It Is a project about an organisational study of j&k cements ltd.!!

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Project Report on
AN ORGANISATIONAL STUDY OF J&K CEMENTS LTD
In partial fulfilment of requirement for the
Award of Degree of M.Com
Subject:
Organisational Behaviour
Submitted By:
Mr. Hitesh Rohra
Roll No. 117
M.Com. Part – II, Semester – III
Under the Guidance of:
Prof. Mrs. Kajal Bhojwani
SMT. CHANDIBAI HIMATHMAL MANSUKHANI COLLEGE
ULHASNAGAR – 421003
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2015 – 2016

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An Organisational Study
OF J&K Cement LTD

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This is to certify that, Mr. Hitesh Rohra of M.Com Part – II, has successfully
completed the project in Organisational Behaviour titled “An Organisational
Study Of J&K Cements LTD.” under my guidance for the academic year 2015-
16. The information submitted is true and original as per my knowledge.
Mrs. Kajal Bhojwani
(Internal Guide)
Prof. GopiShamnani Dr. Padma V
(Coordinator, M.Com) Deshmukh
(I/C Principal)
________________
External Examiner

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DDEECCLLAARRAATTIIOONN
I, Mr. Hitesh Rohra student of SMT. CHANDIBAI HIMATMAL
MANSUKHANI COLLEGE, ULHASNAGAR studying in M.Com Part – II,
Semester – III, hereby declare that I have completed this project on “An
OrganisationalStudyOf J&K CementsLTD.” for the subject “Organisational
Management” in the academic year 2015-16.The information submitted is true
and original to the best of my knowledge.
_______________
Mr. Hitesh Rohra

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so
numerous and the depth is so enormous.
I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels
and fresh dimensions in the completion of this project
I take this opportunity to thank the University of Mumbai forgiving
me chance to do this project.
I would like thank my Principal, Dr. Padma V. Deshmukh for
providing the necessary facilities required for completion of this
project.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project
guide Prof. Mrs. Kajal Bhojwani whose guidance and care made the
project successful.
I would like to thank my college library, for having provided Various
reference books and magazines related to my project.
Lastly I would like to thank each & every person who directly or
indirectly helped me in completion of the project especially my
parents & peers who supported me throughout my project

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Executive Summary
J.K. Cement Ltd is an affiliate of the multi-disciplinary industrial conglomerate
J.K. Organisation which was founded by LalaKamlapatSinghania. For over
fourdecades, J.K. Cement has partnered India's multi-sectoral infrastructure
needs on the strength of its productexcellence, customer orientation and
technology leadership The Company has over four decades of experience in
cement manufacturing. Our operations commenced with commercial production
at our first grey cement plant at Nimbahera in the state of Rajasthan in May
1975. Subsequently the Company also set up 2 more units in Rajasthan at
Mangrol and Gotan. In the year 2009 the Company extended its footprint by
setting up a green-field unit in Muddapur, Karnataka giving it access to the
markets of south-west India. In the year 2014, the company further mKamla
Tower, Kanpur expanded its capacity in the north with brownfield expansion of
1.5 MTPA integrated unit at Mangrol and split grinding unit of 1.5 MTPA at
Jhajjar. TodayJ.K. Cement has an installed grey cement capacity of 10.5 MTPA
making it one of the leading manufacturers in the country.
The Company is the second largest manufacturer of white cement in India, with
an annual capacity of 600,000 tonnes in India. We are also the second largest
producerof Wall putty in the country with an annual installed capacity of
5,00,000 tonnes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page no.
1. Introduction 3……10
1.1 Introduction of the topic
1.2 Objective of the Study
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Area of Study
1.6 Database
1.7 Limitation of the Study
2. An Overview of Cement Industry in India 11…..23
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Present scenario
1.3 Indian economy-A Review
1.4 Cement industry in India
1.5 Contribution to Infrastructure Industry
1.6 Scope of Cement Industry
3. Company Profile 24…..39
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Industry Profile
1.3 Mission & Vision
1.4 Objectives & Goals
1.5 Product & Project profiles
4. Functional Departments 40……53
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structure of Departments
1.3 Functioning of departments
1.4 Interdependence
5. Data analysis 54……57
5.1 Findings

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5.2 Suggestions
5.3 Conclusions
6. Appendix 58.….63
6.1 Questionnaires
6.2 Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION
 Introduction of the topic
 Objective of the Study
 Methodology
 Scope of the Study
 Area of Study
 Database
 Limitation of the Study

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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of the Cement Industry
The cement industry is one of the main beneficiaries of the infrastructure boom. With robust
demand and adequate supply, the industry has bright future. The Indian Cement Industry with
total capacity of 165 million tones is the second largest after China. Cement industry is
dominated by 20 companies who account for over 70% of the market. Individually no
company accounts for over 12% of the market. The major players like L&T and ACC have
been quiet successful in narrowing the gap between demand and supply. Private housing
sector is the major consumer of cement (53%) followed by the government infrastructure
sector. Similarly northern and southern region consume around 20%-30% cement while the
central and western region are consuming only 18%-16%.India is the 2nd largest cement
producer in world after china .Right from laying concrete bricks of economy to waving fly
over’s cement industry has shown and shows a great future. The overall outlook for the
industry shows significant growth on the back of robust demand from housing construction,
Phase-II of NHDP (National Highway Development Project) and other infrastructure
development projects. Domestic demand for cement has been increasing at a fast pace in
India. Cement consumption in India is forecasted to grow by over 22% by 2009-10 from
2007-08.Among the states, Maharashtra has the highest share in consumption
at12.18%,followed by Uttar Pradesh, In production terms, Andhra Pradesh is leading with
14.72% of total production followed by Rajasthan. Cement production grew at the rate of
9.1 per cent during 2006-07 over the previous fiscal's total production of 147.8 mt (million
tons). Due to rising demand of cement the sales volume of cement companies are also
increasing & companies reporting higher production, higher sales and higher profits. The net
profit growth rate of cement firms was 85%.Cement industry has contributed around 8%
to the economic development of India. Outsiders (foreign players) eyeing India as a major
market to invest in the form of either merger or FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). Cement
industry has a long way to go as Indian economy is poised to grow because of being on verge
of development. The company continues to emphasize on reduction of costs through enhanced
productivity, reduction in energy costs and logistics expenses. The cement sector is expected
to witness growth in line with the economic growth because of the strong co-relation with
GDP. Future drivers of cement demand growth in India would be the road and housing

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projects. As per the Working Group report on Cement Industry for the formulation of the 11th
Plan, the cement demand is likely to grow at 11.5 percent per annum during the 11th Plan and
cement production and capacity by the end of the 11th Plan are estimated to be 269 million
tones and 298 million tones, respectively, with capacity utilization of90percent.
Despite the growth of Indian cement industry India lags behind the per capita production.
Supply for cement is expected to remain tight which, in turn, will push up prices of cement by
more than 50%. The most important factor for better prices is consolidation of the industry. It
has just begun and we will see more consolidation in the coming years. Other budget measures
such as cut in import duty from 12.5percent to nil etc. are all intended to cut costs and boost
availability of cement. Sadly the adverse effects of global slowdown have not speared this
industry too. Demand is sluggish, the government is keeping an eagle eye on prizes, domestic
coal and pet coke, prizes have increased sharply and utilizations rates are down.The numbers
coming out are a reflection of grim times. ACC the country’s largest cement company that’s
controlled by Swiss giant HOLCIM, registered 2% fall in august sales. It is the biggest fall
since Feb 2007. Production fell by 5%. To stand against the problematic situation,
government as well as cement industry has taken some steps. Companies are focusing on
cost of transportation. One of the strategy is to decrease dependence on road & opt for sea
logistics as that can cut transportation cost by 30- 50 %. Some plants are adopting futuristic
plan such as setting up captive power plant, moving closer to the customers by creating
clicker, crushing, and capacity in key markets, to be more customer centric to generate better
revenue. India should push for stricter regulations of market place as to control the prices of
big companies and prevent them from forming cartels and exchanging information. To fight
with the high inflation, government wants to import more cement from Pakistan .However
cement prizes are not very much high as other items but still they are increasing. And the
reason of high prize is surging cost of raw material and transportation cost. Apart from this
government also discussed with cement industry not to have increase in prizes and keep
consumer interest in mind. Now the question arise in front of the government is whether the
demand by the government is possible to increase through expenditure on infrastructure or not
according to the current state of economy when so many crises are going on or how the
government allocation of US$ 3.23 billion for the National Highway Development, Project
will keep the demand for cement alive? And to what extent the prizes of cement should be
increase so that consumer can’t affect. Cement industry in India has also made tremendous
strides in technological up gradation and assimilation of latest technology. Presently, 93 per
cent of the total capacity in the industry is based on modern and environment-friendly dry

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process technology. The induction of advanced technology has helped the industry immensely
to conserve energy and fuel and to save materials substantially. Indian cement industry has
also acquired technical capability to produce different types of cement like Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
(PBFS), Oil Well Cement, and Rapid Hardening
Portland cement, Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement, White Cement etc. Some ofthe major
clusters of cement industry in India are: Satna (Madhya Pradesh), Chandrapur (Maharashtra),
Gulbarga (Karnataka), Yerranguntla (Andhra Pradesh), Nalgonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh) and Chandoria (Rajasthan).
Statement of the Problem
During the last few years liberalization of economic policies in India has resulted in a business
climate that has favored rapid growth in almost all segments of Indian industry and
commerce. The primary reason for this is the LPG process in 1991. The entire process has
brought in a lot of changes in various aspects of financial market. J&K has also witnessed an
upward trend in the savings from the public in the recent past. Also the infrastructure is in the
developing stages in Jammu and Kashmir. All this has played its part in the growth and
development of the cement industry in J&K.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
 To study the overall performance of the J&K Cements Limited.
 To study that whether the employees of J&K Cements Limited are satisfied or not.
 To study the government rules and policies with regards to the J&K Cement Sector.
 To get an idea of the challenges faced by the J&K cement sector and its future outlook.
 To measure the overall performance of J&K cements in terms of quality and economy
in Prices.
 To find out the level to which J&K have been successful in fulfilling various social
Responsibilities in Kashmir.
 To find out the Positive and Negative aspects about J&K cements in the market.

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1.3 Methodology
The whole study can be termed as a desk research. Hence there is a field work and collection
of primary data from the employees through questionnaire for this research except for
secondary information obtained from internet, journals and magazines.
Scope of Study
Comprehensive study of a sector involves studying the basics of the sector like the product, its
features, history, manufacturing process, and components of cost of production, overview of
the industry, history of the industry, challenges faced, government policies and initiatives for
the industry’s growth, demand supply situation and the future prospects. With 153 cement
plants and a total installed capacity of around 209 million tons per annum (MTPA) both as of
March 2009, the Indian cement industry is the second largest in the world, the largest being
China, which produces over 1 billion tons of cement annually. During 2008-09, total cement
consumption in India stood at 178 million tons while exports of cement and clinker amounted
to around 3 million tones.
Area of Study
The industry occupies an important place in the national economy because of its strong
linkages to other sectors such as construction, transportation, coal and power, overall
performance of the J&K Cements Ltd in the valley, functions of the different departments and
the job satisfaction of the employees.
Sources ofdata:-
Primary Data:
Primary data are the data gathered for specific purpose or a specific research project. Primary
data is data collected for the first time. The data that is collected from primary sources of
information is known as primary data. It is also known as first hand information. In this the
individual conducts his own research and collects data.
Secondary Data:
The data collected for another purpose already exists somewhere is secondary data. This
data is collected from published sources like books, newspapers etc., it is second hand

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information. The individual has to separate the relevant data for his study from the data that is
already available and also check the euthenics of the data.
Sources of Data and Tools of Collection:
The data or this study has been collected from primary and secondary sources and various
tools are used for the purpose of collection and analysis.
Primary Data: Altercating on the research approach and instruments a sampling plan was
designed. This plan called for three decisions:
Sampling Procedure
The researcher now decides on sampling plan. Here the researcher has to decide on the
following options:
Population: Who is to be surveyed? The researcher must define the target population,
which is to be sampled.
Sample unit: Once the population is determined, a sampling unit must be developed, then
the sampling frame, so that everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being
sampled. Here in this research the footfalls in the store are the sampling units
Sampling size:
It is not necessary to sample the entire target population. In this research, sample size is 90
each at J&K Cements Ltd (khrew) plant to find out whether the employees are satisfied with
their jobs or not.
Sampling procedure:
To obtain the representative sample, a non probability sample can be drawn. In this study the
method of selecting samples is random
Tools of Data Collection:
Primary data are gathered through direct interview and questionnaires.
A questionnaire consists of a set of questions presented to respondents for their
answers. While preparing the questionnaire the researcher has to carefully choose the

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questions and their forms, and sequence them in proper order. The sequence should be in a
logical order. The form of questions asked can influence the response. The questions can be
open ended or close ended.
An open-ended question allows the respondents to answer them in their own words. These
questions always reveal more because they do not constrain respondents answer.
The close-ended questions pre specify all the possible answers. These questions provide
answers that are easier to interpret and tabulate.
The questionnaire must be simple, direct, unbiased and wording should be pre tested with a
sample of respondents before it is used. The main thing is that a questionnaire should create
interest among the respondents.
Techniques of Analysis
The data collected from the employees are transcript to the work sheets in the form of tally
bars and analyzed by statistical tools by drawing tables and graphs, inferences were drawn on
whether the employees are satisfied with their jobs.
Sampling Procedure
The researcher now decides on sampling plan. Here the researcher has to decide on the
following options:
Population: Who is to be surveyed? The researcher must define the target population,
which is to be sampled.
Sample unit:
Once the population is determined, a sampling unit must be developed, then the sampling
frame, so that everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being sampled. Here in
this research the footfalls in the khrew plant was the sampling units
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:-
It is not possible for any study to make it accurate due to many hurdles in the collection and
computation of data. Some limitations of the study are listed below:

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 The sampling frame to conduct the study has been restricted some extend.
 Another hurdle faced in this research due to non-response error, which is caused by
incomplete questionnaire.
 Another drawback of the study is that it was restricted to fill the Questionnaire by the
employees, who do not have much time to answer.
 Respondents show reluctance towards giving correct information.
 Findings of the study are based on the assumption that respondents have disclosed
accurate information.

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An Overview of Cement
Industryin India
 Introduction
 Present scenario
 Indian economy-A Review
 Cement industry in India
 Contribution to Infrastructure Industry
 Scope of Cement Industry

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1.1 Introduction
Cement is one of the core industries which plays a vital role in the growth and expansion of a
nation. It is basically a mixture of compounds, consisting mainly of silicates and aluminates of
calcium, formed out of calcium oxide, silica, aluminum oxide and iron oxide. The demand for
cement depends primarily on the pace of activities in the business, financial, real estate and
infrastructure sectors of the economy. Cement is considered preferred building material and is
used worldwide for all construction works such as housing and industrial construction, as well
as for creation of infrastructures like ports, roads, power plants, etc. Indian cement industry is
globally competitive because the industry has witnessed healthy trends such as cost control
and continuous technology up gradation.
The Indian cement industry is extremely energy intensive and is the third largest user of coal
in the country. It is modern and uses latest technology, which is among the best in the world.
Also, the industry has tremendous potential for development as limestone of excellent quality
is found almost throughout the country.
1.2 Indian Economy-A Review:-
The Role of Cement Industry in India GDP is significant in the economic development of the
country. The cement industry in India is one of the oldest sectors in India. The industry is
driven by the immense growth in the housing sector, the infrastructure development, and
construction of transportation systems. An increased outflow in infrastructure sector, by the
government as well as private builders, has raised a significant demand of cement in India. It
is the key raw material in construction industry. Also, it has highly influenced those bigger
companies to participate in the growing sector. At least 125 plants set up by the big companies
in India with about 300 other small scale cement manufacturers, to fulfill the growing demand
of cement. Being one of the vital industries, the cement industry contributes to the nation’s
socioeconomic development. The sum total utilization of cement in a year indicates the
country’s economic growth.
The demand of cement in year 2012-2013 is expected to increase by 50 million tons despite of
the recession and decline in demand of housing sector. Against India’s GDP growth of 7%,
the experts have estimated the cement sector to grow by 9 to 10 % in the current financial
year. Major Indian cement manufacturers and exporters have all made huge investments in the
last few months to increase their production capability. This heralds an optimistic outlook for
cement industry. The housing sector in India accounts for 50 % of the cement’s demand. And

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the demand is expected to continue. With the constant effort made by cement manufacturers
and exporters, India has become the second largest cement producer in the world. Madras
Cement Ltd., Associated Cement Company Ltd (ACC), Ambuja Cements Ltd, Grasim
Industries Ltd, and J.K Cement Ltd. are among few renowned names of the major Indian
cement companies.
1.2 Present Scenario:-
The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of quality cement. Indian Cement Industry
is engaged in the production of several varieties of cement such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS), Oil Well Cement,
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement, Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement, White Cement, etc. They are
produced strictly as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications and their quality is
comparable with the best in the world.
The industry occupies an important place in the national economy because of its strong linkages to
other sectors such as construction, transportation, coal and power. The cement industry is also one of
the major contributors to the exchequer by way of indirect taxes.
Facts ofIndian Cement Industry (1989-2012)
 The industry recorded anexponential growth with the introduction ofpartial decontrol in 1982culminating in
total decontrol in 1989.
 The capacity which was 29Mn.t in 1981-82,raised to219Mn.t at the end of 2012.
 While it took8decades to reachthe first 100Mn.t capacities, the 2nd 100Mn.t was addedin just 10years.
 India ranks second in world cement producing countries.
 It contributes to environmental cleanliness by consuming hazardous wastes like Fly
Ash (around 30 Mn.t) from thermal power plants and the entire 8 Mn.t of slag
produced by steel manufacturing units.
 As a part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the cement Industry employs
around 0.1 million people and takes care of the social needs not only of the employees

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but also adopts several villages around the factories providing free drinking water,
electricity, medical and educational facilities.
 The cement Industry produces a variety of cement to suit a host of applications
matching the world's best in quality.
 Exports Cement/Clinker to around 30 countries across the globe and earns precious
foreign exchange.

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1.4 CEMENT INDUSTRYIN INDIA
INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY
Size of the Industry
The total capacity is spread over 129 plants, which is owned by 54
major companies across the country.
Geographical distribution
Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Chennai, Pune, New Delhi,
Bangalore, Kolkata, Delhi, Rajkot, Coimbatore, Vadodara, Ghaziabad,
Nagpur, Faridabad, Jaipur, Surat, Aurangabad, Indore, Gurgaon,
Jodhpur, Thane, Noida, Secunderabad, Thiruchirapalli, Navi Mumbai,
Ludhiana, Guwahati, Nashik , Patna , Bhilai, Raipur , Howrah,
Siliguri, Kota, Bhubaneswar, Madurai, Ankleshwar, Vapi,
Chandigarh, Jamshedpur, Morbi, Udaipur , Bhavnagar, Kanpur,
Lucknow, Tuticorin, Vijayawada, Beawar, Goa
Output per annum 217.80 million tonnes
Percentage in world market 8% of share

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HISTORY
Firstly in 1889 a Kolkata-based company started manufacturing cement from Argillaceous.
Later the industry started getting the organized shape in the early 1900's. India Cement
Company Ltd was established in 1914 in Porbandar with a capacity of 10,000 tons and
production of 1000 tons installed. The first initial thrust to the cement industry in India was
during the World War 1 and then the industry started growing at a fast rate in terms of
production, manufacturing units, and installed capacity. This particular stage in the history
was referred to as the Nascent Stage of Indian Cement Industry. In 1927, Concrete
Association of India was established to create public awareness on the utility of cement as
well as to propagate cement consumption.
In the year 1956 the Indian Cement Industry saw the price and distribution control system,
which was established to ensure fair price model for consumers as well as manufacturers.
Later, government authorized new manufacturing units (as well as existing units going for
capacity enhancement) to put a higher price tag for their products in the year 1977. After some
years, government introduced a three-tier pricing system with different pricing on cement
produced in high, medium and low cost plants. In 1982 Government of India introduced a
quota system to give impetus to the cement industry.
A quota of 66.60% was imposed for sales to Government and small real estate developers.
Lower quota at 50% was affected for new units and sick units. The remaining 33.40% was
allowed to be sold in the open market. These changes had the desirable effects on the Indian
Cement industry. Profitability of the manufacturers increased substantially, but such rising
input cost was a cause for concern. Complete freedom to the cement industry was given in the
year 1989, to gear it up to meet the challenges of free market competition due to the
impending policy of liberalization. In 1991 the industry was de- licensed which resulted in an
accelerated growth for the industry and availability of state of the art technology for
modernization. Major players invested heavily for capacity expansion and the industry laid
greater focus on exports to maximize the opportunity available in the form of global markets.
The role of the government has been extremely crucial in the growth of the industry.

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Indian Cement Industry is the second largest cement producer in the world after China with a
total capacity of 151.2 Million Tons (MT). Government of India has been giving immense
boost to various infrastructure projects, housing facilities and road networks, the cement
industry in India is currently growing at an enviable pace. In the coming years more growth in
the Indian cement industry is expected to come. It is predicted that the production in India
would rise to 236.16 MT in FY11 & expected to rise to 262.61 MT in FY12 in the Cement
Industry.
The Indian cement industry is dominated by 20 companies, which account for almost 70% of
the total cement production in India. The companies all over India have produced 11 MT
cement during April-September 2009. The Indian Cement industry plays a major role in the
growth of the nation for that case in any country. Industry Cement Industry was under full
control and supervision of the government. However, it got great relief at a large extent after
the economic reform which made its growth easier. Still government interference, especially
in the pricing, is evident in India.
In spite of it being second largest cement producer in the world, Indian Cement industry falls
in the list of lowest per capita consumption of cement with 125 kg. The reason for this is poor
rural people who mostly live in mud huts and cannot afford to have the commodity. The
demand and supply of cement in India has grown up over the years. In a fast developing
economy as India there is always large possibility of expansion of cement industry. The
Indian cement industry is one of the vital industries for economic development. The total
utilization of cement in a year is used as an indicator of economic growth. Cement contributes
as a necessary constituent of infrastructure development and a key raw material for the
construction industry, especially in the government’s infrastructure development plans in the
context of the nation’s socio-economic development.

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Types of Cement Manufacturedin India
The types of cement in India have increased over the years
with the advancement in research, development, and
technology. The Indian cement industry is witnessing a
boom as a result of which the production of different kinds
of cement in India has also increased. By a fair estimate,
there are around 11 different types of cement that are being produced in India.
Various types of cement produced in India are:
 Clinker Cement
 Ordinary Portland Cement
 Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
 Portland Pozzolana Cement
 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
 Oil Well Cement
 White Cement
 Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
In India, the different types of cement are manufactured using dry, semi-dry, and wet
processes. In the production of Clinker Cement, a lot of energy is required. It is produced by
using materials such as limestone, iron oxides, aluminum, and silicon oxides. Among the
different kinds of cement produced in India, Portland Pozzolana Cement, Ordinary Portland
Cement, and Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement are the most important because they
account for around 99% of the total cement production in India.
The Portland variety of cement is the most common one among the types of cement in India

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and is produced from gypsum and clinker. The Ordinary Portland cement and Portland Blast
Furnace Slag Cement are used mostly in the construction of airports and bridges. The
production of white cement in the country is very less for it is very expensive in comparison
to grey cement. In India, while cement is usually utilized for decorative purposes, marble
foundation work, and to fill up the gaps between tiles of ceramic and marble.
The different types of cement in India have registered an increase in production in the last few
years. Efforts must be made by the cement industry in India and the government of India to
ensure that the cement industry continues innovation and research to come up with more and
more varieties in the near future.
The major companies producing Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement in India are:
 J K Cement
 Grasim Industries and Ultra Tech
 ACC
 India Cement Ltd
 Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd
The major countries where Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement is exported from India
are:
 South Africa
 UAE
 Sri Lanka
 Nepal
 Bangladesh
 Australia
 Doha-Qatar
The production and use of Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement have increased over the years.
The Indian government has undertaken several investments in the production of the Portland
Blast Furnace Slag Cement so that its quality and durability can be improved.

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SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY
The Cement Industry in India is the second largest in the world. Cement Industry constitutes
of 140 large and more than 365 mini cement plants. The Indian Cement Industry's capacity at
the beginning of the year 2009-10 was 217.80 million tons. The Indian Cement Industry
comprises of 125 units with an installed capacity of 148.28 million tons and more than 300
mini cement plants with an estimated capacity of 11.10 million tons per annum. Actual Indian
cement production in 2002-03 was 116.35 million tons as against a production of 106.90
million tons in 2001-02, registering a growth rate of 8.84%. Keeping in view the trend of
growth of the industry in previous years, a production target of 126 million tons has been
fixed for the year 2003-04. During the period April-June 2003, a production (provisional) was
31.30 million ton es. The industry has achieved a growth rate of 4.86 per cent during this
period.
1.5 TOTAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY/ SALES
The Indian Cement Industry comprises of 125 large cement plants with an installed capacity
of 148.28 million tonnes and more than 300 mini cement plants with an estimated capacity of
11.10 million tonnes per annum. The Cement Corporation of India is a Central Public Sector
Undertaking which has 10 units. State Governments owns 10 large cement plants. Indian
Cement production in 2002-03 was 116.35 million tonnes as against a production of 106.90
million tonnes in 2001-02, registering a growth rate of 8.84%. The Major players in cement
production are Ambuja cement, Aditya Cement, J K Cement and L & T cement.

27. ~ 27 ~
DOMESTIC AND EXPORT SHARE
Apart from meeting the entire domestic demand, the Indian Cement industry is also exporting
cement and clinker. During 2001-02 and 2003-04 the export was 5.14 million tons and 6.92
million tons respectively. During 2003 the export was 1.35 million tons. The Major exporters
were Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd. and L&T. It is expected that the cement industry will
steadily grow and more than 50 million tons will be produced annually to cater the high
demand in the real estate sector. There will be significant increase in the production by around
9 to 10% which will favorably affect the overall Gross Domestic Product of the country.
Top Leading Companies
 Ultratech Cement
 Century Cements
 Madras Cements
 ACC
 Gujarat Ambuja Cement Limited
 Grasim Industries
 India Cements Limited
 Jaiprakash Associates
 JK Cements
 Holcim
 Lafarge
 Heidelberg Cemex
 Italcementi
Contribution to Infrastructure Industry
India is the second largest producer of cement in the world and the increased focus on
infrastructure and affordable housing is expected to significantly increase the production
capacity of cement in India over the next few years.
The cement industry comprises of 125 large cement plants with an installed capacity of
148.28 million tons and more than 300 mini cement plants with an estimated capacity of 11.10
million tons per annum.

28. ~ 28 ~
The Cement Corporation of India, which is a Central Public Sector Undertaking, has 10 units.
There are 10 large cement plants owned by various State Governments. The total installed
capacity in the country as a whole is 159.38 million tons. Actual cement production in 2002-
03 was 116.35 million tons as against a production of 106.90 million tons in 2001-02,
registering a growth rate of 8.84%. Major players in cement production are Ambuja cement,
Aditya Cement, J K Cement and L & T cement.
The Planning Commission for the formulation of X Five Year Plan constituted a 'Working
Group on Cement Industry' for the development of cement industry. The Working Group has
identified following thrust areas for improving demand for cement;
 Further push to housing development programmers;
 Promotion of concrete Highways and roads; and
 Use of ready-mix concrete in large infrastructure projects.
1.6 SCOPE OF CEMENT INDUSTRY
Domestic demand is one of the chief reasons for the rapid growth of cement manufacturing in
India. One can say that the domestic demand for the commodity has in fact clearly overtaken
the rate of economic growth in the country. It is estimated that the consumption of cement in
the country is bound to rise more than 22% within the next two years. In terms of cement
consumption, Maharashtra State leads the list with 12.18%, followed by Uttar Pradesh,
whereas in terms of production, the State of Andhra Pradesh leads the table reporting 14.72%
of production. The second place in the manufacturing is bagged by Rajasthan.
During October 2009, the country produced a total volume of 12.37 MT compared to a
manufacturing of 11.61 MT recorded in the same month during the previous year. The cement
manufacturing units are also motivated to take up their production rate owing to the rapidly
increasing demand in the market. Most encouragingly, the cement companies witnessed a net
profit growth rate of 85%. This huge success has further encouraged the firms in India to
account for about 8% of India’s economic development. Some of the regions where major
clusters of cement industries located in India are Satna (Madhya Pradesh), Yerranguntla
(Andhra Pradesh), Chandrapur (Maharashtra), Bilaspur (Chattisgarh), Gulbarga (Karnataka),
Nalgonda (Andhra Pradesh), and Chandoria (Rajasthan).

29. ~ 29 ~
The annual demand for cement in India is consistently growing at 8-10%. NCAER has
estimated after an extensive study that the demand for cement in the country is expected to
increase to 244.82 million tonnes by 2012. At the same time, the demand will be at 311.37
million tonnes if the projections of the road and housing segments are met in reality.
However, the realization of this capacity might get delayed on account of delay in equipment
delivery and construction of plants caused by heavy pending orders in the books of suppliers.
The crude oil prices have pronounced a heavy impact on the profits made by cement
manufacturers. Once the economic growth passes on this burden to the consumers, this
situation will be eased at the manufacturer’s end. The government has taken measures to
increase the availability of indigenous coal for cement manufacturers to bring down
production costs.
Developments in the domestic environment and a large number of infrastructure projects have
created an unforeseen demand for cement consumption in India, which is bound to increase
manifold over the coming years. While concrete steps are being taken to bring down costs, the
cement industry is heading towards a very bright future in India.

30. ~ 30 ~
Company profile
 Introduction
 Industry Profile
 Mission & Vision
 Objectives & Goals
 Product & Project profiles

31. ~ 31 ~
INTRODUCTION:-
J&K Cements Ltd:
The place is a remote area of district Srinagar, KHREW, where J&K cements came into
existence in 1980 and started its production in 1981. The story of J&K cements thus began
and it has completed 28 years of its glorious existence. Over the last few years, J&K cements
has spent it’s time to build. There is only one difference between dream and aim, dreams
require effortless sleep and aim requires sleepless efforts. J&K Cements did a pioneering role
in laying the foundation of cements as early as 1982 and making a humble beginning. The
group has to its credit thunderous achievements of universal acclaim in terms of quality of the
products and the latest technology employed, coupled with able guidance and skilled work
force. J&K Cements is undisputedly the most diversified, spread out cement of the valley.
Currently the total employee strength of the J&K Cements is over 900 and is expected to rise
in future. The company has been in operation for more than 28 years now, producing high
quality Cement 43 Grade cement OPC and PPC at its cement plant situated at Khrew,
Srinagar. It started with the cement production of 600 tons per day, which is now going to
increase to 1200 tons per day as J&K cements have recently started a new Rotary Plant unit of
600TPD Capacity. The company uses latest sophisticated German technology. The company
has distinction of being the first plant of its kind in the valley. The company commands good
market reputation in the valley for super quality cement J&K Brand 43 Grade OPC, with
super strength, super Finish and super fineness manufactured in latest sophisticated Rotary
plant with computerized Raw material feeding. The company provides employment to more
than 900 persons directly and about 2000 Families indirectly. Company provides a lot of
benefits and allowances like Bonus, food Allowances, conveyance allowances etc to its
employees. It believes that the reason behind the fast growth of the company is its competent
and skilled workforce.

32. ~ 32 ~

33. ~ 33 ~
INDUSTRY PROFILE
BEGINNING:-
Jammu and Kashmir cements ltd was incorporated as fully owned Government Company in
December, 1974.
The installation work for 600 tons per day dry process plant, Rotary horizontal kiln, available
technology of that time, was started at Khrew in district Pulwama Kashmir nearly 23 kms
away from Srinagar in 1975 and completed in October, 1981.
Trial runs were started in October 1981. The plant which was then in a heavy sector industries
listed commercial production in April, 1982.
SITE SELECTION:-
The plant is situated near rich deposits of high quality lime stones which help in production of
quality cement.
PHILOSOPHY:-
 To exploit the abundant deposits available near the plant site.
 To make the quality cement available to the consumers at reasonable rates.
 To fill up the gap between demand and supply.
INVESTMENT:-The Company was started with the initial capital of 38 core rupees, of
which 15crore was invested by the govt. and the rest by Banks and various financial
institutions. The company has been making profits right from its inception.
CORPORATEMISSION
The management of J&K Cements aims at expanding its market by providing better quality
products with added services to meet the market demand. Company also aspires for
maintaining its Profitability and creates job opportunities in the state as well as outside.
Among the first companies in India to include commitment to environmental protection is also
included in its corporate Mission.

34. ~ 34 ~
EMPLOYES:-
J&K Cements Ltd started with a staff of 315 employees falling under different cadres
including 25 managers/ engineers, 40 supervisors/ technicians, 200 permanent workers and 50
casual workers. At present, the company has staff strength of more than 900 employees of
Which 30 are managers/ engineers, 70 supervisors, 550 permanent and 257 casual workers?
Further the company has an annual turnover of 50crore with an annual growth of 15-20%. The
company is having a very good conductive working atmosphere and is free from union
Interventions. However, company has never witnessed any strike throughout its
Establishment. Being a fair market practitioner and providing quality products, the company
is putting its Regular effort in research and development for making innovations in its market
strategies and Locates new potential markets. The company is having dedicated well qualified
and efficient Human resources. The capital investments, regular purchases, financial matters
including preparation of Budgets, cash inflows and outflows etc are directly controlled and
managed by the director of the company who is very hopeful and positive about the mission
of the company applying his Expertise in fulfilling the goals of the organization.

35. ~ 35 ~
NATURE OF PRODUCTS AND PRODUCT LINE:-
The plant started producing quality variety of ordinary Portland cements (OPC), 33 Grade and
Pozzolana Portland cements (PPC) under “Jhelum Brand” with Bureau of Indian standards
certification. This brand is registered with the trade mark Registry Bombay, Government of
India. At that time Pozzolana cement was manufactured by using brick Bats. This did not sale
smoothly in the market due to radish color of the cement on accounts of usage of bricks bats.
The company discontinued its production of PPC in 1997 and started manufacturing ordinary
Portland cement 43 Grade.
ADDITIONAL PRODUCT LINE:-
Now the position is different and n view of the changed scenario in Indian cement industries
the major producers have started using alternatives Fly ash in manufacture of blended cement
which not only has reduced their cost of production but also have improved the environment.
The company is also going to add this variety of cement to its product line by manufacturing
Fly ash based Pozzolana port land cement. We approached Bureau of Indian standards (BIS)
and obtained license for manufacture of Fly ash based blended cement. By introducing this
variety of cement in the market, the company would be able o reduce the cost of the
production and appears in more competition with major producers in the market.
CONTRIBUTIONIN DEVELOPMENTALACTIVITIES IN THE
STATE:-
The company provides employment to more than 900 persons directly and about 2000
Families indirectly. Company provides a lot of benefits and allowances like Bonus, food
Allowances, conveyance allowances etc to its employees. It believes that the reason behind
the fast growth of the company is its competent and skilled workforce. The company is
providing employments to more than one thousand semi skilled, skilled, specializes and super
specialized people directly or indirectly. Company has played significant role in the
development of the state and is also a major contributor in construction of major projects like
hydro power projects, water treatment, plants, bridges, canals etc. the company is supplying
cement in bulk quantities to Leh, kargil , Defiance services ,state PWD, Power development
co operations.

36. ~ 36 ~
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT:-
The company does not have any annualized budget spared for training purpose as the training
is provided within the premises of the organization by the experts from higher positions in the
company. Company only provides short term practical training to its employees working at
shop level. Employees found deficient while performing their routine job are recommended
for training purpose by the head of the department. Whenever there is need for training the
employees, the company shows its most interest in imparting training to its employees.
Employees also show strong inclination and interest towards these training programs.
Vision, Mission and Core Values
Vision:-To be the most admired company, to set new benchmark in business practices and
fulfilling the needs and expectations of our customers by giving them value for their hard
earned money.
Mission:- To go beyond mere offering of quality products to our customers and
practice business in accordance with the highest ethical standards, supporting the
community where we work and live, protecting the health and safety of our
employees and safe guarding the environment where in we do our business.
Core Values : - At J&K Cements Ltd, we are convinced that staying successful in the
business environment requires more than just striving for economic success.
We must also accept social responsibility and demonstrate environmental awareness. We live
and practice our company values. They serve as the basis for our business practices.

37. ~ 37 ~
Future plan of J&K Cement Ltd
RETROFITTING OF EXISTING PLANT
The retrofitting of the existing kilns shall be taken up and Consultants are being short listed
for the purpose. The modalities of the work are being worked out to minimize the cost and to
maximize the use of existing civil structures and equipments at Site. The plan is to add a Pre-
calciner, change the clinker coolers to latest grate coolers, and change the feed-end fans and
motors as well as to rectify/replace the Kiln drive motor and foundations to take the extra load
of augmented production.
The total estimated cost is anticipated to be around Rs.30.00 Crores.
CLINKER GRINDING CUM PACKING UNIT AT JAMMU
A Grinding Plant of 300 tons per day capacity is being set up at Jammu in Samba Industrial
Growth Centre of SIDCO. Lands stands acquired for the purpose and land development and
construction of Boundary Wall under progress. Work on site office has already started. The
plant shall be of latest technology. It shall make use of the surplus Clinker from Khrew Plant
during winter months to cater to the demands of Jammu region. The Plant is also proposed to
make use of Fly Ash to reduce the cost per bag. Latest Pollution Control Devices are planned
for the unit. Consultants for the Project have been short-listed. The total estimated cost is
anticipated to be around Rs.15.00 Cores.

38. ~ 38 ~
EXPANSION OF THE EXISTING PLANT:
In view of huge gap between the demand and supply of cement in the State and increase of
per capita consumption of cement in future, the Management of the company approached its
Board of Directors in April, 2002 in its 80th meeting with the proposal for expansion of the
production capacity of the existing plant by installation of additional production line of 600
tons per day (TPD) capacity plant. The Board of Directors (BOD) after discussing various
pros and cons of the proposal cleared the same. After getting clearance from the BOD for the
additional production line, the company approached the Govt. for Administrative Approval of
the project. State Cabinet accorded approval for installation of additional 600 TPD production
line at the existing plant at Khrew at a cost of Rs.64.16 crores comprising Rs.2291 lacs as
contribution of State Govt. towards company’s Share Capital and Rs.4125 lacs to be raised as
term loan from Financial Institutions. Accordingly, the Company after appointing the
Consultants for the said project invited tenders for supply, installation, supervision and
commissioning of required plant and machinery including civil works on turn-key basis. As
per the lowest bid, the total project cost came to the tune of Rs.87.50 crores.
After processing the case, the Board of Directors in its 87th meeting in September, 2005
approved the allotment of the contract on the lowest bidder. Thereupon, the allotment for
supply, installation, supervision and commissioning of the required plant and machinery on
turn-key basis including civil work stands issued in the month of November, 2005 in favour of
the lowest bidder M/S Promac Engineers Industries Ltd; Bangalore. The agreement for the
project between the company and M/S Promac also stands signed.The work on additional
production line of 600 TPD cement plant by M/S Promos Engineering Industries Ltd.,
Bangalore, was taken up in April, 2006. The commissioning of the plant got delayed due to

39. ~ 39 ~
disturbed conditions in the Valley on account of land row and elections. During this period,
the Engineers and workers of M/S Promac Engineering Industries Ltd. left the Valley. After
having discussions on the issue with Commissioner/Secretary, Industries & Commerce Deptt.,
the Managing Director of the company went to Bangalore and met the Managing Director of
M/S Promac and after long persuasion & with the assurance regarding the safety of their
Engineers and other workers, we got them back to our Site.The new plant is presently on trial
load runs and its commercial production shall start shortly once the trial production is
stabilized.

40. ~ 40 ~
PREPARATION/ FORMATION OF CEMENT:-
LIME STONE CLAY
QUARRYING PROCESS
CRUSHING PROCSS
CRUSHED LIME STONES+CLAY+OTHERMATERIALS
ARE MIXED AND GROUNDTOGETHER
RAW MATERIALS
OTHER MATERIALS
MIXTURE IS BURENT IN
KILN
GYPSUM IS ADDED & MIXTURE IS GROUNDTO
TO POWDER RESULTING IN PORTLAND CEMENT
STORAGE IN SILO
PACKED
TRANSPORTED
USED

41. ~ 41 ~
Main constituent in a typical Portland cement
Chemical name chemical formula
Di calcium silicate 2CaO+ Si O2
Tri calcium silicate 3CaO+SiO 2
Tri calcium Aluminates 4 CaO+ Al2O3
Tetra calcium Alumino ferrite 4 CaO + Al2 O3 + Fe2 O3
Gypsum CaSo4 + 2H2O
Lime stone and clay Burnt at Calcium silicate Ca3 Sio2, Ca2 SiO4
Powered and mixed 1400- 1670c Calcium aluminates’ Ca3Al2O6Ca2Al2 C5
other materials in rotator kiln cement clinker + Gypsum
Portland cement
PROCESSOF PRODUCTION:-
The demanding nature of the production of the Portland cement requires, to make some
various operations use of machinery and weighted team and big quantities of heat and energy.
Each step in the production of the Portland cement is verified by frequent physical is analyzed
and it is proven to assure that it completes all the specifications. Two process of production of
the cement Portland exists dry and wet.
In the first milled decreases the stone until an approximate size of 6 inches then it passes the
secondary crushers or hammer mill and their size is reduced to 3 inches or less.
The raw materials are warmed to some degrees of 1400- 1750c. the ovens are of 12 feet of
diameter in many cases and extremely long, they are tightly inclined and for up the material is
introduced and for below there is a blaze ( burning coal) certain materials leave in form of gas,
the remaining elements unite to form a new material with new characteristics. The new
substance called clinker is formed in lower end of the kiln, going by some refrigerator or

42. ~ 42 ~
fans is returned to the oven, a process that saves fuel and the effectiveness of the burnt one
increases.
The clinker formed is cooled and conveyed to the clinker soil, from where it is extracted and
transported to the cement mill for producing OPC cement clinker and gypsum are used for
production of cement. The OPC is then stored in cement soil. After that it is packed and is
transported to different areas of the state.
Working of the cement factory:-
The large plant of cement factory is composed of heavy electronic machines. These machines
run with the help of electricity which helps to grand or crush the high stones in small pieces in
different steps and finally gives cement as an end product. Fallowing steps occur during
manufacturing of cement are lime stone, sand stone are available in the nearby mountains
while as clay, iron ore and gypsum is made available from other areas.
The plant contains two types of crushers’ namely primary and secondary crushers.
 Primary crusher: in primary crushers, the high stones of lime and sand are firstly
crushed. Here the piano sized rocks are broken into pieces, the size of base ball. The
primary crusher is located at the base of the mountain.
 Secondary crushers: from primary crusher, the crushed stone are passed into the
secondary crushers. The secondary crusher reduces raw material to the size of gravel.
Secondary crusher is located at the edge of the mountain.
After secondary crushing the raw material is transported storage hall. After 1600
metric tons of raw material is produced per day.
Main mill section:-
Now the material goes into the main mill section with the help of moving belts.
Then the raw material reaches into the site sized by large hoppers.
Hopper:-
It is a container tapering down ward through which material passes into a mill. Hopper is
four in number viz lime clay, sand and additive. Hopper controls the amount and type of
materials. These hoppers are joined by D.C Feeders. This is the raw material mixing site.

43. ~ 43 ~
D.C FEEDER:-
DC Feeder is a feeding apparatus in a machine used to select the proportion of raw
material.
R.B CONVEYOR:-
After mixing of raw material, it comes to RB Conveyor belt conveyor is an apparatus having
an endless moving belt for conveying material. From conveyor belt the material reaches the
mill. Here the material needs more grinding with the help of grinding media balls. Each
grinder is made up of chromium steel.
BUCKET ELEVATOR:-
It is a system where lifting and storing quality of material is done. The material from R.B
Conveyor is supplied into the bucket elevator.
AIR SEPARATOR:-
At this point fine materials and coarse materials are separated from each other. Hera air
separator works as sieve.
RAW MILL:-
Lengths of raw mill are about 19.5m. Now the raw material which is in air separator goes
to raw section. Which contains a diaphragm, where the cement is sucked with help of exhaust
fans and the material is transferred to the elevator and then finally to FK Pump (Fuller
Kirryon Pump). Here the material mixes with fine material. Which were prepared first the
raw material now goes to the blending soil which acts as a raw material storage tank.
KILN:-
Whether in dry powder or slurry form, the raw metal is ready for the huge rotating furnace
called kiln, it is the heart of cement making process, a horizontally sloped steel cylinder, lined
with fire bricks turning from about 1-3 rotations per minute. The kiln is the world’s largest
piece of moving industrial equipments.
At the lower end of the kiln, powered coal, natural gas, oil or waste derived fuels feed a white
flame that reaches 187c on third of the temperature of the sun’s surface. Here in the hottest

44. ~ 44 ~
zone the material reaches nearly to 1480-1700c and become partly molten, they emerge from
the lower end of the kiln as a new substance red hot particles called as clinkers. As the raw
material move down the progressively hotter kiln, they undergo complex chemical reaction in
cement making converts’ calcium and silicon oxides into calcium silicates, cements principle
constituents. While kiln system varies there are three major zones.
a) Drying and preheating zone: water is evaporated and calcinations driving off
CO2 from lime stone, temperature 20-900 degree.
b) Calcinations:-calcinations is a complete removing co2 from calcium carbonate to
produces lime (calcium oxide) needed for subsequent reaction.
c) Burning or sintering zone:-
(1200-1600 C) calcium oxide reacts with silica to form di calcium silicates
(2CaO+S1O2) and alumina and iron bearing materials to form tri calcium aluminate
(4CaO+AlO3). These compounds in liquid phase melts solid together into the pellets
called clinkers.
PREHEATER:-
To save energy modern cement plant preheat the materials before they enter the kiln. The pre
heater tower dominated the landscape risings more than 200 feet. The tower supports a series
of vertical cyclone chamber through which the raw meal passes on its way to the kiln, hot exit
gasses risings from the kiln heat the materials as it swirls through to cyclones.
From the pre heater, the material now enters the kiln at the upper or feed end. It slides and
trembles down the kiln through progressively hotter zones towards the flame. Remaining CO2
in the raw materials is driven off and the intense heat triggers other chemical reactions.
FINAL GRIND:-
As the clinker leaves the kiln, it tumbles on to a reciprocation gate through which fans force
cool air, the heat recovered as the clinker cools is returned to the kiln or pre heater to save
energy. Once cooled the clinker is ready to be ground into the familiar gray powder. During
final grinding a small amount of Gypsum is added to the clinker to control the setting time of
the cement and also provide color to the cement.

45. ~ 45 ~
BALL MILL or CEMENT MILL: - I n ball mill or cement mill the clinker is
grounded to super fine powder composed of micron sized. It can know be considered Portland
cement. The cement is so fine it will easily pass through a sieve that is fine enough to hold
water.
SILO: - Each cement product is stored in an individual bulk silo until needed by the
consumer there are almost 12 nozzles which moves automatically in a circle and through these
nozzle cements is packed in bags. At least 15-25 bags of cement are packed in one minute and
are then distributed in bulk by trucks etc.
POLLUTIONCONTROLE DEVICES:-
Pollution control device such as electrostatic precipitation or fabric filter called bag house,
remove particulates from exit gasses before they enter into the atmosphere. This strict control
of emission enables cement plant to meet high air quality standards. Many plants return all or
a portion of the collected particles called cement kiln dust to the kiln as a part of the raw feet.
Cement kiln dust to the kiln as a part of the raw feet, cement kiln dust not returned to the kiln
is responsibility managed or sold for uses such as establishing agents.
RPJ (RESERVE PULP JET SYSTEM):- It is an old type of system in which dust is
collected and control pollution. Reserve pulp jet works as podium, it sucks the dust present in
the factory and stored it as cement.RPJ helps to decrease the ratio of amount pollution about
45-50%.

46. ~ 46 ~
FUNCtIONAL DEPARTMENTS
 Introduction
 Structure of Departments
 Functioning of departments
 Interdependence

47. ~ 47 ~
FUNCTIONALAREAS
Departments are the entities organizations form to organize people, reporting relationships,
and work in a way that best supports the accomplishment of the organization's goals.
Departments are usually organized by functions such as human resources, marketing,
administration, and sales. But, a department can be organized in any way that makes sense for
the customer. Departments can also be organized by customer, by product, or by region of the
world.
 Human Resource Department
 Production Department
 Marketing & Sales Department
 Finance Department
 Purchase Department
Human ResourceDepartment:
The forward thinking human resource department is devoted to providing effective policies,
procedures, and people-friendly guidelines and support within companies. Additionally, the
human resource function serves to make sure that the company mission, vision, values or
guiding principles, the company metrics, and the factors that keep the company guided toward
success are optimized.
The human resources of a business are its employees. Wise organizations look after their staff
on the basis that if they are well trained and committed to the aims of the business, the
organization is more likely to be successful.HR is responsible for recruiting new employees
and ensuring that each vacancy is filled by the best person for the job. This is important
because the recruitment process is expensive and time-consuming. Hiring the wrong person
can be costly and cause problems both for the individual
And the firm normally, new employees attend an induction programme which tells them about
the business, their rights and responsibilities as employees, the company rules and the
requirements of their new job. Arranging appropriate training and assisting with the
continuous professional development of staff is another aspect of HR. Training may be carried

48. ~ 48 ~
out in-house or staff may attend external courses. HR aims to ensure that the business retains
good, experienced staff. Analyzing staff-turnover figures will show the rate at which people
leave the organization. If these are high, it is important to identify and remedy any problem
areas. Whilst people may leave for justifiable reasons, such as moving to another area or for
promotion elsewhere, dissatisfaction with the job or the company should be investigated.
Some organizations hold exit interviews to find out staff views on the business when they
leave. Employees normally have basic expectations of their employer. They expect to be
treated and paid fairly, to have appropriate working conditions, to have training opportunities,
which will improve their promotion prospects, and support if they are ill or have serious
personal problems. They also want a varied and interesting job and praise when they have
worked particularly hard or well. These factors help motivation, which means staff are keen to
work hard – and this benefits everyone. HR can help this process by monitoring working
Conditions, having staff welfare policies and ensuring that company pay rates are fair and
competitive.
Many organizations have staff associations, which monitor the views and conditions of staff
and make these known. In other businesses trade unions may represent the workers, especially
on pay and conditions. Senior HR staffs liaise with these organizations, keep them informed
of changes and developments and are also involved in any negotiations with senior
management. Today, all employees and employers have legal rights and responsibilities in
relation to health and safety, data protection (which restricts the type of information which can
be held on employees and customers and how it is used) and employment. HR staff must
ensure that the business complies with current laws and stays up to date with legal changes
and developments.

49. ~ 49 ~
The H R manager has following functions:
 To maintain good relationship between the employer and employees.
 To maintain good cooperate relations.
 To select right type and number of employees.
 Recruitment of employees Manpower.
 Performance review of employees.
 Maintenance of all personnel records.
 Co-ordination with the other department in recruitment of employees.
 To comply with norms of state government and statutory bodies
 To maintain effective and efficient work force.
 Implementing all policy matters.
 Salary/wage administration.
 Statutory administration-like Company act etc.
Example role: Junior Assistant
The various functions of HR department are:
 Recruitment
 Selection
 Pay roll
 Performance Management System

50. ~ 50 ~
STRUCTURE OF HR (P&A) DEPARTMENT
Dy Manager HR
(P&A)
Manager HR
(P&A)
Assistant Manager
HR (P&A)
Assistant Manager
Administration
Assistant Officer
Helper
Junior Receptionist
Pantry Service
Associate
Sweeper
Gatekeeper
Driver
Helper
Security

51. ~ 51 ~
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT:
Production refers to the manufacture or assembly of goods. Production staff must ensure that
goods are produced on time and are of the right quality. Checking quality does not mean just
examining goods after they have been produced. Today quality is ‘built-in’ at every stage of
the process, starting with the raw materials. Buying raw materials is done by specialist
purchasing staff, which takes out contracts with regular suppliers and make sure that the terms
of the contract are met, in relation to delivery, cost, quantity and quality. They also ensure that
all items are checked on delivery and refer any problems back to the supplier. The materials
must be purchased at a competitive price. This is not necessarily the cheapest price, but takes
account of other factors, such as the reliability of the supplier, the quality required and the
delivery date. Raw materials will be stored near to the production area in a separate area. If a
manufacturer uses a large number of parts – such as a car producer – storage can be very
expensive, in terms of the space required and the manpower to oversee the stock. For this
reason, many manufacturers today operate a just-in-time (JIT) system. This involves having
an agreement with specific suppliers to provide small quantities, quickly, when they are
needed.
The suppliers know that they have a regular buyer. The manufacturer no longer needs to store
large quantities of goods or worry about having sufficient stocks on the premises all the time.
Today, many production processes are automated. When a process cannot be automated,
teams of operators may work together and take responsibility for a sequence of operations.
This makes the job more interesting and makes it easier to ensure high quality. This system is
also more flexible because changes can easily be introduced at any stage by giving
instructions to specfic teams. It is therefore used by many car manufacturers who often want
to vary certain models. The production function also includes all the following aspects of
Production planning involves deciding what will be made, when, and which machines and
operators will be used. A realistic timescale must be predicted, bearing in mind other jobs that
are in progress production control means constantly checking progress to make sure that
production plans are met – and taking remedial action if problems occur. This could be
because of machinery breakdown,
Substandard raw materials or labor shortages. Machine utilization control is concerned with
minimizing problems by keeping all the equipment and machinery in good working order.
This involves checking to ensure none is overloaded or overused, without being routinely
checked and maintained. This is important because if a machine malfunctions it may produce

52. ~ 52 ~
damaged goods. If it breaks down altogether then production of that product will cease.
Because this aspect is so important, many organizations have a maintenance plan, which
shows the dates on which machines will be out of operation for inspection and servicing.
These dates are then taken into consideration when production plans are made. Staff
utilization control concentrates on making sure all the staff are working effectively and
efficiently and concentrating their efforts on key production areas and targets. This is very
important in industries which are labor-intensive and use more people than machines, such as
assembling circuit boards or sewing jeans.final quality checks make certain that the product is
of the correct
Production functions
 Ordering (often buying) stocks of raw materials from approved suppliers
 Storing and checking the stocks of raw materials
 Planning production schedules to maximize machine capacity and staff levels
 Producing or assembling the finished product
 Checking the quality of the product throughout the production process
 Checking production is on schedule and resolving delays or problems
 Packing and storing the final products before distribution
 Scheduling routine machinery inspections and maintenance
 Carrying out repairs to machinery and equipment as required

53. ~ 53 ~
FINANCE DEPARTMENT:
Most entrepreneurs consider this is the most important function in the business. This is
because all businesses need a regular stream of income to pay the bills. Finance staff record
all the money earned and spent so that the senior managers always know how much profit (or
loss) is being made by each product or each part of the business and how much money is
currently held by the business. This enables critical decisions to be made rapidly and
accurately because they are based on accurate information. In many large businesses, different
types of financial experts are employed: management accountants monitor departmental
budgets and current income from sales, prepare cash flow forecasts and specialize in analyzing
day-to-day financial information and keeping senior managers informed. financial accountants
are concerned with the preparation of the statutory accounts. All companies must provide a
Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account each year, and most produce a cash flow statement
as well.
Finance staff supports the accountants by keeping financial records, chasing up late payments
and paying for items purchased.
J&K Cements Ltd use computer accounting packages to record financial transactions and
prepare their accounts as well as spreadsheets to analyze financial data. The finance
department prepares the payroll and pays staff salaries. At times J&K Cement Ltd needs
money to fullfill specific aims and objectives linked to growth, expansion or simply updating
their equipment or machinery. These items may be bought from money held back (reserved)
from past profits, but usually additional money will be needed. If the business needs to borrow
money it will want the cheapest interest rates possible and also want good repayment terms.
Deciding where to obtain these funds is a specialist job and normally the task of the senior
financial manager.
Finance functions
 Producing invoices, checking payments are received and chasing up overdue payments
 Recording money received
 Checking and paying invoices received
 Preparing the payroll and paying staff salaries
 Monitoring departmental budgets to check managers are not overspending

54. ~ 54 ~
 Issuing regular budget reports to all departmental managers
 Producing cash flow forecasts and regular financial reports for senior managers
 Advising senior managers on sources of finance for capital expenditure.
 Producing the statutory accounts each year
STRUCTURE OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT
Dy Manager
Finance and
Accounts
Manager Accounts Manager Taxation
Assistant Manager
Accounts
Accountant
Accounts Assistant
Accounts Assistant II
Assistant Manager
Taxation
Sr. Assistant Finance
Assistant Finance
In Charge Taxation

55. ~ 55 ~
MARKETING & SALES DEPARTMENT
Marketing is all about identifying and meeting customer needs. Many businesses consider this
so important that they are said to be marketing led. In this case, everyone in the organization
is trained to put the customer first – from the production worker, who has to produce high
quality goods, to the accounts clerk, who must respond to a customer enquiry promptly and
accurately. Another way to understand marketing is through the marketing mix which consists
of four Ps.
Product – Who are our customers? What do they want to buy? Are their needs changing?
Which products are we offering and how many are we selling? What new products are we
planning? In which areas are sales growing – and how can we sustain this? For which
products are sales static – and how can we renew interest? Which sales are falling and what, if
anything, can we do?
J&K Cement has been able to develop the trust in customers throughout Jammu & Kashmir
by offering them the high quality and most reliable products at reasonable rates. J&K Cement
understands the customer’s needs and the growing demand from housing industry and is ready
to meet the challenges.
Also the increasing population of Jammu & Kashmir provides a lot of scope to this growing
industry.
Price – How much should we charge? Should we reduce the price at the start to attract more
customers – or charge as much as we can when we can? Can we charge different prices to
different types of customers? What discounts can we give? What services or products should
we give away or sell very cheaply. Customers do not hesitate or bother to buy J&K Cement at
a reasonable rate of Rs 450/bag.
Promotion – How can we tell people about our products? Should we have specialist sales
staff? Where should we advertise to attract the attention of our key customers? How else can
we promote the product – should we give free samples or run a competition? Where and how
can we obtain free publicity? Should we send direct mail shots and, if so, what information
should we include?
J&K Cement has come out with promotional strategies and branding techniques. It has
developed a brand image for its products under the brand name “Jhelum Cement”.
Place – How can we distribute our product(s)? Should we sell direct to the customer or
through retailers? Do we need specialist wholesalers or overseas agents to sell for us? What
can we sell over the telephone? How can the Internet help us to sell more? All these questions

56. ~ 56 ~
are considered by marketing staff. They start by identifying future customer needs. Products
are then developed (or adapted) or services offered to meet these needs. If this is done well, it
gives the company an edge over its competitors.
The company website is a major way of communicating with prospective and actual
customers and the style and content is kept up to date by the marketing staff.
Marketing functions
 Carrying out market research to obtain feedback on potential and existing products
and/or services
 Analyzing market research responses and advising senior managers of the results and
implications
 Promoting products and services through a variety of advertising and promotional
methods, e.g. press, TV, online, direct mail, sponsorship and trade shows or
exhibitions
 Obtaining and updating a profile of existing customers to target advertising and
promotions appropriately
 Producing and distributing publicity materials, such as catalogues or brochures
 Designing, updating and promoting the company website
 Organizing sales promotions
 Responding to customer enquiries
 Selling the product or service to customers, either over the telephone or
 face to face
 Preparing quotations or estimates for customers
 Negotiating discounts or financial terms for business customers
 Providing technical advice
 Keeping customer records up to date

57. ~ 57 ~
STRUCTURE OF MARKETING & SALES DEPARETMENT
Dy. Manager Marketing and
Sales
Manager Marketing and
Sales
Marketing Executive
Sales Executive
Sales Assistant

58. ~ 58 ~
PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
OBJECTIVES
 To maintain uninterrupted flow of materials to support the development schedules.
 To procure materials economically at a cost consistent with the quality and service
required. However, generally all purchases may be attempted at the lowest cost.
 To provide the necessary expertise, advice, information to the Curators and Education
Officers with regard to the best quality of material available in the market, supplier’s
capability and performance etc.
 To develop and maintain good buyer-seller relationship.
 To promote source development.
 To maintain credibility in the market by fair dealings and prompt payments.
PURCHASE DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONS
The main functions of the Purchase Department are defined as follows:
 Procurement of stores through indigenous and foreign sources as required in
accordance with the rules in force.
 Checking of requisitions/purchase indents.
 Selection of suppliers for issue of enquiries.
 Issuing enquiries/tenders and obtaining quotations.
 Analyzing quotations and bids etc., and preparation of comparative statement
(quotation charts).
 Consultation with the Indenter for selection and approval of quotations and with
Accounts Officer for pre-audit.
 Negotiating contracts.
 Checking legal conditions of contracts. Consulting Administrative Officer or
Secretary, NCSM – where necessary.
 Issue of Purchase Orders.
 Follow-up of purchase orders for delivery in due time
 Verification and passing of suppliers’ bills to see that payments are made promptly.

59. ~ 59 ~
 Correspondence and dealing with suppliers, carriers etc., regarding shortages,
rejections etc., reported by the Stores Department.
 Maintenance of purchase records.
 Maintenance of progressive expenditure statement, sub-head wise.
 Maintenance of vendor performance records/data.
 Arrangement for Insurance Surveys, as and when necessary.
 Clearance of foreign consignments.
STRUCTURE OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
Dy. Manager
Purchase
Manager/Sr.
Manager
Purchase
Assistant
Manager
Purchase
Purchase Officer
Purchase
Assistant

60. ~ 60 ~
Dataanalysis
 FINDINGS
 SUGGESTIONS
 CONCLUSIONS

61. ~ 61 ~
FINDINGS:-
 J&K cements have earned a lot of trust in the valley as compared to other cements
available in the valley.
 Most of the retailers sell J&K cement due to its Good quality, Goodwill and more
Demand.
 The opportunities for J&K Cement Ltd are high in Jammu & Kashmir.
 The J&K Cement Ltd is not facing much competition in J&K.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 44% of the employees are not satisfied with company’s
promotion policies.
 The working environment in the organization is very good.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 58% of the employees are not satisfied with accident
compensations paid by the organization.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 51% of the employees are satisfied with the facilities provided by
the company.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 37% of the employees are dissatisfied with the performance
appraisal adopted by the organization.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 80% of the employees are fully utilized with their capacities and
potential.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 60% of the employees are satisfied with their pay packages.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 74% of the employees are recruited on the basis of their
qualification and skills.
 In J&K Cement Ltd 72% employees get de motivated if they are not meet the
company standards.
 70 % of the employees are satisfied with the working hours of the J&K Cement Ltd.
 In J&K Cement Ltd Company only 54% of the employees are satisfied with their
jobs.

62. ~ 62 ~
Suggestions:-
 To adoptee new promotion policies in the organization and change the old promotion
policies.
 To adoptee performance appraisal methods in the organization so that employees will
be satisfied with their jobs.
 To appreciate, recognize and reward the performance of the employees.
 To pay some good compensation regarding accidents policies so that satisfaction level
of the employees will increase.
 The Asst Managers should get a chance to attend the meetings with top management.
 To arrange training programs for the betterment of the employees.
 To arrange new welfare programs in the company to increase the satisfaction level of
the employees.
 Company should also reduce the emission of heavy metals & CO2 in air.

63. ~ 63 ~
Conclusion
Every ship that starts for a voyage needs a harbor to end its journey and so does our journey,
an exhausted survey conducted to know the overall performance of the JK cement Ltd in
Jammu & Kashmir valley and job satisfaction of the employees, threw up some
knowledgeable aspects from data analysis.
 J & K Céments Ltd can look back with pride at what it has achieved since its
inception.
 They are not only the leader in J&K but enjoy a good reputation at national level.
 The company has been able to connect very strongly with its customers and the name
“Jhelum” in itself correlates with the quality.
 Right since its inception, J&K Cement has always been committed to community
development to ensure a clean and healthy environment.
 Both employees and community people are satisfied with the services from J&K
Cement.
 J&K cements have earned a lot of trust in the valley as compared to other cements
available in the valley.
 Most of the retailers sell J&K cement due to its Good quality, Goodwill and more
Demand.
It was a wonderful experience working with J&K Cement Ltd.

64. ~ 64 ~
APPENDIX
 Questionnaire
 bibliography

65. ~ 65 ~
QUESTIONNAIRE ON JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES
Dear Sir,
It gives me great pleasure to introduce myself as the student of the GLOBAL
BUSINESS SCHOOL, HUBLI. As a part of MBA program, I request you to spare a few
minutes of your precious time in answering the questions below .I assure you that the
information is purely for academic purpose and will be kept confidential.
INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENT
Age :
Department :
Designation :
Experience :
“Put a tick mark against the suitable option”
1 According to you how is the communication process of the company?
a) Highly satisfactory b) satisfactory c) Neutral
d) Dis satisfactory e) Highly Dissatisfactory
2 How good is your relationship with your colleagues?
a) Very good b) Good c) Average
d) Bad e) Very bad
3 Is your performance is recognized and rewarded?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
4 How do you rate the promotion policy adopted by your organization
A) Highly satisfactory b) satisfactory c) Neutral
d) Dis satisfactory e) Highly Dissatisfactory
5 Have you been recommended for promotion in the past few months
a) Yes b)No

66. ~ 66 ~
6 How do you rate the performance appraisal system (bonus, arrears, and gratuities) in
your organization?
A) Highly satisfactory b) satisfactory c) Neutral
d) Dis satisfactory e) Highly Dissatisfactory
7 Are you given clear instructions regarding your work by your higher authority?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
8 Are you utilized fully to your capacities and potential?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
9 How do you find your job?
a) Challenging b) Interesting c) Ok
d) Uninteresting e) Monotonous and repetitive
10 What do you feel about pay Package?
a) Highly satisfactory b) satisfactory c) Neutral
d) Dis satisfactory e) Highly Dissatisfactory
11 How do you rate the working environment of the company?
a) Highly satisfactory b) satisfactory c) Neutral
d) Dissatisfactory e) Highly Dissatisfactory
12 Your work is according to your qualification and skills?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
13 Authority appreciates the efforts put by you?

67. ~ 67 ~
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
14 In case if you commit a mistake are you given a chance to correct it?
a) Always b) Often c) Sometimes
d) Rarely e) Never
15 Do you get de motivated if you don’t meet the company standards?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
16 Are you satisfied with accident compensation paid?
a) Yes b) No
17 The management gives you enough support and encouragement to keep you
motivated?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
18 Are you given a chance to attend the meetings?
a) Always b) Often c) Sometimes
d) Rarely e) Never
19 Working hours at JK cements Ltd is satisfactory?
a) Highly agree b) Agree c) Neutral
d) Disagree e) Highly Disagree
20. How do you rate the company’s response to the employee’s issues and problems?
a) Highly satisfactory b) Satisfactory c) Neutral
d) Dis satisfactory e) Highly Dissatisfactory
21. Which of the following factors which motivates you most?

68. ~ 68 ~
a) Salary increase b) Promotion
c) Leave d) Recognition
22. How satisfied are you with the facilities provided?
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Neutral
d) Dissatisfied e) Highly dis-satisfied
23. How satisfied are you with your job?
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Neutral
d) Dis-satisfied e) Highly dis-satisfied

69. ~ 69 ~
Bibliography:
 Marketing Management ( Philip Kotler 10th edition)
 Organizational Behavior ( K.Aswathappa)
 Operations management (William Stevenson)
Websites:
1. www.jkcl.co.in
2. www.jkcements.com
3. www.google.com