A series of six presentation, introduce scientific research in the areas of cross-cultural, using quantitative approach.

1. Cross-Cultural Research Methodologies:
Quantitative Methods (1/6)
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Dr. He Quan
www.SinauOnline.com

2. 2
Agenda: Cross-Cultural Research Methodology -
Quantitative Research Method
1. Quantitative Methods
• Introduction
• Our Research
• What is Science
3. Scales & Reliability
• Intercultural Competence (1)
• Scales & Variables
• Reliability Analysis
5. Statistical Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing
• Inference Statistic
• SPSS Introduction
2. Research Design & Validity
• Complex Problem Solving
• Designing Quant. Research
• Good Quality - Validity
4. Survey Research
• Intercultural Competence (2)
• Questionnaire Design
• Sampling Method
6. Research Articles
• Basic structure of articles
• Understanding
Scientific Journals

3. 3
What is the science ?
Knowledge
The process of
science inquiry
Identifying the
problem
Design the
research
Conducting the
research
Analyzing the data
Communicating
the research
result
... a process or method for generating a body of knowledge. Science, therefore, represents a logic of
inquiry or a specific method to be followed in solving problems and thus acquiring a body of knowledge
(Christensen, 2004)

4. 4
The four objectives of science
Description:
The portrayal of a
situation or
phenomenon
Prediction….
The ability to
anticipate the
occurrence of an
event
Objectives…
To understand the
World in which we
live
Control…
The manipulation of a
condition that determine
the phenomenon
Explanation…
Determination of the
cause of a given
phenomenon

5. 5
Characteristics of the scientific approach
… it allows us to obtain knowledge that is free of bias and opinion (objective knowledge)
 Control: Eliminating the influence of any extraneous variables that can
affect observation. It enables scientist to identify the causes of their
observation.
 Operationism: The definition of concepts by the operations used to
attain or measure them. Science must be specific and precise and that
concepts must be defined by the steps or operations used to measure them.
 Replication: The observation made must be replicable. The data obtained
in an experiment must be reliable - the same results must be found if the
study is repeated.

6. 6
e.g. Sales Training and Annual Revenue
Laboratory Experiments
Causes / Treatments /
Independent Variables
Effects / Outcomes /
Dependent Variables
Comparison / Experimental /
Control Units
Extraneous Forces /
Controlled Setting
The Concept of Casual Inference

7. 7
The role of theory in science
Observations from use
of the scientific
method
Initial
formulation
of the
theory
Test of predictions using
the scientific method
Prediction confirmed
Prediction refuted
Indicates
theory
is inaccurate
Generations predictions
Indicates theory is useful in
accounting for a
phenomenon

8. 8
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paradigm
Quantitative Method
• Laboratory
• „hard“ Method
• Natural Science
• Deductive
• Nomothetic
• Explanation
Qualitative Method
• Field
• „soft“ Method
• Social / Humanistic Science
• Inductive
• Idiographic
• Understanding
adapted from Bortz, 1995

9. 9
Quality Factors of Qualitative Research
Process
Documentation
Argumentative
Interpretation Assurance
Following
Rules
Closeness to the
Research Object
Communicative Validation
Triangulation
Flick, 2003

10. 10
Triangulation: Three Pillars of
Good Qualitative Research
Data
Resources
Interpreter
TheoriesMethods

11. 11
The Three Quality Factors of
Scientific (Quantitative) Research
... the best available approximation to the truth or
falsity of propositions, incl. propositions about
cause.
Objectivity
Validity
Reliability
... is the "consistency" or "repeatability" of your
measures. A measure is considered reliable if it
would give us the same result over and over
again.
... is standardized situation as well as analyzing
and interpretation process in performing
psychological research.

12. 12
Quantitative Research Methods
Experimental Quasi-Experimental Single Case
Experimental Research Approaches
Observation Survey Research
Unobtrusive Measures
of Behavior
Non-Experimental Research Approaches
(Descriptive Methods)
• The most basic and oldest
research method.
• Quantitative and Qualitative
• Asking people directly about
their opinions and attitude
• Questionnaire
• Examining physical traces of
behavior and archival
records.
• E.g. clock in different
cultures

13. 13
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative methods
QUAL QUAN Results
QUAL to develop QUAN tool
QUAL Results QUAN
QUAL and QUAN equal
QUAL
QUAN Results
QUAL to explain QUAN
results
QUAL
QUAN
Results
QUAB to enlarge on QUAL study
Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998

14. @ Tjitra,2010
Thanks You
Any comments & questions
are welcome
Contact me at hora_t@sianuonline.com
14
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