Madagascar and its culture,economics and social issues

2. Location:
GEOGRAPHY
- - -Madagascar is the fourth largest
island in the world and is located in
the Indian Ocean(across from
Mozambique) of the southern
east coast of Africa.
(Madagascar 2010)

3. GEOGRAPHY
 There is a steep escarpment
between the plateau and low-lying
coastal areas
 Known as the “Red Island” because
of red laterite soil that is being
exposed by erosion

6. The highest mountain on the
island is Maromokotro, at 9,436
ft, which is about 1/3 that of Mt.
Everest.
Extensive deforestation and
slash-and-burn practices have
caused erosion (on right)
In the background: the Tsingy
de Bemaraha Strict Nature
Reserve, which protects many
animals and mangrove forests in
the area.

7. The capital of madagascar is
“Antananarivo”
-Its nickname is Tana.

8. 0
0
25 s
0 0 50 s
45 s
Madagascar's
latitude and
longitude is
20° 00' S and
47° 00' E.
Latitude and Longitude:
Area:
587,040 sq.km

9. CLIMATE
 The Southeastern wind contributes a large role in the
climate of Madagascar
 It is Tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south.
 Madagascar has two distinct seasons; a hot wet season and
a cool dry season.
 The climate tends to vary with the elevation and position
toward the Southeastern wind.
 East has heaviest rainfall (3.5 meters). This region is
known for hot humid climate.
 Central highlands are drier due to rain shadow effect
 Lightning tends to be a serious fire hazard in the central
highlands were lightning storms are common

10.  Southwest and South have desert climate.
 Only about 30cm of rain falls in the south
 Surface water is most abundant in the east
 Madagascar has a serious cyclone season.
 The last serious cyclone was in 1994 leaving 70 human
casualties.
 Caused about 45 million dollars worth of damage

11. Population:
In 2011, the population of madagascar was estimated to be about
20millions. i.e., 21,281,844 people.
Living conditions:
Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world, with
approximately 71.3 % of people living in poverty and 83.3 % living on
less than two dollars a day.

12. -The island of Madagascar is predominately populated by the
people broadly classified as belonging to two groups those of
Malayo-Indonesian descent and those of African descent.
Religion
Over 50% of the people follow tradition religious beliefs;
-40% are Christians (Protestants and Roman Catholics)
-7% are Muslims

13. -Terrain of Madagascar : Narrow coastal plain, high
plateau and mountains in centre
-
Madagascar also has such useful resources as:
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz,
tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower.

15. Language
Official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and
French.
-There are 20 different versions of malagasy
language.
-Malagasy is spoken throughout the entire island.
-French is only spoken between the people who are
educated.

16. Sex ratio • Sex ratio:
• This entry includes the number of
males for each female in five age
groups
• at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
• 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
• 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female.
• 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female .
• 55-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female.

17. • 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
• Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2013
est.)
Sex ratio
• -Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged
as an indicator of certain kinds of
sex discrimination in some countries.
• Source: CIA World Factbook - December
6, 2013

18. • Major exports include: coffee, vanilla, sugarcane,
cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans,
bananas, peanuts and livestock products
• Export partners: (see chart)
Export Partners
• $600 million
France
57%
Japan
9%
Germany
US
13%
12%
UK
9%

19. • Major imports include: petroleum, consumer
goods, food
• Import partners: (see chart)
• $881 million Import Partners
France
50%
Singapore
6%
China
6%
Japan
19%
Hong Kong
19%

20. -Considered to be a
multiparty republic
-They have a president, a
parliament , a primeministry,
and a cabinet
-The president serves a five-year
term and can be re-elected twice
-
The National Assembly consists
of 160 people
Politics

21. -The senate consists of 90 senators
-60 are elected by the people and 30 are elected by the
president
-They all serve 6-year terms
-President appoints the Prime Minister
-President holds the most power

22. The island has an unusual mix of wildlife e.g. it doesn’t have
apes, monkeys, elephants, zebras, giraffes, lions, hyenas,
rhinos, antelopes, buffalo or camels that you would expect
in Africa. It has lemurs, tenrecs, boa constrictors ( a type
of snake), iguanas and more.
Tenrec
Iguana
Boa
Constrictor

23. • 5% of the worlds plant and animal species ( more than
80% belong to Madagascar.
• The lemur, the fossa (a forest-dwelling genet like
mammal), three bird families and six baobab species

24. • On the margin of mainstream African foreign relations
• Welcomes relations with all countries
• Strong links with United States, Europe, Japan, India,
and China
• Reopened embassy in London in 2004 after 30 years of
it being closed

25. • Many natural resources are found in Madagascar,
including:
• Minerals: mica, quartz, graphite, chromite,
semiprecious stones
• Coal, salt, and fish
• Water (hydropower)

26. • The main part of Madagascar’s
economy consists of agriculture,
fishing, and forestry ( 70% of
export earnings).
• Industrial economy consists of
textile manufacturing, and
processing of agricultural products.
• Tourism is also a large part of the
economy.
Agricult ure
Indust ry
Service
Agricult ure
Indust ry
Service

27. • 1997-2000 period of economic growth
• In 2001-2004, a dispute over presidential
elections caused the GDP to drop 12.7%
• Malagasy Ariary’s value dropped significantly
• 24% inflation
• Stricter monetary enforcement helped the growth
development return to normal
• Poverty levels are still fairly high

28. • Vanilla has been historically important in
Madagascar’s economy. When Coca-Cola
switched to a different recipe using less vanilla,
Madagascar’s economy fell drastically.
Fortunately, Coke switched back to the original
recipe and the economy returned to its normal
state
• Madagascar is also known for being the world’s
large cinnamon market

29. Country out look

32. Different groups of Malgasy use different material for their own
Lambas,

35. GENDER ROLES

36. -Madagascar has a rich and distinctive musical
heritage.
-The early Austronesian settlers brought with
them the predecessor to the valiha (bamboo tube
musical instrument) as well as other music which
would form the basis of Traditional Malagasy music.
-European pirates also contributed to Malagasy
musical traditions, importing the guitar, accordion,
piano and the instruments used in Hiragasy
performance including the violin, trumpet and
clarinet.

37. Festivals
There are seven major festivals:
-New year(Jan 1st)
-Martyr’s dayMar 29th)
-Easter Monday (varies May or June)
-Labour day(May 1st)
-Ascension day (varies May or June)
-Whit Monday (varies May or June)
-Independence day(June 26th)
-Assumption(Aug 15th)
-All saints day(Nov 1st)
-Christmas day(Dec 25th)

38. Festivals
-They also have a Music festival in
early summer called Donia Music
Festival.
And then one in late fall early winter
called Gasyfara music Festival

40. Timeline
From desolated island to Presidential
controversy

42. Sports
• Madagascar sports
include athletics, football, boxing,judo, tennis, bas
ketball and various other games.
• Madagascar are practiced by many people of
Madagascar. The country also participates in the
international competitions especially in the field of
Athletics.
• Women's basketball and women's tennis are two
of the major sports at Madagascar

43. MADAGASCAR ARCHITECTURE
-The Architecture of Madagascar is unique in
Africa, bearing strong resemblance to
the construction.
-Throughout Madagascar and the region
of Borneo, most traditional houses follow a
rectangular form, and feature a steeply sloped,
peaked roof supported by a central pillar.

44. -This house in South Kalimantan bears many of the iconic
construction features brought from Borneo to Madagascar
two thousand years ago: wood plank walls, piles to raise the
house from the ground and a steeply sloping roof topped with
crossed gable beams to form "roof horns."

45. Architecture
There are several distinct
styles of architecture. A vast
majority of government
buildings in the capital and
regional urban centers were
built during the colonial period
showing a French influence.
However, there are two
distinct traditional
architectural styles evident in
the country.

47. -The style of homes built on the high plateau differs markedly
from homes found elsewhere due to a heavy reliance on local
materials. Homes on the high plateau tend to be multistoried and
are constructed of mud bricks
-Homes in coastal regions are often built on a raised platform in
areas with high rainfall and on the ground in drier areas.
The Use of Space
-Interior furnishings of homes arranged in a traditional fashion in
keeping with the Malagasy cosmological conception of the world
being square and horizontal.
-For example, the bed was located in the northeast, the greeting
place for guests in the northwest corner, and the cooking hearth
in the middle of the western side of the house.
-Although some people still follow traditional customs of the
placement of objects, the practice is in decline.

48. Plant-based construction
The most traditional coastal style:
houses with thatched roofing
of ravinala on low piles in Sambava
Woven bamboo walls, plank roofing

49. Zafimaniry traditions
The Zafimaniry construct wooden
houses with solid doors and
shuttered windows
Earliest burial practices
Pre Christian and 19th century
bet silo standing stone and Bara
cave tomb

50. Wood-based construction
Lateral branches form the walls
of traditional wooden Mahafaly
houses in the southwest of
Madagascar
Earth-based construction
Town gates in the Highlands were
traditionally protected by stone
disks (vavahady) and shaded by
fig trees.

51. Local innovations
Typical brick houses with
columns and west facing veranda
near tana
Foreign influences
Bricks arches and domes
inspired by queens palace in
tana

52. Modern architecture
-Foreign architectural influences, having arisen through increased European
contact over the 19th century, intensified dramatically with the advent of French
colonization in 1896.[4]
-Over the past several decades, the increasing availability of relatively
inexpensive modern construction materials imported from China and elsewhere
has further reinforced a growing trend in urban areas away from traditional
architectural styles in favor of more durable but generic structures using
industrially produced materials such as concrete and sheet metal.[23]
-Certain modern innovations may be more highly esteemed than others, for
instance, corrugated sheet metal roofing was typically the least expensive and
prestigious and most common addition to a traditional house.
-Houses built entirely of concrete with glass windows and imported decorative
balcony railings and window bars implied great wealth and the highest social
status.
-Although low income levels have served to preserve traditional construction
among the majority of the population of Madagascar, due to the prestige
associated with modern architectural innovations, traditional construction is often
abandoned as income increases.[4]
-A limited number of recently constructed homes in Antananarivo attempt to
blend Malagasy architectural traditions with the comforts of modern house
construction.

53. Mahafaly tomb with traditional painted decoration