3. Recency
Requirements
safety seminar given by Transport
Canada Aviation
questionnaire published in Aviation
Safety Newsletter
obtaining a rating, a permit or a license
8. Did you know...
Only known objects extending 300 feet
or more will be depicted on VFR chart.
Alert TC if there are such objects not
depicted on VFR chart.
Make sure you will not enter an
MF or ATF Zone.
11. To minimize the risks
NOTAM et ATIS
Strobe lights and landing lights
Windshield heating
Avoid low level flying
Report bird activity and birdstrikes
1-888-282-2473 or
http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/wildlife.htm
14. Runway and terrain
on a slope
Illusion Result
Too low approach
too high
Perceived height
Actual height above above the runway
the runway
Down slope
15. Runway and terrain
on a slope
Illusion Result
Too high approach
too low
Perceived height
Actual height above above the runway
the runway
Up slope
16. What else ?
Black Hole “effect”
When : At night
Illusion : Too high
Result : Approach too low
17. How to fight illusions
Planning and pre-landing checks
Verify runway length, width and slope
Know the field elevation
Do not “cut corners” on the approach
Prop pitch and power settings
25. Opposite Turning Illusion
When will it happen ?
– Coming out of a turn or a spin
– Loss of visual reference points
– Brain is sending/receiving erroneous
information
26. Coriolis Illusion
When will it happen ?
– Coming out of a turn or a spin
– Loss of visual reference points
– When leaning or raising your head
– Brain is sending/receiving erroneous
messages
27. To reduce the risks
Fly healthy
Learn to recognize the situations leading to
disorientation
Recognize when you are a victim of
disorientation
Learn to control disorientation
Trust your flight instruments
29. TSB Recommendation
The Department of Transport
evaluate the adequacy of the margin
of safety afforded by current VFR
and SVFR regulations.
TSB A96-10
30. CFIT
What is Controlled Flight into Terrain?
When the aircraft collide with an
obstacle before the pilot can react
and avoid it.
31. Safety of VFR Flight
Human factors assessment related to flying
Aircraft performance obstacle avoidance
manoeuvres
Understanding the process leading to CFIT
– identify unsafe act(s) and conditions
– determine error type (slip, lapse, mistake)
32. VFR flight into IMC
49 accidents (largest group)
Inexperienced pilots
Weather worst than forecast
Happened while a/c was turning around
Failed to delay or land
33. Violations
22 accidents - 36 lives
knowingly flew into below minima
weather
for most of the pilots, was common
practice
34. Analysis
Almost no one crashed « legally »
Relatively few « willful violations »
Perceptual issue :
What does 2 miles look like ?
Decision difficulty - selection of action
Use available resources
36. Navigation
How does it work
– mental model map or knowledge
Decrease in visibility !!!....
– do not recognize landmark
LOST
– misidentify landmark
do NOT KNOW that we are LOST
37. Control of the aircraft
How does it work ?
– attitude, altitude and heading horizon or
landmarks
Decrease in visibility !!!....
– disorientation
At night
38. To Prevent CFIT
Detect the obstacle identify hazard
Select and implement evasive action
TIME (critical element)
– identify the obstacle as a hazard
– select the appropriate action
– make control inputs
– aircraft response time
39. Decrease in visibility !!!...
– decrease in capability to evaluate distance
– need more time for decision making
40. Countermeasures
Acquire bad weather flying techniques
Learn to turn back / alternate plans
Overcome normal human decision making
tendencies « traps »
Better weather interpretation and weather
related decision making skills
Make PIREPS
Use available liveware
41. Aircraft Performances
How much airspeed will you lose if you slam your
aircraft into a 45o bank turn ?
How much space will you need to do a 180o turn ?
How much more space will you need with a 20 knot
wind behind you half way round the turn ?
If you have to pull up quickly straight ahead, what
airspeed will you have after 300 feet of climb ?
42. Put the odds on your side
Have a current VFR map of the area
you plan to fly over.
N D
Do not rely only on your GPS.
L A
Beware of power lines.
Get a complete weather briefing prior to the
flight.
43. Sherbrooke (20nm N)
1100Z SCT007 OVC012
6SM -DZFG
St-Hubert
1200Z VFR
Portland 1 000 ASL
1251Z OVC005 3SM FG
1 300 ASL
1 400 ASL
300 AGL
Radar Plots
Flew around the
Portland (forecast)
thunderstorm cells
OVC020 2SM FG ...
SCT 020 OVC100 5SM
44. REVIEW
Respect your limits and
capabilities
Make room for change of plan
Weather does not cause
accidents, WE DO
Regulations may well have protected
these people, had they been observed
Notas del editor
2
Obstacles not yet depicted on charts are listed in the Planification Section of the CFR
15 Black Hole Effect At night when there is no lightning before the runway. Approach over water or dark ground. Stronger effect by clear night Perception of being closer to the runway. Start the descent too soon. Numerous aviation involving B727 in the year 1970s. A Human Factors engineer with Boeing observed similarities among these accidents. They landed short of the runway at night in clear visual conditions after an approach made over water or dark ground.
20 As the fluid speed reaches that of the canal the inner ear tells the brain there is no motion. In clouds, when you loss visual cues, your brain will receive false messages. YOU MUST THRUST YOUR INSTRUMENTS. It was proven that pilots with no instrument flight knowledge will put the aircraft in a spin within one minute.
21 Fluid in all three canals is in motion. When the fluid speed reaches that of the semi-circular canals, your brain receives the message that everything is in equilibrium on a vertical plane. When the motion is stopped and the head held upright, the inner ear signals the brain that the body is falling over. SENSATION OF TUMBLING Sensation is stronger when your head turns in the direction opposite to that of the airplane.
22 Ask about the side-effects of any over the counter medication to your aviation medical examiner. Drinking and flying is deadly. Even after 8 hours, there is still alcohol left in the canals’ fluid of the vestibular apparatus - emphasize all sensation of rotary motion. Human senses are not perfect.
TSB expressed its concerns over the frequency and the consequences of CFIT and LOC accidents.
CFIT accidents kill more people than any other type of aircraft accident. Virtually all CFIT are attributable to human error frustrating because the errors leading to CFIT have been identified again and again, but he same accidents keep happening.
It was decided to examine the decisions that resulted in accidents. The study team analyzed 129 Canadian CFIT and LOC accidents that occurred between 1984 and 1995. As a result, they identified six categories of accidents among which Night VFR and VFR flight into IMC.
It is difficult to estimate what minimum visibility is required to preclude loss of control. In fact, control difficulties have been encountered in excellent visibility conditions when there was no contrast on the ground or horizon available to provide external references to the pilots, such as in white-out conditions. In an experiment conducted at the University of Illinois, twenty non-instrument rated student pilots in ground trainers flew into simulated IMC. They loss control of their aircraft in average of 178 seconds . The shortest time to loss of control was 20 seconds and the longest any of them maintained control was 480 seconds .
Hazard recognition and decision times will be extended. Rules regarding minimum visibility are unambiguous, the cues by which a pilot can assess the prevailing visibility are not clear. Determining, with certainty, when visibility has fallen below two miles in VFR flight, or 1 mile in SVFR is beyond the ability of pilots. TRICK The length of the interval from the sighting of the most distant discernible feature until the aircraft is overhead might be useful to in determining whether the flight can be continued safely. If the time available between sighting an obstacle and arriving overhead does not permit these actions to be accomplished, flight is not safe.