1. Citric Acid cycle or
Tricarboxylic Acid
cycle or Krebs
Cycle

2. Citric Acid cycle
 Step-1: conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA

3. Conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA

5. Reactions of Citric Acid Cycle
3. Citrate synthase: Formation of Citric acid

6. 2. Aconitase: This enzyme catalyses the isomerization reaction by
removing and then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis-aconitate
in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next
step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction.

7. 3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: There are two isoforms of this enzyme,
one uses NAD+ and other uses NADP+

8. 4. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase:

9. 5. Succinyl CoA synthatse: Sccinyl CoA, like Acetyl CoA has a
thioester bond. In this reaction, the hydrolysis of the thioester bond
leads to the formation of phosphoester bond with inorganic
phosphate. This phosphate is transferred to Histidine residue of the
enzyme and this high energy, unstable phosphate is finally
transferred to GDP resulting in the generation of GTP.

10. 6. Succinate Dehydrogenase: Oxidation of succinate to fumarate. It is
an FAD dependent enzyme.

11. 7. Fumarase: Hydration of Fumarate to malate: It is a highly
stereospecific enzyme.

12. 8. L-Malate dehydrogenase: Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate: It is an
NAD+dependent enzyme.

13. Energetics
ATPs glycolysis 08
Pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA (NADH)2X3 = 06
TCA cycle (3 NADH) 9X2 = 18
TCA cycle (1FADH) 2X2= 04
TCA cycle (1GTP) 2X1= 02
Net ATPs = 38

15. Energetics
ATPs glycolysis 06
Pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA (NADH)2X3 = 06
TCA cycle (3 NADH) 9X2 = 18
TCA cycle (1FADH) 2X2= 04
TCA cycle (1GTP) 2X1= 02
Net ATPs = 36