Article 1 currently, smartphone, web, and social networking techno

Article 1-Currently, smartphone, web, and social networking
technology have been commonly used to promote patient-
centered treatment in the healthcare industry. Their
incorporation in this area, however, has led to ethical concerns
such as privacy and confidentiality arising (Denecke et al.,
2015). This is because it is easy to obtain private data from
patients across the internet, leaving it vulnerable to fraudulent
attacks and data breaches.
Article 2-Electronic Health Record (EHR) is one of the
emerging innovations being used to increase healthcare
efficiency. Besides, by streamlining the critical method, the
EHR has minimized healthcare-related expenses and removed
time wastage. Unfortunately, many risks have been introduced
through its broad use. Such threats require safety and secrecy as
personal details may be breached and misused if not managed or
protected properly (Ozair et al., 2015).
Article 3-Managing information in today's society poses the
question of data security and privacy. The recent political
events have exposed the impact of supervision by government-
affiliated agencies (Stahl et al., 2014). This has culminated in
increased friction among human rights and national security.
Data security is an advanced issue that has been closely
correlated with computing ethics. In terms of intellectual
property, this has created privacy issues.
Article 4-Patients with chronic patients who depend on correct
and complete information to enhance better treatment are
concerned. To avoid mistakes, patients exchange sensitive
details with healthcare professionals in the course of receiving
such services. This has posed, though, the issue of privacy. As a
consequence, it is uncertain who can disclose the information,
what kind of information should be shared, and who should
obtain those sensitive details from organizations or departments
(Ancker et al., 2015).
The question of privacy appears to be a dominant topic of the

four posts from the discussion above. As an ethical question,
privacy is often the topic of interest in diverse areas and
occupations concerning information management. The topics of
the articles endorse the topic in chapter 14 as they illustrate
privacy and secrecy of information technology as ethical
concerns. Chapter 14 speaks a lot regarding data security, and
all four papers have highlighted this related topic.
As they have introduced me to significant ethics problems
linked to information security, the posts are insightful and
educational. One of the ethical challenges that may bring
unintended and expensive consequences is protection. To instill
them with information technology expertise, my company has
implemented routine staff preparation. E.g., to produce a
plausible situation, the organization utilizes simulation, and
workers are expected to treat it to the best of knowledge. To
direct the process of handling crucial details, the organization
has also developed a rigorous code of ethics.
Ethical decisions are taken by individuals who control the effect
of their tasks. Responsibility is a central factor that ensures that
you consider the future risks, obligations, and responsibilities
of making your decisions. Accountability is part of the structure
and social structures and ensures the tools are formed to assess
who made a trustworthy step and who is liable (Wangmo et al.,
2019).
Information technology is becoming extremely relevant in
everyday life, as it poses many ethical problems. It is often met
with a lack of protection, anonymity, copyright, and several
other computer crimes. Since data innovation aids tremendously
pace, stream, and access to cybercrime, data has become a
growing career. Many organizations and associations face
becoming a digital victim every day when much, if not all, rely
on computerized arrangements (Wangmo et al., 2019).
Safety: One experiencing many cybercrimes including hackers
hacking their IP addresses and they can reach the user's

computer if they are linked to the network. This contributes to
high IT and financial theft if we try to pass some money hacker s
hack it and send the sums to hackers by disruption (Mahdi,
2020).
Increased pressure on IT experts: is raising the pressure on IT
experts since the computer technologies must operate every
time, otherwise, the quality and availability of those
information systems must be controlled. Many organizations
will stay by the IT team with any issues during the operation
every day. This strain could contribute to tension and job
overload, which affects and is incomplete (Mahdi, 2020).
Similar care of all employees is an indication of workplace
ethics. All should be handled fairly regardless of ethnicity,
gender, tradition, and lifestyle. There is therapy is known as
awareness training, encourages uniformity in an organization
and one example is social accountability. Consideration
includes looking after staff who have any personal issues. This
psychiatric condition would be taken care of by ethical business
people. They also perform awareness-raising activities and give
them participation in this therapy. Staff can have difficulties
that contribute to certain kinds of problems. Subsequently, they
need the ability to explain their situation and seek the assistance
they need (Mahdi, 2020).
IT for Management: On-Demand Strategies for Performance,
Growth, and Sustainability
Eleventh Edition
Turban, Pollard, Wood
Chapter 14
Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability

Learning Objectives (1 of 4)
2
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IT Ethics
Predicting People’s Behavior
Predicting people’s behavior is big business, but companies may
face backlash from customers or be subject to investigations or
fines.
Mobile Apps and Risky Behaviors
93% top 200 free iOS & Andriod apps exhibited at least one
risky behavior.
Apple policy prohibits user information gathering without
permission, but countless 3rd party apps are unregulated.
3
Mobile Apps and Risky Behavior
Risky Behaviors
Location tracking
Accessing the device’s address book or contact list
Identifying user or phone unique identifier (UDID)
Recording in-app purchases
Sharing data with ad networks and analytics companies
Twitter, Foursquare, and Instagram routinely gather information
from personal address books and other places on your phone.
4

Google Street View
Risky Behavior
Wardriving
Driving around sniffing out and mapping the physical location
of the world’s Wi-Fi routers (see Wi-Spy).
Open Wi-Fi Networks
Non-password protected routers that provide access over
wireless networks.
The FCC posted, “…collecting information sent over Wi-Fi
networks clearly infringes on consumer privacy.”
5
Additive Manufacturing Dilemmas
3D Printing
Depositing tiny layers of material to create computer-assisted
design and/or computer-assisted manufacturing blueprints.
Bioprinting
Using DNA to 3D print human body parts using bioprinting
technology.
6
IT Ethics
By avoiding illegal conduct, do companies also act responsibly?
Explain your Answer
What types of companies can benefit from predicting people’s

behavior?
When is predicting people’s behavior a violation of privacy?
Give an example.
When is predicting people’s behavior not a violation of privacy?
Give an example.
What are the ethical challenges attached to 3D printing and 3D
bioprinting?
Research the current debate about 3D printing and bioprinting.
7
Suggested Answers:
1. No. What is legal is not necessarily ethical or responsible.
Laws lag behind what is possible to do because laws change
slowly whereas technology changes rapidly.
2. Virtually any type. The most benefit is for those at the end of
the supply chain (retailers, etc.)
3. Answers may vary. Certainly when personal data upon which
the prediction relies are collected without consent, as appears
with Target, especially for those underage.
4. Answers may vary. It depends on the level of intrusiveness,
and that can be very subjective. One might argue that Canadian
Tire’s credit card business inherently has purchase information
and can analyze to determine risk of missed payments.
5. Answers may vary. There are many. They range from legal to
illegal activities (e.g., theft of intellectual property.) When
demand is high, will living and/or nonliving medical
organs/devices go to the highest bidder? Who is legally
responsible for ensuring the quality of the resulting organs and

devices? In some cases, 3D printing may be the only mechanism
to produce an item. 3D printing is costly. In cases where non-
additive manufacturing can do the same at less cost, which will
be used?
6. Answers will vary.
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8
Privacy and Civil Rights
Privacy
Right, or freedom of choice and control to self-determine what
information about you is made accessible, to whom, when, and
for what use or purpose.
Breach of Privacy
Unauthorized disclosure of personal information.
Privacy Paradox
Phenomenon where social users are concerned about privacy but
their behaviors contradict these concerns to an extreme degree.
9
Figure 14.2: Major Data Breaches Reported by 1,040 Adult
Americans in 2016 Pew Research Privacy and Security Study

10
Privacy Paradox: Social Recruitment
Social Recruitment
Use of social media to engage, share knowledge among, and
recruit and hire employees.
Often involving information the candidate did not want
considered (or is illegal) to use in the hiring process.
Typical recruitment includes all job levels:
11
Social Recruitment: Best Practices
Best practice provisions for recruiters:
Have either a third party or a designated person within the
company who does not make hiring decisions do the background
check.
Use only publicly available information. Do not friend someone
to get access to private information.
Do not request username or passwords for social media
accounts.
Recruiters are also social stalkers!
12

Civil Rights: Protected Classes
Civil Rights
Rights protected by federal law, such as freedom of speech,
press, and assembly; the right to vote, etc.
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
Enforces federal laws prohibiting discrimination in
employment.
Protected classes
Characteristics identified by law that cannot be used in the
hiring process.
13
Civil Rights: Discrimination
Discrimination
Biased or prejudicial treatment in recruitment, hiring, or
employment based on certain characteristics, such as age,
gender, and genetic information, and is illegal in the United
States.
Corporate Social Media Discrimination
The use of protected class information to weed out candidates.
Social Media Discrimination
Visiting a person’s social media sites, however, clearly creates
the opportunity to view large amounts of information going
against these nondiscriminatory practices.
14

Civil Rights: Negligent Hiring
Competing Legal Concerns
Two competing legal concerns are discrimination & negligent
hiring.
Negligent Hiring
If a workplace violence incident occurred and the attacker’s
public social networking profile contained information that
could have predicted that behavior, the employer may be held
liable for negligence in not using readily available information
during the hiring decision.
15
Reducing Risk of Negligent Hiring
Ask candidates to sign a disclosure statement
Allow self-disclosure
Create a standard process and document it
Consistent well-documented processes
Avoid coercive practices
Eliminate recruiter pressure for applicant disclosure
Training
Emphasize related compliance
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16

Privacy Paradox, Privacy, and Civil Rights
Describe privacy.
What is the phenomenon where social users are concerned about
privacy but their behaviors contradict these concerns?
What is the use of social media to find, screen, and select job
candidates?
Rejecting a job candidate because of concerns about the
person’s health from information on his or her Facebook page is
an example of what?
Age, disability, gender, religion, and race are examples of
what?
Why are the legal concepts of discrimination and negligent
hiring competing demands on a business?
17
Suggested Answers:
1. Privacy is the right to self-determine what information about
you is made accessible, to whom, when, and for what use or
purpose. Privacy means we have freedom of choice and control
over our personal information, including what we do not want
shared with or used by others.
2. The privacy paradox refers to this phenomenon where social
users are concerned about privacy but their behaviors contradict
these concerns to an extreme degree. Users of social sites often
claim that they are concerned about their privacy. At the same
time, they disclose their highly personal lives, even content that
is incriminating or illegal, in their profiles or posts.
3. Social recruitment refers to use of social media to find,
screen, and select job candidates. Often it involves searching
information the job candidate did not want considered or that is

illegal to use in the hiring process.
4. This is an example of corporate social media discrimination.
5. Protected classes.
6. Two competing legal concerns are discrimination and
negligent hiring. These put pressure on prospective employers
to find out what they can about a potential employee, to avoid
negligence in hiring, yet not cross the line into discrimination.
Discrimination. Most employers have stringent employment
policies that prevent their recruiters and hiring managers from
learning potentially discriminatory information about
candidates. Visiting a person’s social media sites, however,
clearly creates the opportunity to view large amounts of
information going against these nondiscriminatory practices.
Negligent hiring. Employers must consider the potential risk of
a negligent hiring or negligent retention lawsuit related to
social networking profile information. It is possible that if a
workplace violence incident occurred and the attacker’s public
social networking profile contained information that could have
predicted that behavior, the employer may be held liable for
negligence in not using readily available information during the
hiring decision.
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18
Technology Addictions: Cognitive Overload
Cognitive Overload

Interferes with our ability to focus and be productive.
Potential modern causes:
Mobile apps
Wearable technology
Constant updates
Desire to stay connected
50% of American teens suffer from Fear Of Missing Out
(FOMO)
19
Focus Management
Being Able to Focus Counts
An inability to concentrate for longer periods reduces an ability
to distinguish important information from trivia.
Some researchers estimate that distraction costs hundreds of
billions of dollars a year in lost productivity.
Heavy online users (media high multitaskers) scored poorly on
cognitive tests.
20
Focus Recovery
Lost focus can take about 25 minutes recovery time.
Noradrenaline, a chemical that helps us concentrate, is released
by focusing.
The best strategy to improve focus: practice doing it.
There is disagreement if multitaskers are working as well as

they could, or they could improve their focus.
21
Technology Addictions and Focus Management
What are several potential causes of cognitive overload?
What are the consequences of constant distractions?
When a person is distracted, how long does it take to return to
the task at hand and get focused again?
Why are senior managers interested in focus management?
What is the difference between the performance of high and low
multitaskers on cognitive tests?
How can multitaskers improve their ability to focus?
22
Suggested Answers:
1. Tweets, texts, e-mail, social media, and annoying electronic
static are potential causes.
2. Distractions cause a loss of focus and a loss of productivity.
3. Gloria Mark, a professor of informatics at the University of
California, Irvine, says a worker distracted by a Web search that
goes rogue or a new text or tweet can take about 25 minutes to
return to the task at hand and get focused again (Dumaine,
2014).
4. To improve creativity and productivity. If your mind is free

of distraction, your mind is better able to absorb data,
interactions, and trends and synthesize the new information with
what you already know. As a result, you are more likely to come
up with innovative ideas.
5. In contrast to widely held assumptions, subjects who were
Media (high) multitaskers scored poorly on cognitive tests.
6. The best strategy to improve focus is to practice doing it.
22
23
23
ICT and Sustainable Development
Being profit-motivated without concern for damage to the
environment is unacceptable.
Companies should conduct themselves in an ethical, socially
responsible, and environmentally sustainable manner.
The IT industry sector is called the Information and
Communications Technology, or ICT, in emissions reports.
24

Figure 14.1: The 4 R’s of environmental sustainability
24
IT and Global Warming
Global warming refers to the upward trend in Global Mean
Temperature (GMT).
This is driven by the greenhouse effect, which is the holding of
heat within the earth’s atmosphere.
Carbon emissions directly contribute to the greenhouse effect.
25
Figure 14.1: The 4 R’s of environmental sustainability
25
Global Warming IT Sector Actions
McKinsey & Company conclude the following:
IT sector’s own footprint of 2 percent of global emissions could
double by 2020 because of increased use of tablets,
smartphones, apps, and services.
IT sector must continue to reduce emissions from data centers,
telecom networks, and the manufacture and use of its products.
IT has the unique ability to monitor and maximize energy
efficiency both within and outside of its own industry sector to
cut CO2 emissions by up to 5 times this amount.
26

Sustainability Through Climate Change Mitigation
Every IT user, enterprise, and nation plays a role in climate
change mitigation.
Wired and mobile networks enable limitless data creation and
consumption
Energy used to power data centers, cell towers, base stations,
and recharge devices is damaging the environment and depleting
natural resources.
Innovative sustainability initiatives hold the key to curbing
these emissions and carbon footprint, thereby reducing
environmental impact.
27
Technology to Transform Business and Society
People hold the power to shape and apply technology to create
positive change, improve lives and transform business and
society.
Accenture’s Technology Vision 2017 is an analysis of key IT
trends that are expected to disrupt business and society over the
next three years.
According to Vision 2017, taking a people first approach by
empowering people with more human technology will allow
organizations to improve performance by redefining their
relationship with customers and employees from provider to
partner.
28
Top Five Disruptive Technologies 2015-2017Vision 2015Vision

2016Vision 2017Internet of MeIntelligent AutomationArtificial
Intelligence as the new User InterfaceOutcome EconomyLiquid
WorkforceDesign for HumansPlatform EvoluationPlatform
EconomyEcosystems as MacrocosmsIntelligent
EnterprisePredictable DisruptionWorkforce
MarketplaceWorkplace ReimaginedDigital TrustThe Uncharted
29
Top Five Disruptive Technologies (1 of 2)
AI is the new UI
AI is becoming the new user interface (UI), underpinning the
way we transact and interact with systems.
AI will revolutionize the way businesses gain information from
and interact with customers.
Design for Humans
Technology design decisions are being made by humans, for
humans.
Organizations need to understand not only where people are
today, but also where they want to be.
30
Top Five Disruptive Technologies (2 of 2)
Ecosystems as Macrocosms.
Digital ecosystems are transforming the way organizations
deliver value.
Workforce Marketplace.
Companies are dissolving traditional hierarchies and replacing
them with talent marketplaces of independent freelance workers.
The Uncharted.

Businesses must delve into uncharted territory, seizing
opportunities to establish rules and standards for entirely new
industries.
31
The Next Wave of Disruption
Next…More Disruptive Disruption
High-performing business leaders now accept that their
organizations’ future success is tied to their ability to keep pace
with technology.
Technology is more important than ever to their business
success.
Biggest IT innovations will not be in the technology tools
themselves, but in how they are designed with people in mind.
A people first approach is the key to any organization’s digital
success.
32
ICT and Sustainable Development
Why do some experts warn that carbon emission reductions
between 50 percent and 85 percent are necessary by 2050?
What contributes to the rise of global mean temperature?
What is the greenhouse effect?
How does the use of mobile devices contribute to the level of
greenhouse gases?
What is ICT’s role in global warming?
Why is global warming hotly debated?
What is the role of IT in sustainable development?

Why is it important for organizations to take a people first
approach to IT?
33
Suggested Answers:
Carbon emission reductions between 50 percent and 85 percent
are necessary by 2050 to prevent the global temperature from
rising too much too fast because of the greenhouse effect.
Increases in CO2 resulting from human activities that generate
carbon emissions have thrown the earth’s natural carbon cycle
off balance, increasing global temperatures and changing the
planet’s climate. Climatologists estimated that countries must
keep the global mean temperature (GMT) from rising by more
than 2°C (3.6°F) above the preindustrial GMT in order to avoid
profound damage to life on the earth. Damage includes water
and food scarcity, rising sea levels, and greater incidence and
severity of disease.
The greenhouse effect is the holding of heat within the earth’s
atmosphere. CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap the
sun’s heat with-in the earth’s atmosphere, warming it and
keeping it at habitable temperatures.
The surge in energy used to power data centers, cell towers,
base stations, and recharge devices, all of which support mobile
devices, is damaging the environment and depleting natural
resources.
ICT plays a key role in reducing global warming. Transforming
the way people and businesses use IT could reduce annual

human-generated global emissions by 15 percent by 2020 and
deliver energy efficiency savings to global businesses of over
500 billion euros, or $800 billion U.S. And using social media,
for example, to inform consumers of the grams (g) of carbon
emissions associated with the products they buy could change
buyer behavior and ultimately have a positive eco-effect.
Many scientists and experts are extremely alarmed by global
warming and climate change, but other experts outright deny
that they are occurring.
Every IT user, enterprise, and nation plays a role in climate
change mitigation. Climate change mitigation is any action to
limit the magnitude of long-term cli-mate change. Examples of
mitigation include switching to low-carbon renewable energy
sources and reducing the amount of energy consumed by power
stations by increasing their efficiency.
According to Accenture’s Vision 2017, taking a people first
approach by empowering people with more human technology
will allow organizations to improve performance by redefining
their relationship with customers and employees from provider
to partner. This will require organizations to change the way
they develop their business models and provide technology that
support them to promote social responsibility.
33
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work
beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States
Act without the express written permission of the copyright
owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be

addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own
use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher
assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages,
caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the
information contained herein.
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