p-book vs.e-book in higher education: LAU Libraries Case Study

p-Book vs. e-Book in higher education:
LAU Libraries Case Study

by
Houeida Kammourié-Charara
InfoCommons Librarian
Lebanese American University

Lebanese Library Association Annual Conference 2012
In coordination with IFLA - Asia and Oceania Section

Le Bristol Hotel, Beirut
April 26-28, April, 2012

Introduction

• This is the second presentation about LAU
Libraries shift from print to online. It focuses
on eBooks world in general and LAU’s
experience in particular.

• The first presentation about LAU’s journals
shift to online was offered in 2011 during
AMICAL 8th conference held in Beirut,
Lebanon.
Lebanese Library Association Annual conference 2012
©Houeida Kammourié-Charara

Definition of eBook
• Electronic books have many names: e-book,
e-book reader, e-book device, and digital
book.

• The simplest definition is: “An e-book is an
electronic book that can be read digitally on
a computer screen, a special e-book reader,
a personal digital assistant (PDA), or even a
mobile phone” (Nelson, 2008).

eBooks Vendors
Sue Polanka identified three main vendor types:
• Publishers: Direct price negotiation with no intermediary. This
process requires staff time, mainly for licensing.

• Aggregators: An Aggregator represents several publishers,
therefore will renegotiate with all publishers any change in
business models, or license terms.

• Wholesalers: These are similar to aggregators because they
negotiate the licenses and track billing and ordering (and
shipping for print titles). But most do not have an eBook
interface, thus they sell access to eBooks from multiple
aggregators.

Business Models
• Subscription: Provides access to a large number of eBooks for a
set period of time; or leases the content for a designated period of
time.
• Purchase.
• Subject Based Package: Provides access to a subject collection.
• Title by Title: Same like traditional selection.
• Patron Driven Acquisition (PDA): MARC records are loaded in the
catalog; when a library user opens the content a charge is
generated (pre-defined library parameters).
• Pay-per-View: Patron will pay only for the chapter, book, section
he/she is interested in (similar to PDA).
• Firm Order: This is done through the online ordering system
(usually via aggregators), and is mainly suitable for single title
basis.

Business Models (Cont’d)
• Number of Users: One book/one user, Multiuser, Unlimited, etc.
• Consortia Deals: eBooks can be shared across a consortium,
however the specific needs of libraries may not be satisfied due to
the complexity of their structures.
• Members of the Lebanese Academic Library Consortium (LALC)
are working together on subscribing to eBooks packages, such as
ebrary, Safari, etc. However purchasing eBooks and sharing them
among LALC members is not yet foreseeable.

N.B. The price of an eBook is generally the print book list price plus
a percentage, and publishers -usually after selling all the print-
may give aggregators the eBook as a way of generating more
revenues.

Ownership & Archives
• Perpetual Access is when the library owns the title in perpetuity.
This is very similar to the traditional print model.
– Barrier: Platform maintenance fee
Maintenance fees may be waived if a negotiated purchase amount
is spent with the vendor annually.

• Ownership is a critical issue with eBooks. LAU Libraries spend the
majority of its eBooks budget on purchases NOT subscriptions.

• A vendor may also send content files directly to libraries for
archival purposes; at the same time provides access through its
interface (GALE Literature Criticism Online (LCO) titles at LAU).
– Barrier: Archival copies format are unreadable most of the time.


Approval Plans (AP) vs.
Patron Driven Acquisition (PDA)
• In an approval plan, librarians identify the parameters for new
titles (subject area, publisher, price, etc.), and the vendors send
fitting titles to the library which review them for approval or
rejection.
• This process reduces the cost of title acquisition.
• “Approval plans have been used by libraries for decades, and the
profiles developed for them can be an essential component of
the current PDA offerings” (Esposito, 2012).
• The literature shows that over a period of perhaps 5 years, most
institutions, will have some money budgeted to PDA.

Both AP and PDA are not practiced at LAU Libraries; One or two libraries
are implementing them in Lebanon.

Access models
Checkout Unlimited
model access
One user can lend one title at a
time, unless library has several
Allowing several users to
copies to satisfy demand use the same title at a
time. Commonly used with
Not yet used by LAU package or PDA model
Because eBook vendor platforms are Preferred model at LAU
more expensive than traditional LAU
practices

While print book borrowing at libraries remains healthy, eBook lending still has a
way to go according to statistics in the 2010 survey of Book Buying Behavior by
Digital Book World.


eBooks Formats & Types
•E-reference
•E-textbooks PDF
•E-literature
•E-monographs-
in-series
Need
downloading
additional
software,
drivers, plug-
ins
Access on
campus/off
campus
HTML IP or via username
and password

Lebanese Library Association Annual conference
2012 ©Houeida Kammourié-Charara

Digital Rights Management
(DRM)
DRM is like a lock and key for digital content. The media is locked,
and you have to have the key to unlock it. Imagine you purchased a
DVD that works in your home player; then your player breaks, you
buy another one, and your DVD will not play in it.

“It prevents legitimate customers from doing what they want with
their content while doing absolutely nothing to the people who
acquired the same content illegally” (Griffey, 2010).

The most compelling reasons to bypass Digital Rights
Management is by purchasing eBooks hosted on the publisher’s
site.


eReaders platforms
Nesbitt said “ If you can afford an eReader you can get eBooks. If not, you're out of
luck“ (Kelley, M., Fialkoff, F., & Miller, R. 2011).
• 2005: Sony was first to introduce e-reader in the market, and to use the E Ink
technology. Sony was also the first to have partnership with OverDrive (library e-
book vendor) to load content from libraries for lending eBooks.

• 2007: Amazon launched the Kindle, now the most popular e-book reader in the
United States. Kindle is not fully operational in the Middle East; LAU Libraries as
an American institution are doing the setup in the States and are using American
credit cards in order to purchase eBooks. Kindle is linked to Amazon account by
default @kindle.com.

• October 2009: Barnes and Noble launched its e-reader the Nook in support of its
own e-book store. Lately Barnes and Noble made a deal with Google Books too.

• September 2011: Amazon Kindle Fire Launching (UK release update Feb. 14,
2012); OverDrive and Amazon launch Kindle® compatibility with Library eBooks
for Public and school libraries.

eReaders/Tablets at LAU Libraries
Name Location Date received # of Loans Remarks

Kindle 2.0.2 Riyad Nassar Library 19-Feb-10 17

Kindle DX Wireless (9.7") Byblos Library 7-Apr-10 0 No copies

Sony reader Riyad Nassar Library 13-Jan-11 3 Gift

iPad Riyad Nassar Library 17-Jan-11 529

iPad Riyad Nassar Library 17-Jan-11 543

iPad Byblos Library 21-Jan-11 72

iPad 2 Riyad Nassar Library 25-Oct-11 175

iPad 2 Riyad Nassar Library 25-Oct-11 13

iPad 2 Byblos Library 24-Jan-12 71
Not yet in
Kindle 6.2.1 (kindlefire) Riyad Nassar Library 30-Jan-12 1 Circulation

13

eBooks and eReaders Standards
• Standards for the creation of electronic publications are still in
development. According to Polanka EPUB is the most commonly
adopted standard these days; she also listed the following
standards: XML, DRM, METADATA, SERU, ISBN, DOI and ISTC.

• eBook readers has standardized around a type of display
designed and built by the E Ink Corporation, a private firm based
on technology developed at the MIT Media Lab in the early to
mid-2000s. Today in addition to E Ink another technology is
widely used for eReaders screens: LCD.

LAU Libraries are the only libraries (as far as we know) currently circulating
eBooks readers/Tablets among students in academic libraries in Lebanon.

14

Moving to e-colletion@LAU
• Almost complete for eJournals, still have Art and Popular
magazines in print.

• Ongoing process for selected Reference works, mainly Standing
Orders.

• Switch to eBooks packages is currently happening.

• Consolidation of eBook/eJournal purchasing is attractive for LAU
Libraries by eliminating time and effort used for licensing; e.g.,
SpringerLink, Elsevier agreements, etc.

15

eBooks Workflow @LAU
• Title Selection:
– Titles to be shifted/purchased are selected by Concerned Librarians
with the approval of the Library Directors.
• Content evaluation (excerpt/portion/one or two chapters preview)
through:
– Trial via IP (preferably) sent to all@lau, or via username and
password.
• Licensing: Before ordering, the library negotiates the license
agreement and makes sure Perpetual Access/Archival Rights
clause is to the benefit of the library; and the cost of online
format is justifiable.
• Ordering: Once ordered, and upon activation, an email to all@lau
is sent to promote the newly added resource.

eBooks Figures @LAU
Conversion of print book (p-book) to e-book started in 2000 with
Encyclopaedia Britannica …ongoing process Encyclopaedia of Islam in
2011…
2011-2012 2010-2011
# of eBooks: *137,208 # of eBooks: *121,553

• Ebrary and SAFARI are entered as one entry in OPAC; however Springer
is added at the title level.

• March 2012: 27,805 Springer titles are in OPAC with clean Library of
Congress Subject Headings.
Total spending in 2010-2011
eBooks $90,216 vs. Print Books $741,553
*Data collected from Serials Solutions

17

LAU Libraries e-Books Collections

E- Reference
Perpetual containing
Reference Subscription
Access eBooks

Columbia Credo
Gazetteer of the Access Reference
World Encyclopedia
Medicine of Journalism
Oxford
Encyclopaedia Islamic
Encyclopedia Studies
of Islam Access of Online
Science Quantitative
Encyclopaedia Finance Oxford
Britannica Reference
Online
ebrary Literature
Encyclopedia of Criticism Testing &
Food Sciences Online Education
and Nutrition Reference
Safari Books Center
Online Springer
Europa World eBooks
of Learning,


SAMPLE of p-b switched to e-b
Literature Criticism Online - Gale
Month/Yea # of Month/Yea # of
r searches r search In 2010 the Libraries decided to switch Gale
es Standing Orders to online. Collections
Aug. 2010 95 Aug. 2011 27 housed in the Reference Departments in
both RNL & Byblos Libraries.
Sept. 2010 140 Sept. 2011 140
20th century
Literary
Oct. 2010 38 Oct. 2011 107 criticism

Nov. 2010 310 Nov. 2011 131
Shakespearean Short story
Dec. 2010 761 Dec. 2011 67 criticism criticism

Jan. 2011 368 Jan. 2012 319
Feb. 2011 15 Feb. 2012 28
Mar. 2011 146 Mar. 2012 90
Literature
Apr. 2011 155 criticism from Drama criticism
1400 to 1800
May 2011 201
Jun. 2011 60
July 2011 201 19th century Contemporary
Literary Literary
criticism criticism
TOTAL Aug. 10 to Mar. 3399 Library Association Annual conference 2012
Lebanese
19
2012 ©Houeida Kammourié-Charara

Marketing & Discovering eBooks
eBooks need to be discoverable, and the
first choice for libraries is via their catalogs. OPAC Library catalog

Library flyers, posters, marketing
Safari supplies MARC records for campaigns - LOH
subscribed titles, each including an 856 Webinars
field linking to the full text.
Instruction & Information literacy
LAU is considering the addition of both Discovery and open URL linking to
ebrary and SAFARI titles into library promote eBooks indirectly
catalog. Links embedded in course management

Currently only e-references and Springer General internet search engine
purchased eBooks are discoverable via the
Library website
OPAC.

“ "digital powerwall" a large touch screen for patrons to browse the ebook collection
with ease and elegance.” (Kelley, M., Fialkoff, F., & Miller, R. 2011).

eBooks in Lebanon & US
Lebanese Market:
Several private academic libraries started the purchase of eBooks;
however we do not have accurate statistics.
US Market:
In 1999 eBooks became available in academic libraries; a decade after
they are widely used in U.S. libraries:
– 95% of Academic libraries are offering eBooks;
– 93% increase rate of eBook collections.
– 19.1% of libraries budgets will go to eBooks in five years.

• It is worth noting that lack of financial means is a major factor in influencing
libraries not to invest in eBooks, in addition the shortage of trained staff to
support eBooks.
• Another factor is strategic precaution: Librarians may want to see how others
are dealing with eBooks, eBooks readers, platforms etc. before going live.

21

eBooks spending in US Market
by Millions of Dollars
500

450
441.3

400

350

300

250

200
169.5
150

100

61.3
50
25.2 31.7
9.3 16
0 2.1 6
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

From Association of American Publishers (AAP) Annual Report.
eBooks sales top paperbacks for first time in 2011 after Christmas holidays.

22

To discover:
Open Access eBooks and Mobile Learning
• Open Access eBooks is a topic that needs to be discussed later
on. However it is worth listing: Project Gutenberg
www.gutenberg.org; Free Copyrighted Content; Creative
Commons http://creativecommons.org and Google Books with all
its controversy.

• As for Mobile Learning we found it useful to mention the
experience of Seton Hill University who provided iPads to all full-
time students in 2010. The program, called the Griffin Technology
Advantage, had several objectives mainly the creation of a
teaching and learning environment that would go beyond the
confines of the traditional classroom in time and space.

SAMPLE of Free eBooks Website


Advantages of eBooks
• Searchability: Search within and across eBook content.
• Timeliness: Fast access to relevant content via keywords searching.
• Practicality: eBooks can be used anytime and everywhere.
• Accessibility: eBooks provide an easy way of accessing work at patrons
convenience and leisure.
• Portability: A large number of eBooks can be carried in a portable
device.
• Download-ability: Download chapters or sections to a device for later
use.
• Interactivity: Annotating, bookmarking and highlighting.
• Simplicity: Ease of use of dedicated eBook readers (Kindle, Nook, etc.)
and Mobile devices, iPhone, iPad, etc.


Barriers to eBook adoption
• Cultural resistance is one of the most challenging barriers to eBooks.
• Switching to eBooks is uncomfortable for anything more than reference
purposes mainly for “Digital immigrants”.
• Piracy of eBook content creates concerns on campuses already weary of
suits and subpoenas from the Recording Industry Protection of IP.
• Ownership of eBook content; constraint of DRM software.
• Acquisition/Cataloging processes and decisions are time consuming,
• Negotiating licenses for each different platform and/or individual books.
• Printing/Downloading restrictions are hard to identify; cut-and-paste
often disabled.
• Inability to lend a book to a friend, e.g., with LendMe you can’t access it
during the loan period.


Challenges

• Vendor’s version •Addressing eBook •Printing/Downloading
of DRM is a major requires involvement capabilities are not
barrier to eBooks of IT units, librarians,
college stores, unified among
implementation. publishers.
faculty, and students.
• Librarians should
investigate the •Any resentment from
any stakeholder, may • This should be
license agreement
carefully. slow down the investigated and
process. negotiated during
licensing process.

DRM Cooperation Printing

27

Before going with eBooks
• As “one of the biggest attitudinal challenges of book implementation
comes from the library staff and not from patrons” it is useful to have a
frank discussion about the evolving role of library from just-in-case to just-
in-time.

• Make sure staff will understand that acquiring eBooks does not mean not
acquiring print. Share statistics regarding circulation, cost, publishers etc.

• The introduction of eBooks and e-Readers in academic libraries was faster
than the capability of librarians to change. We are trying to adapt to
change, changing our current practices becomes mandatory, it is not a
choice anymore.

• Several questions need to be addressed: What is the role of the Reference
Librarians, Acquisitions Librarians, Electronic Resources Librarians? Who
is responsible for eBooks acquisition? Licensing? When there will be
stable standards and rules?

Conclusion
We need to satisfy the needs of today’s college students who are “digital natives” while
the rest of us are “digital immigrants.” (Kelley, M., Fialkoff, F., & Miller, R. 2011).
• New products, technologies, opportunities, and business models
will continue to emerge. Therefore we need to look at the
invasion of eBooks in our libraries as opportunities, not
obstacles.

• We cannot just follow the trends, we need to be part of the
change.

• It is too early to go entirely online. I cannot see LAU Libraries and
the majority of academic libraries in Lebanon, “print free”,
instead they will continue to operate in a hybrid print/electronic
environment for the years to come.

Useful Websites
Project Gutenberg - free ebooks
www.gutenberg.org/
Google Books
http://books.google.com/
20 Best Websites To Download Free Ebooks
http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/20-best-websites-to-download-free-e-
books/
2012 Best eBook Reader Comparisons and Reviews
http://ebook-reader-review.toptenreviews.com/
Creative Commons
http://creativecommons.org
Library Anywhere
www.librarything.com/forlibraries

References
• Major reference: Polanka, S., (Ed.). (c2011). No shelf required: E-books in libraries. Chicago: American
Library Association.

Carreiro, E. (2010). Electronic books: How digital devices and supplementary new technologies are changing the face of the publishing
industry. Publishing Research Quarterly, 26(4), 219-235. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from
http://www.springerlink.com/content/815l71g801370q2u/

Cox, J. (2004, October). E-Books: Challenges and Opportunities. D-Lib Magazine 10(10). Retrieved March 1, 2012, from
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october04/cox/10cox.html
Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968. P. 130-172.

Esposito, J. (2012). The Faculty’s Role in Patron-driven Acquisitions, The Scholarly Kitchen. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from
http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2012/02/08/the-facultys-role-in-patron-driven-acquisitions/

Gawelek, M.A., Spataro, M., &Komarny, P. ( 2011, March/April). Mobile Perspectives: On iPads
Why Mobile?. Educause Review, 46(2). Retrieved February 10, 2012, from
http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume46/iMobilePerspectivesOniPadsibrW/22616
3

Griffey, J. (2010). Electronic book readers. Library Technology Reports, 46(3), 7-19, 2. Retrieved February 10, 2012, from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/202709359?accountid=27870
Johnson, L., Smith, R., Willis, H., Levine, A., & Haywood, K., (2011). The 2011 Horizon Report. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium.

Kelley, M., Fialkoff, F., & Miller, R. (2011). The ebook opportunity. Library Journal, 136(19), 36-n/a. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from

References (Cont’d)
Li, C., Poe, F., Potter, M., Quigley, B., & Wilson, J. (2011, May). UC Libraries Academic e-Book Usage Survey. Retrieved March 2, 2012,
from http://www.cdlib.org/services/uxdesign/docs/2011/academic_ebook_usage_survey.pdf

Miller, R. (2011). Dramatic growth. Library Journal, 136(17), 32-32. Retrieved February 11, 2012, from

Nelson, M. R. (2008). E-books in higher education: Nearing the end of the era of hype? Educause Review, 43(2). Retrieved March 1,
2012, from
http://www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume43/EBooksinHigherEducationNearing/1
62677.

OverDrive and Amazon launch Kindle® compatibility with Library eBooks. (2011, September 21). Retrieved March 3, 2011, from
http://www.overdrive.com/News/getarticle.aspx?newsArticleID=20110921

Price, J. S. (2011). Patron driven acquisition of publisher-hosted content: Bypassing DRM. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from
http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=library_staff.

Polanka, S. (2011). Purchasing E-books in libraries: A maze of opportunities and challenges. Library Technology Reports, 47(8), 4-7, 58.
Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/908429942?accountid=27870.

Rapp, D. (2011),. Digital Book World Panels Tackle Libraries. Library Journal, 136(4),16. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from
http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/ljinprint/currentissue/889052-403/infotech_digital_book_world_panels.html.csp
2009 Estimates (U.S.): Total Book Sales Down 1.8%; eBook Sales Up 176.6% to Overtake Audiobooks. (2010, April 7). Retrieved March
3, 2011, from http://web.resourceshelf.com/go/resourceblog/58352


Thank You
A copy of this presentation will be available online
on slideshare

http://www.slideshare.net/houeidakam/

Please feel free to contact me @
houeida.charara@lau.edu.lb

“ It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the
most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change.”
Charles Darwin

p-book vs.e-book in higher education: LAU Libraries Case Study

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

Similar a p-book vs.e-book in higher education: LAU Libraries Case Study

Similar a p-book vs.e-book in higher education: LAU Libraries Case Study (20)

Más de Houeida Kammourié

Más de Houeida Kammourié (16)

Último

Último (20)

p-book vs.e-book in higher education: LAU Libraries Case Study