stones & tiles

1. STONE & TILES
Group- bilal khan
tabish iftekhar
bushra saba
shikeb khan
mohd . hashim

2.  Rocks are naturally occurring solid material
consisting of one or more minerals that
occur as chemical elements or compounds
which are homogenous
 They have a definite chemical composition
and a very regular arrangement of atoms.
 Natural stone is used in building as a
facing, veneer, and decoration.

3. GRANITE
SLATEMARBLE
BASALT LIMESTONE

4.  Feldspars
 Quartz
 Micas
 Hornblende
 Kaolinite
 calcite (caco3)
 dolomite (mgco3)

5. (according to geological origin):
 Igneous rock
 Metamorphic rocks
 Sedimentary rock
 Igneous rock also known as primary,
unstratified or eruptive rocks
 Metamorphic rocks has undergone a
change in structure, texture, or composition
due to the natural agencies, as heat and
pressure,
 Sedimentary rock is formed by the
deposition of sediment by glacial action, as
limestone, sandstone and shale

6. Rubble
Dimension stone
Flagstone
Crushed stone

7. - consists of rough fragments of
broken stone that have at least one good face for
exposure in a wall.
- is quarried and squared
stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified
thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices,
copings, lintels and flooring.

8. - refers to flat stone slabs used
for flooring and horizontal surfacing.
- is used as aggregate in concrete products.

9. – formed from clay, dark
blue with faint shades of green.
floor tile
stair threads
coping stones
interior wall base interior window
stools of exterior
window sills.

10. – igneous origin, hard, strong,
durable and capable of taking high pressure
polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white
and brown.
flooring
wall paneling
column
mullion facing
stair threads flagstone

11. – sedimentary rock like
dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption,
smooth, uniform in structure & composition.
High compressive & tensile strength
Used for:
wall & floor surfaces
– sedimentary rock,
pleasing texture with small natural pockets
on a cut surface.
interior decorative stone

12. – metamorphic rock, a re
crystallized limestone forming into carrara,
parian, onyx and vermont.
flooring
wall & column facing
– igneous with mineral
serpentine. Typically olive green to greenish
black but impurities may color the rock.
Used only for interiors due to weathering

13. – class of rock of
cemented silica grains with texture
ranging from very fine to very coarse.
Colors vary from buff, red and light
brown. Porous where as 30% of
volume composed of pores
– metamorphosis of
clays and shale's deposited in layers.
May be separated into thin, tough
sheets called slates . colors are black,
green red, grey, or purple.
Used for:
flooring
Window sills
Stools
Stair treads & facing

14. CLASS COLOR TEXTURE SPECIAL FEATURES PARTING HARDNESS CHIEF USES
Sandstone Very light buff to
light chocolatebrownor
brickred;maytarnishto
brown
Granular,showingsand
grains,cementedtogether
Ripplemarks;obliquecola
bands('aossbedding')
Beddingplanes;also
fracturestransversetobeds
Fairyharditwell
cemented
General;walls;buiding;flagstone
Limestone 1Nhite,lightgraytoIghtbuff Finetocrystalline;mayhave
fossils
Mayshowfossib Paralleltobeds;also
fracturesacrossbeds
Fairlysoft;steeleasily
scratches
Allbuildinguses
Marble lighlyvaried:snowwhiteto
blackalsoblue-grayandight
todarkolivegreen;also
piikish
Finelygranulartovery
coarselycrystaline
showingflatsidedcrystals
Mayshowveinsofdifferent
colorsorangularreek
piecesorfossils
Usuallynotalongbedsbut
mayhaveiiegularfractures
Sightlyharderthan
limestone
Maybeusedforbuidingstone
butusuallyindecorativepanels
Granitelight
igneousrock)
AlmostwhitetoDM-and•
whiteorgray-andwhite
Usually coarsety crystalline;
crystalsmaybevaricolored;may
befinegrahed
May be banded with pit
white, or gray streaks and
veins
Notnecessarilyanyregular
partingbutfractures
irregularly
Harderthanlimestoneand
marble;keepscutshape
wel
Buildingstone,butalsoilpaneingif
attractivelycolored
Darkigneous
rock
Graydarkolvegreento
black;Laurvikiteis
beautifullycrystaline
Usually coarsely crystalline if
quarried but may be fine
grained
May be banded with ighter
and darker gray bands and
vein
Notnecessarilyanyregular
partingbutmayfracture
irregUady
Aboutlitegranite;retainscut
shapewel
Building stone, but also used it
panels if nicely banded or
crystalline
Lavas Varies:pitpurple.black;i
usable,rarelyalmostwhite
Finegrained;mayhave
poreslocaly
Noterareporosity Not necessarly any regular
parting, as a rule, but some
haveparalelfractures
Aboutasstrongasgranite;if
ightcolored.usuallysofter
Goodfoundationandbuiding
stone;notdecorative
Quartzite Variable:white,buftred,or
brown
Dense,almostglassyidealy Veryresistanttoweather
andimpact
Usuallynospecialparting Veryhardifwellcemented,as
usuallythecase
Excellentforbuidingbuthard
to'shapi
Slate Grayisfrgreen.brickred,or
darkbrown.usuallygray;
maybebanded
Fiaelycrystallne;flat
crystalsgiveslatyfacture
Someslatehave
color-fadingwithage
Spitsalongslatesurface.
oftencrossingcolorbands
Softerthangraniteor
quartzite;scratchesearly
Roorilfl;blackboards;paving
Gneiss Usuallygraywithsomepit
white, or light gray
bands
Oystallne, like granite,
often with glassy bands
(vein)
Bandingisdecorative;some Nospecialparting;tendsto
bandsveryweak,however breakalongbanding
AboutIkegranite Usedforbuldings;alsomaybe
decorativeifbanded

15. Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames.
1. Paneling
2. Ashlars
3. Rubblework
4. Trim
- a
masonry bond formed when all
units are laid in stretcher position,
with a half-unit overlap
– thin slabs of stone cut to
dimension and thickness to cover
back up walls and provide finished
exterior

16. - a masonry bond
formed when there is no overlapping of
all units and all horizontal & vertical
joints are aligned
– work requires the use of cut stone that includes
broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.
- Ashlar
masonry laid out in courses of
equal height; blocks of various
sizes may be combined to make
up the height of the course

17. - Ashlar masonry laid
without regular courses but with an overall effect of
horizontal orientation
random & no attempt to
produced an orderly course either horizontal
or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.
- Fieldstone or
roughly dressed stone, with or without
mortar, assembled to give a effect of
courses

18. - Stone found on the
ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a
suitable size and shape for use
as drywall or rubble masonry

20. • A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such
as ceramic, stone, or even glass.
• Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other
objects such as tabletops.

21. :
• The raw materials used to create tiles are all
found in the ground.
• These raw materials, like clay is quarried and
refined.
• They are then mixed.
• A dry mixture of clay, Magnesium silicate and
other ingredients are pressed into a mould, and
then fired at an extremely high temperature.
• The ingredients used in this process are slightly
wet.
• They are forced through a nozzle, which forms
the tile’s shape.
• Other methods of creating tiles are slush mould
and beehive kilns.

23. Ceramic Tiles
Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay, sand
and other natural materials. The tiles are produced
when the products are combined and moulded into
shape and then fired at a high temperature .
Where Can Used?
 Can be used for every room in a home, indoors
or outdoors.
 They are very popular as both wall and flooring
tiles
 for entryways, benchtops or splashbacks.

24.  Durability
Ceramic surfaces have a relatively longer life if compared to most of the
other materials used for floor and wall covering.
Fire resistance
Ceramic tiles are fireproof. They do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes
.
Moisture Resistance
They are an excellent choice for use in wet areas, if properly installed and
grouted
Resistance to abrasion and tread wear
Ceramic tiles can withstand heavy foot traffic due to their resistance to
abrasion and tread wear.
Slip resistance
Ceramic tiles are treated to prevent slipping either by adding an abrasive grit
to the glaze or texture to the surface such as ribs, studs or orange peel finish..
.

25. Frost resistance
Vitreous ceramic tiles and all of the porcelain tile types are frost resistant.
Thermal shock resistance
A properly laid ceramic tile floor will neither deform nor break in extreme
temperature conditions.
Stain resistance and easy maintenance
To keep a ceramic tile surface clean, all you need to do is sweep, vacuum and
wash them regularly with water.
Chemical resistance
Ceramic tile materials are highly resistant to chemical agents.
Color permanence
Direct exposure of ceramic tiles to sunlight neither alters their color, nor
causes them to fade.

26. Temperature
Ceramic is cold when used as flooring and can be quite
uncomfortable during wintertime in colder climates. Because of
the density of ceramic, it takes longer to heat or cool than other
flooring materials.
The hardness also makes ceramic uncomfortable to stand
on for prolonged periods and may necessitate a rug or pad
for extended use.
Permanence
Once ceramic has been installed, it cannot be changed; if you
tire of the look, you will face a messy and costly renovation
project to have it removed and replaced
Maintenance
While ceramic is fairly easy to maintain, the grout lines between the
tiles are susceptible to stains, mold and mildew and must be periodically
sealed to maintain the integrity of the grout lines.
Hardness

27. Vitrified tiles are also made from clay, but they
have additional ingredients, like silica, quartz,
and feldspar. When these ingredients cook
inside a kiln, they melt and form a glass
substrate throughout the tile. This glass
addition makes vitrified tiles very strong and
smooth, with far fewer pores in their surfaces
than ceramic tiles
these tiles for various uses, flooring (living
room, bedroom, dining area, kitchen),
wall coverings and decor etc are the areas
where vitrified tiles are used.

28. Porcelain tiles are usually made from
porcelain clays and are fired at much
higher temperatures, which make them
even more dense and durable than non-
porcelain tiles
These tiles are ideal for interior and exterior
walls and floors, floors of high traffic areas an
also for facades of buildings. It is available in
various textures and finishes and is ideal
material for use in various water jet designs.

29. Strength
Porcelain tiles are extremely strong, with a strength scale that's equal to
natural stone.
Durable
Because of their hard, durable surface, porcelain tiles are often used in
high-traffic buildings, such as malls or office buildings
Waterproof
Porcelain tiles have a liquid absorption rate of only .5 percent--less in some
instances. This quality makes them water and frost-resistant.
Hygienic
The clay-like properties of porcelain tiles prevent most forms of bacteria
from living on their surface.
Color and Finish Options
Porcelain tiles are available for purchase in many colors, and can be glazed
to take on a shiny finish. The tiles can also have earthen finishes, or
multidimensional layers of color for added beauty.

30. Price
Porcelain tiles are more expensive compared
to non-porcelain ceramic tile.
Sizes
Porcelain tile pieces are not uniform in size. The
sizes vary and are irregular because the tiles are
cooked at very high temperatures.
Handling
Many porcelain tiles are very heavy and
cumbersome--
Installation Issues
Installing a porcelain tile floor is not an ideal do-it-
yourself project. Uneven tiles are a common
problem
Imperfections
There are imperfections in porcelain tile pieces
that make them more susceptible to staining and
gathering dirt.

31.  Glazed tile is a type of ceramic tile to
which a glaze has been applied. After
the glaze is painted or sprayed on, the
tile is filed at high temperatures,
causing a chemical reaction which
makes the glaze vitrify, essentially
turning into glass.
 Glazed tiles in general are tiles with
sheen on the surface. The liquid glass
or glaze is usually baked into the
surface of the clay at very high
temperatures of more than 2000
degrees Fahrenheit.
.
These tiles are suitable for both
interiors and exteriors, residential
and commecial buildings.
Interiors - Living Room, Dinning
Room, Kitchen, Bathroom,
Bedroom etc.
Exterior - Pavements, Balcony,
Deck Areas etc.
It can also be used in Office
buildings also.

32. Glazed porcelain tiles resist stains and water. They are
hard-wearing, making them good for kitchen counter
tops, bathrooms and other areas where scratch, stain
and water resistance is a must.
Glazed tiles allow manufacturers to produce an
unlimited assortment of colors, hues, and designs. The
glazing also protects the tile from staining from dirt,
grime, and water.
Drawbacks
Glazed porcelain tile is more costly than other kinds of
ceramic tile, and certainly is more expensive than
vinyl. Glazed porcelain, although sometimes used for
flooring, is also more slippery than other kinds of
porcelain tile.

33. • There are many types of tiles used for residential and
commercial applications.
1. Roof tiles
2. Floor tiles
3. Pebble tiles
4. Ceiling tiles
5. Wall tiles

34. • Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally
made from locally available materials such as clay or slate.
• Flat tiles - the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping

35. • These are commonly made of ceramic or stone.
• Recent technological advances have
resulted in rubber or glass tiles for floors as well.

36. • Pebble Tiles is a composite material made up of marble pebbles or pieces
of natural stone in different sizes, bound together with a transparent
white or colored resin.
 Ceiling tiles are type of tiles used for covering ceilings of rooms.
 Suspended ceilings
 Acoustic Ceilings
 Decorative Ceiling Tile

37. • The concept behind using wall tiles is decorating the interior of a home
without adding much stuff to the home.

38.  Ceramic tile is the most common tile
used in the in offices, stores and
homes.
 Ceramic tile comes in two forms:
glazed and unglazed.
 Unglazed tile is referred to as quarry
tile.
 Ceramic tiles are made from clay and
then heated. The glaze is added after
the firing of the clay tile, which creates
the color of the tile. The glazing
process allows for the creation of
infinite color combinations

39.  Quarry tile is unglazed ceramic tile. It is
an inexpensive, durable and natural
option for industrial, commercial and
residential tile applications. Quarry tile
is used a lot in industrial settings
because it is so durable and can also
be used outdoors.
 In residential applications, quarry is
used for kitchens and pathways
because it has a naturally coarse
surface, making it less slippery than
some other surfaces when wet.
 quarry is porous, which means that it
can become stained.

40.  Porcelain tile is a type of ceramic tile.
 The difference between porcelain and
ceramic is that porcelain is fired at a higher
temperature, making it more dense and
moisture-resistant.
 Porcelain tiles are also less porous, making
them more stain-resistant
 suitable for both indoor and outdoor
installations.
 Porcelain tiles are available in matte,
unglazed or a high-polished finish.

41.  Tile mosaics allows creative with tile
design.
 Mosaics are most commonly used for
smaller areas, such as a bathroom or
kitchen backsplash, or even small
counter space areas
 . Mosaic tiles are usually less than six
square inches and made of porcelain
or clay composition
 .they come in squares, octagons,
hexagons or other unique shapes

42. • Here are some places around the home that can benefit from tile
applications.
• COUNTER
• BATHROOM
• BACKSPLASH
• FLOORING
• WALL ACCENTS
• EXTERIOR

43. REQUIREMENT:
The wall should be strong and flat, surface should be smooth and clean.
LEVEL
The surface is made even .It should be free of any undulations.
A wooden batten is used to achieve a straight line for starting the tiling procedure.

44. MARKING ON THE BATTEN
The width/length of the tile is marked on the wooden batten leaving 3mm gap between
them for grouting later.
CUTTING THE TILES WHEN REQUIRED
Tiles also need to be cut at some edges ,curves or holes. It can be done by using
a motor cutter ,manual cutter ,hand saw or hand cutter

45. MOTORISED
CUTTER
SAW
CUTTER
HAND
CUTTER
MANUAL CUTTER

46. APPLING THE ADHESIVE
Adhesive is applied on the wall (per sq m), at a time.
PLACING THE TILES
Tiles are carefully placed on the surface according to the markings on the batten.
Tile spacer is used in the 3mm gap to separate the tiles and for grouting later.

47. LETTING THE WORK DRY
After the tiling is done, it is allowed to dry for 24
hrs.
GROUTING
Grouting is done to fill in the 3mm gap between the
tiles.
It can be done by white cement or some other
grouting material
CLEARING THE SURFACE
FLOORING
TILE BED:
1:4 cement sand ratio is used. 20 -30mm thick
bed is prepared and then tiling is done

48. MARBLE FIXING
•Marbles are metamorphic rocks.
• This type of rocks is suitable for
polishing to enhance its shine.
• Marble stone is hard, sound, dense
and homogeneous in texture with
crystalline texture

49. •The base concrete or RCC slab on which marble stone slabs are laid
should be thoroughly cleaned.
•The average thickness of bedding mortar under marble stone slab should
be 20 mm thick and the ratio of cement mortar should be 1:3
•The sand used in mortar should be coarse sand. The thickness of bedding
should not be less than 12 mm in any place

50. •The mortar is allowed to harden and cement slurry shall be spread at the rate of
4.4 kg per sq. meter.
• Marble stone slab to be paved should then be lowered gently back in position
and tapped with wooded mallet till it is properly bedded and leveled with adjoining
slab.
•The edges of slabs already paved are filled with white cement with or without
admixture to match the shade of the stone slabs

51. •The Marble stone floor should be cured for a minimum period of seven days.
Polishing and Finishing
•The grinding may be
done either by hand or by
machine.
•Manual grinding should
be done after two days of
laying of marble flooring
•Machine grinding should
commence 3-4 days after
laying marble stone
flooring

52. •In case wax polished surface is desired,
wax polish is applied sparingly with soft
cloth on clean and dry surface.
•The surface should be rubbed thoroughly
with clean cotton waste or a polishing
machine fitted with felt or jute bag bobs.