Building an EmPyre with Python
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This presentation covers Python EmPyre, a Python post-exploitation agent based on the PowerShell Empire architecture. It was given at BSidesLV '16.
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Building an EmPyre with Python
- 2. @harmj0y × Researcher/red teamer for the Adaptive Threat Division × Co-founder/active developer of the Veil-Framework | PowerView | PowerUp | Empire × Microsoft CDM/PowerShell MVP and active PowerSploit developer
- 3. @424f424f × U.S. Army Infrantry combat veteran × Red teamer/Penetration Tester for the Adaptive Threat Division × Instructor for ATD’s “Adaptive Penetration Testing” course
- 4. @killswitch_gui × Previous US Army Soldier × Red teamer/Penetration Tester for the Adaptive Threat Division × Developed SimplyEmail / SimplyTemplate
- 5. tl;dr × Overview/”Why Build This”/RATs 101 × EmPyre × Stagers × Host/network triage × Lateral movement × Persistence × The Future × Demos throughout!
- 7. Motivations × A high-security client wanted a penetration test against their corporate infrastructure × which was 80% OS X … × We did our research and found very few options for ‘complete’ OS X agents × though small post-exploitation pieces did exist
- 8. Adversarial OS X × WireLurker (Trojanized applications, Infects connected ios devices) × XcodeGhost (Infected xcode package in China) × Hacking Team (Remote Code Systems compromise platform) × OceanLotus (Flash Dropper, download Mach-O binary) × KeRanger (Ransomware, infected transmission package)
- 9. OS X Challenges × Not nearly as many public OS X attack toolsets out there as there are for Windows × Access vectors are significantly more limited than Windows as well × Lateral spread is complicated a bit (no pth!)
- 10. RATS 101 × We have a number of broad design goals for our solution: × Staging flexibility × Modularity × (Reasonably) strong crypto × The “Staging problem” × Your malicious code has to SOMEHOW get to the target
- 11. Empyre
- 13. background × Python agent and controller × heavily based on the PowerShell Empire project × OS X/Linux 2.7 and 2.6 compatible/“living off the land” × Asynchronous communications (HTTP[s]) × Diffie-Hellman based Encrypted Key Exchange × Variety of post-exploitation modules
- 14. Module development × Like Empire, development is quick due to the modular structure and use of a scripting language × Modules == metadata containers for an embedded Python script × Things like option sets, needs admin, opsec safe, save file output, etc
- 15. stagers
- 16. OS X MAcros × Works on Office 2011 and below, otherwise, we’re stuck in the...
- 18. Mach-o binaries × Mach object file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code and core dumps × We hot-patch a binary with the EmPyre stager code × Binary contains the python interpreter
- 19. Dylib Hijacking × Ported from @patrickwardle research × https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/magazin e/2015/vb201503-dylib-hijacking.pdf × Abuses search-order loading × Also a method of persistence in EmPyre
- 20. Hijack Scanner
- 21. Dylib Hiijacker
- 22. Demo: Phishing with EmPyre
- 23. Host triage
- 24. Privilege escalation × Users often run as admin × Two prompt modules for credential collection: × Mac app prompting - osascript × Screensaver alleyoop - osascript / security × Elevate using sudo_spawn to spawn a new EmPyre agent
- 26. Chainbreaker × Keychaindump (juuso) × Keychain exploitable prior to OS X yosemite to recover master key from memory × Decrypt keychain store using master key candidate × Keychaindump_chainbreaker (n0fate) × Allows masterkey and password input for decryption of entire keychain. × Fully ported to allow on target dumps rather offline
- 27. Hashdumping × Built in hashdump module: × Sudo required of course × Output is hashcat ready × Hash format is unique to different OS X series × 10.8 + uses Salted-SHA512-PBKDF2 × Password -> Iterations -> salt -> hash_pbkd2 × Ultimately very slow hash to crack (H/S)
- 28. Hashdumping
- 29. Keylogging × Uses ruby adapted code from MSF: × Captures and logs keystrokes to a file currently × Runs as a separate ruby process
- 30. screenshots × Currently supports two separate methods: × Native - screenshot builtin tool × Python - using Quartz API call’s × Environment can dictate the use of native tools × CGImageDestinationCreateWithUR() and screenshot only allows a output path for image
- 31. Clipboard theft × Great way to target and collect credentials × Output to file or pipeline: × Timed collection allows continues monitoring using background jobs × Uses non-native method via AppKit API: × Native pbpaste may be signatured by Carbon Black
- 33. Demo: Host Triage with EmPyre
- 35. OS X is on the Domain Too! × Admins want/need to: × Enforce corporate policy via Group Policy × Manage resources × Manage users × Advertise resources such as printers × Benefit from single sign-on access to Active Directory resources through Kerberos
- 37. OS X and LDAP × ldapsearch tool × opens a connection to an LDAP server, binds, and performs a search using specified parameters × dig -t SRV _ldap._tcp.example.com
- 38. PowerView, OS X Style × Wanted to mimic the features of PowerSploit’s PowerView to enumerate Active Directory × Using ldapsearch, we can mimic “most” features × Unfortunately, creates a log entry for every connection
- 39. Situational Awareness, AD Enumeration × get_computers × get_domaincontrollers × get_fileservers × get_groupmembers × get_groupmemberships × get_groups × get_ous × get_userinformation × get_users
- 40. PowerView, OS X Style
- 41. Overpass-THE-HASH × Original research by @gentilkiwi and @obscuresec and OS X research by @passingthehash × Upgrading an NT hash into a full Kerberos ticket! × Utilities × kinit - acquire initial Kerberos credentials × klist - list Kerberos credentials × kdestroy - remove Kerberos credentials
- 43. Demo: Domain Enumeration with EmPyre
- 44. Lateral Movement
- 45. Os x vs windows × Common Windows lateral movement methods: × WMI, PSEXEC, WinRM, Remote Desktop × OS X disappoints a bit on this front... × SSH is available but disabled by default × WinEXE installed through HomeBrew are possible × EmPyre modules: × ssh_command / ssh_launcher
- 46. Web Service Exploitation × JBoss exploit × Pass exploit to Empire server
- 48. Persistence
- 49. Os x vs windows × Common Windows persistence methods: × Registry keys × Startup folders × WMI × DLL hijacks × Backdoor accounts × OS X is also quite fruitful: × Crontabs × Loginhooks × Daemons × Dylib Hijacking
- 50. Crontabs, Daemons, and Login Hooks × Login Hook - User Context × Bash / Applescript / binary execution × User or any user logon executes payload × Sets com.apple.loginwindow × Crontabs - User Context × Requires Bash / Applescript / binary × Timed execution of payload × Great for continued access × Launch Daemons - Root Context × Requires sudo × Spawns determined by XML manifest (reboot) × Daemons (services) once started will restart upon agent loss
- 51. Persistence with Dylib Hijacking × EmPyre implements @patrickwardle research to scan for hijackable Dylibs! × rPath search, WeakLib import search × CreateHijacker module × allows for quick exploitation × ease of generating payload × patching in the path to the legitimate Dylib for proper execution
- 52. Questions? @harmj0y / will [at] harmj0y.net @424f424f / steveborosh [at] gmail.com @killswitch_gui / a.rymdekoharvey [at] gmail.com