7. outside and within
exteroception interoception
sight, sound, headaches,
smell, touch, hunger,
taste proprioception
sensing the sensing the
outside inside
8. outside and within
exteroception interoception
sight,
sight, sound, headaches,
smell, most used sense in interfaces
touch, hunger,
taste (e.g. retina displays!) proprioception
sensing the half the brain
around
sensing the
dedicated to vision
outside inside
10. the eye(s) and vision
on the front
iris & pupil (lens) – adjust light level and focus
two of them – 3D vision – but not the only way
at the back
fovea – detailed and colour ... but very small,
peripheral vision – b&w, movement, grabs attention
inside
two pathways – fast, old, unconscious
+ slower, newer,
conscious
11. the ears and sound
inherently temporal
no ‘still’ sound => issues for media
two of them & pinna
directional ... stereo & full 3D
little physical focus, but ...
attention – cocktail part effect
background – context and grab attention
12. eye & ear ... common
attention – focus limited
construction
filling ga
meaning
grabbing attention
periphery – context, broader, but unconscious
16. comparison
short term long term mezzanine
capacity 7+/-2 chunks big! ?
decay ~30s lifetime ? mins–hours
needs rehearsal
laying down implicit repetition implicit
neural electrical physical chemical?
mechanism neuron firing synapse growth LTP
17. types of LTM
episodic
serial memory of events
may be hard to recall out of order
=> story and narrative
semantic / declarative
facts, concepts, skills
links and associations
=> recognition vs recall
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tyger_BM_a_1794.j
18. semantic not photographic
perception
encode reconstruct
memories
all memories are constructed
confabulation,
false memories
19. mezzanine memory
what have I been doing recently?
short-term episodic memory
what am I doing now?
context – activates LTM
cockpits and control rooms
situation awareness
reading
long-term working memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_Saab_2000_Cockpit.jpg
20. implicit / tacit as well as explicit
automatic reactions
motor memories
expert knowledge
proceduralisation
activation & context
implicit explicit
introspection
& externalisation
http://www.flickr.com/photos/protographer23/358987856/
22. logical?
Aristotle & formal logic all men are mortal
Socrates is a man
=> Socrates is mortal
Wason card test
possible rule: vowel one side ⇒even on other
is it right?
E 7 K 2
3
4 U
P A
Z
23. reasoning – the real world
confirmationnot falsification
abductionnot deduction
satisficingnot optimality
24. special purpose intelligence
Wason
rule: vowel one side ⇒even on other
E 7 K 2
social
social
rule: take newspaper ⇒pay for it
rule: take newspaper ⇒pay for it
no
paper no £ paper £
25. below the surface
linear – single ‘stream of
conscious consciousness’
interruptions = disruptions
multitasking – really rapid switching
priming, insight
unconscious non-linear, fuzzy, intuitive, associative
share with animals
27. we live to act
cognition
perception action
the world
28. low level
automatic reactions
innate and learnt
e.g. heat reflex
hand–eye coordination
Fitts’ Law: s
time ~ log (distance/size)
d
29. perception and action
single stream of consciousness
attention single stream of activity
grabbing attention
often physical movement
periphery feeds unconsciousness
associations
30. higher level
longer–term conscious planning and activity
moment-to-moment
Norman’s execution evaluation cycle
user establishes the goal
formulates intention
specifies actions at interface goal
executes action
execution evaluation
perceives system state
interprets system state system
evaluates system state with respect to goal
31. Human error - slips and
mistakes
slip
understand system and goal
correct formulation of action
incorrect action
mistake
may not even have right goal!
Fixing things?
slip – better interface design
mistake – better understanding of system
32. all in the mind?
reminders, lists,
notes, workings
we think using the world
distributed cognition
situated action
extended mind
Notas del editor
brain image: CC. Patrick J. Lynch, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Skull_and_brain_normal_human.svg&page=1
