Windows Address Book,
Microsoft Chat and NetShow Player
Windows XP 2001 Very much user friendly but had security
problems

20. Microsoft word
• Business and workplace use of Microsoft Word
• MS word uses in Education
• Home based uses of Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Word helps you to get a job
• Help to create resumes, notes, and assignments
• You can create books, articles, and newsletters
• Used to create edit, transcribe, and convert PDF
documents
• You can start an offline/online business after
learning the Microsoft word

21. Microsoft Excel
• Analyzing and storing data
• Excel tools make your work easier
• Data recovery and spreadsheets
• Mathematical formulas of MS Excel make
things easier
• Add sophistication to data presentations
• Helps businessmen in developing future
strategy

22. Microsoft Power Point
• Education
• Business
• House-hold purposes

23. Statistical Packages
• SPSS (Statistical Packages for social sciences)
• SAS (Statistical Analysis Software)