1. Citing & Referencing
WHAT?
WHY?
WHEN?
HOW?
www.hw.ac.uk/library/workshops.html

2. WHAT ?

3. Citing & referencing explained
3 PARTS
• STATEMENT
– e.g. idea, finding, conclusion taken from a source
• CITATION
– in the body of your text
– indicates idea taken from a source (i.e. that not your own idea)
– abbreviated form
– refers reader to reference list
• REFERENCE
– full details of source used
– end of your text (usually)
– allows reader to find source / verify what you say, if necessary

4. Statements
Citations
in body of text (in-text citation)
abbreviated pointers to full reference
Allow reader to:
• know when you are stating an idea, fact or
text that is not your own
• find full details of the source in your
reference list

5. Reference
end of text
full bibliographic details
Allows reader to :
• see breadth & depth of reading
• locate sources
• verify if necessary

6. What is a citation style?
Hundreds of different styles
Author/date (e.g. Harvard)
(Handelman and Levin, 2008)
Handelman, G. J. & Levin, N. W. (2008) Iron and anemia in human biology: a review
of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews, 13(4), 393-404.
Numeric (e.g. Vancouver)
(1) [1]
1. Handelman G J, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms.
Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.
Journal specific e.g. British Medical Journal
1
1. Handelman GJ, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms.
Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.
Check with your lecturer / tutor which style to use
Use one style consistently throughout paper

7. Numeric style

8. Referencing explained

9. Reference list / bibliography
Terms often used interchangeably
- a list of what you’ve read at the end of a piece of work
Reference list
Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text
Bibliography
Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text
and/or
Full details of other (background) reading - not cited
usually for larger pieces of work
Check with your School on terminology and what is required

10. WHY ?

11. Avoiding Plagiarism
Words/ideas, etc = intellectual property
Theft = penalties
Using someone else’s work, words or ideas and passing
them off as your own e.g. from -
• published material e.g. book
• unpublished e.g. dissertation / thesis
• semi-published / grey literature – e.g. company
reports
The pancreas produces insulin • material from a web page
in response to an increase in • radio / tv programmes
blood glucose.
• cutting & pasting / quoting / paraphrasing
The pancreas creates insulin
a result of heightened blood Detection: vocabulary, style & fluency, Turnitin
glucose.
Elevated blood glucose causes
the pancreas to release insulin. HWU Student Guide to Plagiarism
http://www.hw.ac.uk/registry/resources/PlagiarismGuide.pdf

12. Found guilty of plagiarism
Copying the work of other authors in a book and articles
“Chunks of prose, apparently written by Dr
Persaud, were the work of other authors.”
(Jenkins, 2008)
“He failed to attribute the so-called ‘stolen words’”
(Jenkins, 2008)
General Medical Council hearing-
plagiarism dishonest
brought profession into disrepute
suspended from practising medicine for 3 months
©Andy Butterton/PA
Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times, 21 June TimesOnline
[Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)

13. German Defence Minister
Plagiarism scandal over copy-and-past methods in PhD
thesis
Copied entire sections from other sources, without
attribution.
Admitted accidental “mistakes”
82.44% plagiarised - 891 examples of plagiarism from
over 120 different sources (Guttenplag wiki)
University of Bayreuth withdrew his doctorate
Announced his resignation (March 2011)
Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
©independent.co.uk
Paterson, T. (2011) ‘German minister renounces PhD after accusations of plagiarism. ‘
’ The Independnet 23 Feb The Independent [Online]. Available at:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/german-minister-renounces-phd-after-accusations-of-plagiarism-2222828.html (Accessed: 27 July 2011)

14. Academic writing
Read widely
- proportionate to assignment
- appropriate sources
Show your reading
- evaluate and discuss other authors’ ideas
- show your understanding of the literature
- attribute your sources
Evaluate / formulate your own response / conclusion
Use work of others to support your own opinions
I believe that genetically modified yeasts will play a major
role in the continuing advancement of brewing technology.
Studies by Linko (2009) and Young (2010) illustrate the
technical advantages of genetically modified yeasts . Their
significance has also been noted by Jones (2008).
Add weight to your discussion
Potential for better academic writing & dissertation
Hear an academic’s opinion

15. WHEN ?

16. QUIZ
Paul Robeson Library (n.d.) How to avoid plagiarism: An online tutorial [Online]. Available at:
http://library.camden.rutgers.edu/EducationalModule/Plagiarism/ (Accessed: 26 September, 2011)

17. When to cite
Using someone else’s work, words or ideas from e.g.
• published material e.g. book
• unpublished e.g. dissertation / thesis
• material from a web page
Text
• quoting
• paraphrasing
Statistics
• if not your own
e.g. In 2006, 20% of people in the UK lived below the poverty line.
Tables, graphs, diagrams, images
•unless you created these yourself
Radio, TV programmes, etc

18. When not to cite
Your own opinions / ideas / thoughts / conclusions e.g.
I believe that television can play a positive role in children’s education.
Baker (2006) presents convincing evidence that children’s recall is greater
for visually presented facts and these findings have been supported by
Morton (2007).
It could be argued that television is a key contributor to children’s learning.
Jones (2006), for example, suggests that children absorb information more
efficiently when presented in audio-visual form.

19. When not to cite
Common knowledge
e.g. David Cameron is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
However, each subject will have its own common knowledge
e.g. Mitochondria are found in cells
If in doubt – ask your tutor
Don’t cite if you don’t need to!
Try not to pepper your work with unnecessary citations in an effort to get extra marks.
Never cite something you haven’t read.

20. HOW ?

21. Keep a note!
• To cite and reference correctly you need the bibliographic details
of sources used
e.g.books Author surname, Initial/s
Publication date / year
Title
Place of publication
Publisher
Page number/s information taken from
• Different sources require different details
e.g. websites author
date
title
URL
date accessed

22. www.hw.ac.uk/library/guides.html

24. Book
• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Wooldridge, J.M.
• Year of publication • 2006
• Title of the book • Introductory econometrics: a modern
approach
• Edition • 3rd edition
• Place of publication • Mason
• Name of publisher • Thomson South Western
• Page number/s information taken from
In-text
Wooldridge(2006) indicates that….
It has been shown by Wooldridge that… (1)
Reference list / bibliography
Wooldridge, J.M. (2006) Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd edn.
Mason: Thomson South Western. (author date)
• Wooldridge, J.M. Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd ed.
Mason: Thomson South Western; 2006. (numeric)

25. Journal Article
• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Palombo, V.J.
• Year of publication • 2009
• Title of the article • Designing marketing channels for
global expansion
• Title of the journal • Marketing Management Journal
• Volume number • 19
• Issue /part number •2
• Page numbers • 64-71
• Page number/s information taken from
In-text
Palombo (2009) gave a useful summary…
Palombo (1) gave a useful summary…
Reference list / bibliography
Palombo, V.J. (2009) ‘Designing marketing channels for global expansion’, The Marketing
Management Journal, 19 (2), pp.64-71. (Author date)
24. Palombo,V.J. Designing marketing channels for global expansion. The Marketing Management
Journal 2009; 19(2): 64-71. (Numeric)

26. e-journal Article
• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Bezemer, D.J.
• Year of publication • 2010
• Title of the article • Understanding financial crisis through
accounting models
• Title of the journal • Accounting, Organizations and Society
• Volume number • 35
• Issue /part number •7
• Page numbers • 676-688
• Name of online collection • Science Direct
and
URL of collection • www.science direct.com
OR
• DOI • 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
could use with resolver prefix http://dx.doi.org/ • http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
• Date accessed • 10 October 2010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002

27. e-journal Article
In-text
Bezemer (2010) gave a useful summary…
Reference list / bibliography
Bezember,D.J. (2010) ‘Understanding financial crisis through accounting models’, Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 35 (7), pp. 676-688, Science Direct [Online]. Available at:
http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed: 10 October 2010). (Author date)
Bezember,D.J. (2010) ‘Understanding financial crisis through accounting models’, Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 35 (7), pp. 676-688, [Online] DOI: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
(accessed: 10 October 2010). (Author date)
Bezember,D.J. (2010) ‘Understanding financial crisis through accounting models’, Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 35 (7), pp. 676-688, [Online]. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002 (accessed: 10 October 2010). (Author date)

28. e-journal Article
In-text
Bezemer(1) gave a useful summary…
Reference list / bibliography
Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com. (Numeric)
Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002 .(Numeric).
Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002. (Numeric)

29. Secondary Referencing

30. Secondary Referencing
Referring to a piece of work you read about in another source (when you have
not read the original work)
Reference list / bibliography
Only list Palombo (2009) - the source you actually read
In text citation
Palombo (2009) cites the work of Keller and Kotler (2006) who suggest that expansion
into foreign markets is generally not a preferred option for organisations with a strong
domestic customer base.
Palombo (2009, citing Keller and Kotler 2006) notes that expansion into foreign markets is
generally not a preferred option for organisations with a strong domestic customer base.
As suggested by Keller and Kotler (2006), expansion into foreign . . . . (cited in
Palombo, 2009)
Keller and Kotler (2006, cited by Palombo 2009) suggest that expansion into foreign …
It has been suggested that expansion into foreign. . . (Keller and Kotler 2006, in Palombo
2009)

31. TIPS & TOOLS

32. Common mistakes
Incorrect
• For example, in author-date
• putting author initials in the citations
– e.g. It has been argued that . . . (Smith, 2009)
(D. Smith, 2009)
• Not inverting the author’s surname/initial/s in reference list
Smith, D. (2009)
– D. Smith (2009)
Incomplete
• Citing in text and leaving out of reference list (& vice versa)
• Insufficient detail in references
Inconsistent
• Date in citation doesn’t correspond with date in references
• Mix of formatting e.g. journal in italics or bold

33. Note Taking
• Be systematic and thorough
• Note down all the (bibliographic) details you need to cite &
reference correctly
e.g. remember . . . . .
• author initials as well as surnames
• chapter title and author if an edited book
• page number you get quotes / information from
• date you accessed websites / electronic materials
• Make sure you can tie your notes to your source

34. Desk-top – computer lab PCs
Can’t access from home or halls
Most suitable for research (PhD) level
students and staff
IT provide training for PG and staff
Web-based, online access
Access from home or halls
‘Lite’ version - most suitable for
undergraduate students
Library provides help and advice
Register using campus network PC:
www.myendnotweb.com
Register from home/halls:

35. Citing & Referencing
WHAT?
WHY?
WHEN?
HOW?

36. Further information
Citing & referencing
www.hw.ac.uk/library/workshops.html
Cite them right: the essential referencing guide
Richard Pears & Graham Shields
(810.61 PEA) 3 hour & 1 week loan
Library Guide to Harvard Citing and Referencing
http://www.hw.ac.uk/library/guides.html
EndnoteWeb online tutorials : http://www.endnoteweb.com/training/
Enquiries: libhelp@hw.ac.uk

37. Further information
EndnoteWeb (Library)
EndnoteWeb Workbook / slides
www.hw.ac.uk/library/workshops.html
Enquiries: libhelp@hw.ac.uk
Endnote (IT)
Training: www.hw.ac.uk/uics/Training/endnote.htm /
Enquiries: ithelp@hw.ac.uk

38. © draconisVH Flickr.com

39. Its all Latin to me…
You may have seen the following -
• op. cit. opere citato in the work cited
• ibid. ibidem in the same place
• et al. et alii and others
These are used in some numeric styles
Reference list
• Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective, International Journal of
Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-50
• Handelman, G. J. & Levin, N. W. (2008) Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of
mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews, 13, 393-404.
• Smith, A. & Jones, J.(2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’, Journal of
Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36.
• Du, J., et al. (2008) ‘Economic institutions and FDI location choice: Evidence from US
multinationals in China’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(3), pp.412-429.
• Ibid., p. 413
• Thomson, M. op.cit., p.46.

40. Web-page - example
• Author/s • British Red Cross
(surname and initials or organisation)
• Year site published or last updated • 2008
• Title of internet site • Open Gardens
• URL • http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992
• Date accessed • 17 June 2008
In-text
The Open Gardens scheme (British Red Cross, 2008)…
The Open Gardens scheme (1) . . .
Reference list / bibliography
British Red Cross (2008) Open Gardens. Available at:
http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992 (Accessed: 17 June 2008). (Author date)
14. British Red Cross. Open Gardens [internet]. 2008 [Cited 17 June 2008] Available from:
http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992 (Numeric)

41. Book (multiple authors) - example
• Author names: surname, first name or
• Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvray, J., & Common, M.
initial/s • 2003
• Year of publication • Natural Resource and Environmental Economics
• Title of the book • 3rd edition
• Edition • Harlow
• Place of publication • Pearson Education
• Name of publisher
In-text
It has been argued that….(Perman et al., 2003) OR Recent research has proven
that… (1)
Reference list / bibliography
Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvrary, J. & Common, M. (2003) Natural resource and
Environmental Economics, Harlow, Pearson Education. (author,date)
1. Perman, R., et al., Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. 3rd ed. 2003,
Harlow: Pearson Education. (numeric)

42. Chapter in edited book - example
• Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name • Watson, G., Londsdale, C., Cox, N., & Sanderson, J.
initials) • 2007
• Year of publication • Strategic supply chain management: the power of
• Title of the chapter incentives
• Editors’ name • Waters, D (Editor)
• Title of the book • Global Logistics
• Edition • 5th ed
• Pages • pp. 91-106
• Place of publication • London
• Name of publisher • Kogan Page
In-text
In a recent study (Watson et al., 2007) it has been argued that...
OR
Watson has proven that . . . (1)
Reference list / bibliography
Watson, G., Lonsdale, C., Cox, N. & Sanderson, J. (2007) Strategic supply
Chain management: the power of incentives. In Waters, D. (Ed.) Global Logistics. 5th ed.
London,Kogan Page. (author,date)
• Watson, G., et al., Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives, in
Global Logistics, D. Waters, Editor. 2007, Kogan Page: Londond. P. 91-106. (numeric)

43. Papers with the same author surname/year
(author-date format)
• Kirillin (2004) shows that first years find citing and referencing
problematic. These results have been supported further by
Kirillin (2004) and by other researchers in the field (Davids, 2005;
Forbes, 2006).
Kirillin, M. Y. & Myllyla, R. (2004) Referencing practice in first year undergraduates:
a case study. Journal of Documentation, 6, 164-173.
Kirillin, M. Y. & Myllyla, R. (2004) Plagiarism in first year student work. Journal of
Information Literacy, 5, 192-199.

44. Papers with the same author surname/year
(author-date format)
• Kirillin (2004a) shows that first years find citing and referencing
problematic. These results have been supported further by
Kirillin (2004b) and by other researchers in the field (Davids, 2005;
Forbes, 2006).
• The reader must be able to know which reference you are referring to,
therefore, the reference list must also have the same alphabetic
character, e.g.
Kirillin, M. Y. & Myllyla, R. (2004a) Referencing practice in first year undergraduates:
a case study. Journal of Documentation, 6, 164-173.
Kirillin, M. Y. & Myllyla, R. (2004b) Plagiarism in first year student work. Journal of
Information Literacy, 5, 192-199.

45. Newspaper article - example
• Author name/s – surname and first name or • Old, D
initial (if none, use title of newspaper)
• Year of publication • 2008
• Title of the article • House Price Gloom
• Title of the newspaper • Evening Chronicle
• Edition (if required) • Newcastle edition
• Day and month • 26th June
• Page reference • p 25
In-text citation
House prices fell by 2.1% last month (Old, 2008). OR
House prices fell by 2.1% last month (1).
Reference list / bibliography
Old D. (2008) ‘House price gloom’, Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn.), 26 June, p.25. (author date)
24. Old D. House price gloom. Evening Chronicle. 2008. 26 June, p. 25.
(numeric)
• Online newspaper article - same as print newspaper plus [online] URL and (date accessed)
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: The essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Peartree Press. pp.
39