The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes carbon dioxide throughout the body. It is composed of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. The circulatory system works with respiration to provide oxygen and remove wastes.

1. Biological Science
October 20, 2011

2. Circulatory System
• The circulatory system is responsible for
– The distribution of oxygen throughout the body
– Carrying nutrients
– Transporting hormones throughout the body

3. Heart Animation
http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~biology/teaching/transport/an
imations/HyperHeart.swf

4. What makes up our blood?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The blood clotting factors
that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process
called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

5. Red blood Cells
• Carbon dioxide is transported:
– Via plasma
– Combine with hemoglobin
– As bicarbonate ions
• Live for about one year

6. White Blood Cells (WBC)
• WBC cells function to defend the body against bacterial
infection and invasion by other foreign substances

7. Plasma
• Excess fluids and proteins in the body
are returned to the bloodstream by the
lymphatic system

8. Red Blood Cells (RBC)
• Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus
• Hemoglobin is the iron containing molecule in the RBC
• RBC transport respiratory gases

9. Red blood Vessels
• Capillaries are red blood vessels that are one cell thick
• Many veins have valves to limit the downhill flow of blood
• Arteries usually carry oxygen-rich blood, Away from heart
• Smallest most abundant are the capillaries
• Pulmonary circulation flows to and from the lungs

10. Heart
• The amount of blood pumped each minute depends on the
heart rate.
• The ventricles are the chambers of the heart that pump blood
to the lungs and the rest of the body
• Blood entering the right atrium is deoxygenated
• Oxygenated blood from the lungs is received by the left atrium
• The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is the
pulmonary artery
• The pacemaker responsible for starting the heartbeat is a small
bundle of cells at the entrance to the artrium

11. The sinoatrial node is the heart's pacemaker. Normally, the heartbeat begins in the right
atrium when the sinoatrial (SA) node, a special group of cells, transmits an electrical
signal across the heart. This signal spreads throughout the atria and to the
atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node connects to a group of fibers in ventricles that
conducts the electrical signal and sends the impulse to all parts of the ventricles. This
exact route must be followed to ensure that the heart pumps properly.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMXBR_YFocs

12. Macrophages
• These blood cells scavenge worn-out or dead cells in the body.

13. Arteries Away!
• Some arteries carry oxygenated blood and other arteries carry
deoxygenated blood
• An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the
heart.
• The arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs
(Pulmonary Artery) carry deoxygenated blood that has
returned to the heart from the body.
• The arteries that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the
body carry oxygenated blood that has returned to the heart
from the lungs.

14. What makes up your Blood?

15. Oxygen Absorption and Transport
• Red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin, which is
an iron-containing protein that gives blood its red
color.
• Oxygen binds easily to the hemoglobin iron, making
red blood cells efficient oxygen carriers that circulate
throughout the body as they flow with the plasma.
• http://www.dnatube.com/video/274/Hemoglobin--
Cooperative-Oxygen-Binding

16. Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.

17. Genetics of Blood Types
• Your blood type is established before you are
BORN, by specific GENES inherited from
your parents.
• These two genes - one gene from your
MOTHER and one from your FATHER -
determine your blood type by causing proteins
called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.

18. What are blood types?
Blood Types
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood AA or AO = Type A
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 BB or BO = Type B
genes, there are 6 possible combinations. OO = Type O
AB = Type AB
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

19. How common is your blood type?

20. Rh Factors
• While studying Rhesus monkeys, a
certain blood protein was discovered.
This protein is also present in the blood
of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of
it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus)
factor.
• If your blood does contain the protein, A+ A-
your blood is said to be Rh positive B+ B-
(Rh+). If your blood does not contain
the protein, your blood is said to be Rh AB+ AB-
negative (Rh-). O+ O-

21. Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to
replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be
done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood? Universal Donor
People with TYPE O blood are called
Universal Donors, because they can
give blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called
Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.
Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive - Universal Recipient

22. Respiration
• Air moves into and out of the lungs in stages.
• When the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, the diaphragm
moves downward and the rib cage moves up and outward.
• This expands the chest cavity, lowering the air pressure in the
lungs and causing air to flow in.
• When the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, the diaphragm
moves upward and the rib cage moves down and inward.
• This reduces the size of the chest cavity, raising the pressure of
the air in the lungs and causing air to flow out.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pc2MmhkUW_E&feature=related