Gender Norms and Agricultural Innovation; Insights from Uganda by Anne Rietveld et al
1. Gender Norms and Agricultural Innovation;
Insights from Uganda
Humidtropics
Anne Rietveld (Bioversity)
Holger Kirscht (IITA)
Netsayi Mudege (CIP)
2. Introduction
Gender Matters
Transformation?
–What do we need to know?
• How do roles of men and women relate to
ownership and management of farms and
natural resources in farming systems?
• How are the roles of (poor) men and
women (of different ages) shaped?
• How does this relate to ability to adopt and
benefit from innovation?
3. CGIAR global study;
Innovation and Development through
Transformation of Gender Norms in
Agriculture and Natural Resource Management
“Because of deep-seated gender norms i.e. rules
prescribing women’s and men’s roles and behavior in their
society women and men have different capacities to
take advantage of new opportunities in agriculture and
natural resource management.”
Objective Study:
Provide robust empirical evidence on the relationship
between gender norms, agency and agricultural
innovation, and how these interactions support or hinder
the achievement of its development objectives across
varied contexts
4. Methodology
• Large-scale qualitative study based on
Comparative case-study analysis
– Object each case-study = 1 community / village
– 7 data collection tools
• literature review (1),
• key-informants interview (1)
• semi-structured interviews (2)
• single-sex focus group discussions (3)
– FGDs and ind. Interviews conducted with different
wealth and age groups
5. Humidtropics case-studies
East-Africa:
– Uganda [Mukono and Kiboga districts]
– Burundi [Cibitoke]
– Rwanda [Kyonza]
– DR Congo [Mushinga]
West-Africa:
– Nigeria [Oyo and Osun state]
•Uganda cases funded by CRP-RTB
•Total 134 case-studies planned
•60 have conducted fieldwork
6. Results related to
Innovation
Kiboga – Uganda
Most important innovation identified:
“Use of Herbicides”
Farmers have increased maize
acreage and yield volumes
7. Results related to
innovation
Use of
Herbicides
Maize Cultivation
Women stay at
home
Weeding
is
women’s
task
Women
provide
labor to
plots’
spouse
Improved seeds
are to fight for
SaleLaborAgric. InputsLand
Men own Land
Men can allocate
plot to wife
Women’s plots
often small and
infertile
Women with
money are hard to
control
Women don’t
need money
Maize is a
men’s crop
Men don’t like their wives
attending trainings
Women need
permission to
plant new crop
For Inputs you go
to town
Revenues
Some men are not
committed to their
responsibilities
Women can’t
move on top of a
lorry
Men know the
traders and the
prices
Men cannot allow
women to sell
Some men will
share revenues
with wife
Poor m/f work as
casual laborer to
earn cash to invest
in farm
8. Results related to
Innovation
Mukono - Uganda
•“Vines are sold at a high price to others and then you
also sell the tubers.” (FGD Youth F)
•“The animals especially the pigs feed on the peelings
of the sweet potato.” (FGD Ladder of Life F)
•“After selling OFSP, we bought two cows where we
get cow dung.” (man interview)
•“I can sell products like cakes, pan cakes, chapatti
made from OFSP and earn money and pay school
fees for my children” (Woman Interview)
9. Conclusions
1. Understanding gender norms and social
stratification is an important contribution to
situational analysis of farming systems
2. We need this understanding to design
gender transformative approaches
3. We = us social scientists but also other
scientists AND Farmers and other local
stakeholders
4. Transformation and empowerment will not
happen without active participation of
stakeholders
Gender matters, not elaborated here on why and how. We need transformation of underlying causes of gender inequity.
Women empowerment is transformation. But how is gender inequity, but how is it expressed?
The first step is analysis / situational analysis
But what do we need to know if we want to achieve gender equity / women empowerment in our system programs?
Who does / owns / controls / uses / benefits from what in the farming system? These questions are part of system analysis
What are the underlying social norms that shape roles / agency and how dynamic are these?
Can we identify constraining and / or enabling gender norms in relation to innovation?
Resultant gender inequalities in the costs and benefits of innovation sometimes result in harmful outcomes. Yet, how and why this occurs in some circumstances and not others is poorly understood. This limits our capacity to design and scale out agricultural innovations that deliver benefits fairly to poor women and men.
How to make social / qualitative research results comparable. Response to critic on qualitative work being patchy, well structured, rigouress
The individual case-studies also provide basis for rigorous analysis of gender norms and how these shape roles of men and women on a local level.
As such these case-studies are extremely valuable for situational analysis of specific localities.
‘use of herbicides‘ which was especially mentioned in relation to maize cultivation.
Conclusions:
Use of herbicides has been identified by both men and women as most important; many different aspects mentioned. Show nuanced story about when to whom what is beneficial and how gender norms are constraining use
The same innovation can affect different groups of people differently
It’s often possibly to identify clear-cut gender related constraints to adoption of innovations
An innovation may be easily accepted if it fits seamlessly into a farming system and livelihood
Sweet potato as supporting health
Sweet potato for income generation
Sweet potato linked to animal feed and manure for agric (Women often mentioned lack of manure as a barrier to high agricultural productivity)
Women found it easier to keep pigs because they did not need a lot of land, and sweet potato vines and peelings helped them to feed the pigs
1) In order to empower women and/or youth we first need to understand local constraining norms