1. Citing & Referencing
Autumn 2013

2. Today’s class
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• How?
• FAQs and common mistakes.
• Getting more help.

3. WHAT?

4. Citing & referencing explained
Three parts …
1. Statement, i.e., your writing
– idea, finding, conclusion taken from a source.
2. Citation
– in the body of your text.
– indicates that idea has been taken from a source
(i.e., not your own idea).
– refers reader to reference list.

5. 3. Reference
– full details of source used.
– usually at end of your text.
– allows reader to find source and verify what you
say, if necessary.

6. Statements
Citations:
• in body of text
(in-text citation).
• abbreviated pointers
to full reference.

7. Allows reader to:
• see breadth and depth of
reading.
• locate sources.
• verify if necessary.

8. Referencing ...
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. I’ve never done referencing before.
2. I’ve done a bit of referencing, but not
with an author-date system like
Harvard.
3. I’ve used Harvard/author-date a bit, but
I’m not confident.
4. I’ve used Harvard a lot.

9. WHY?

10. Why do you need to reference?
• It’s part of academic writing – academic research
builds on existing knowledge.
• Shows that you’ve read, understood, and can use
other researchers’ observations.
• Enables the reader to find more information.
• School guidelines require it/markers expect to
see it.
• Avoids plagiarism:
– passing off someone else’s writing, ideas or
research as your own.

11. • German government minister
responsible for universities
accused of plagiarising her PhD
thesis.
• Ideas from others not referenced.
• Uni withdrew her qualification.
• Awarded PhD in 1980; had to
resign in 2013.

12. WHEN?

13. When to cite
• Using someone else’s work, words or ideas from:
– published material, e.g., book.
– unpublished material, e.g., dissertation/thesis.
– material from a web page, etc.
• Quoting or paraphrasing.
• Statistics (if not your own findings).
• Tables, graphs, diagrams, images (unless you
created these yourself).
• Radio, TV programmes, etc.

14. When not to cite
• Common knowledge:
– e.g. David Cameron is the Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom.
• However, each subject will have its own common
knowledge:
– e.g. mitochondria are found in cells
• If in doubt – ask your tutor for advice.
• Never cite something you haven’t read.

15. To cite or not?
• Back up your opinions using citations:
I conclude that television can play a positive role in
children’s education. Baker (2006) presents convincing
evidence that children’s recall is greater for visually
presented facts and these findings have been supported
by Morton (2007).
It could be argued that television is a key contributor to
children’s learning. Jones (2006), for example, suggests
that children absorb information more efficiently when
presented in audio-visual form.

16. Charles Darwin is arguably England’s best known
scientist.
N
eeds
a
citati...
D
oes
notneed
...
D
on’tknow
.
0% 0%0%
This does not need a citation.
The student writer is offering her own thought
on Darwin. “Arguably” helps to identify this
statement as a personal opinion.
However, it would be good academic practice
to support this assertion with evidence from
your reading.
1. Needs a citation.
2. Does not need a citation.
3. Don’t know.

17. Charles Darwin is so much a part of
British culture that the postal service
gave him his own postage stamp in 2009.
N
eeds
a
citati...
D
oes
notneed
...
D
on’tknow
.
0% 0%0%
This does need a citation.
This fact that Darwin was the subject of a
postage stamp in 2009 is not “common
knowledge”. It is a fact that would have to be
researched.
1. Needs a citation.
2. Does not need a citation.
3. Don’t know.

18. According to one scholar . . . . . “in cognitive psychology,
the human mind is conceived of as a structured system
for handling information. . .”.
N
eeds
a
citati...
D
oes
notneed
...
N
otsure.
0% 0%0%
This does need a citation
The writer is using a direct quote from
another source. This quote itself is correctly
identified by the use of quotation marks.
However, bibliographic information is required
so that other researchers can verify the
source of the quote.
1. Needs a citation.
2. Does not need a citation.
3. Not sure.

19. Many studies discuss the effect of training and
experience on the psychobiology of brain
plasticity.
Needsacitati...
Doesnotneed
...
Notsure.
0% 0%0%
This does need to be cited with not just one
citation but many.
The writer is referring a number of studies so
would need to tell the reader which studies the
information was taken from.
1. Needs a citation.
2. Does not need a
citation.
3. Not sure.

20. HOW?

21. What is Harvard Referencing?
• “Author-date” referencing system.
• Lots of different versions of Harvard:
–Heriot-Watt Library guidelines online at
http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/docs/Harvardguide.pdf
–If your lecturer/course handbook tells you
to do something different, follow their
guidance.

22. Citations
• Citations are pointers in your writing telling
the reader you got your information from
somewhere else:
– According to Smith (1985) the inter-war period
was critical in the development of …
– Early work on bridge construction showed metal
welding was important (Smith 1893, Jones and
Phillips 1902) …
– A recent survey (Gordon 2011) found …

23. Reference list
• A list of all the sources you have cited your
assignment.
– given at the end of your work.
– in alphabetical order by author/editor.
– not separated into types of information (not books,
then journals, then websites.)
• Note: a bibliography lists all of the sources you
have read to help write your assignment, not just
those cited in the text.
– Bibliography and/or reference list? Ask your tutor!

24. Other referencing styles
• Harvard is an example of “author-date”
referencing.
• Some subjects use “numeric” referencing, where
you use a number for the citation.
• Lots of versions of numeric referencing.
Reference list is typically in the order your
citations appear in your writing (not
alphabetical.)
• Principles of when and where you reference are
the same for Harvard and numeric.

25. HARVARD -
BOOKS

26. Books
• Will need:
– author(s)/editors(s).
– name of book.
– year of publication (not year of printing).
– name of company that published book.
– place the publisher is based.

27. • Citation:
– Author(s)/editor(s) surname and year of publication.
– … it has been shown (Ransom 2002) ….
– OR … Ransom (2002) has shown …
• Reference list:
– Author(s)/Editor(s) surname and initials (date of
publication) Title, edition if not first, Place of
publication: Publisher.
– Ransom, D. (2002) The no-nonsense guide to fair
trade, Oxford: New Internationalist.

28. Author(s)/Editor(s) surname and initials (date of
publication) Title, edition if not first, Place of
publication: Publisher.
Naylor, J. (2004) Management, 2nd ed.,Harlow: Pearson
Education.

29. HARVARD –
JOURNAL ARTICLES

30. Journals
• Will need:
– author(s) of article.
– title of article.
– title of journal.
– year of publication.
– volume, part and page numbers.
– (plus URL and date accessed for online articles).

31. Citing journal articles: paper
• The new trend towards conservation was key in
the preservation of Edinburgh Castle (Morris
2007).
OR
• Morris (2007) states that …
• Morris, R.J. (2007) ‘The capitalist, the professor
and the soldier: the re-making of Edinburgh
Castle, 1850-1900’, Planning Perspectives, 22,
55-78.
Name of author
(not journal title)
All page numbers (not just starting page)

32. Citing journal articles: online
• PDF – reference like a normal paper journal
article.
• HTML (webpage) – include URL and date you
visited page:
– Midgley, S.L.W. and Olsen, M.K. (2012) ‘Spectral
analysis of a four mode cluster state’, Laser Physics
[online], 22(7), 1271-1274, available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n37688347
8u74541/ [accessed 17 October 2012].

33. In text citation - which is correct?
0%
0%
0%
1. Successful management involves all members
of a business, not just the managers (John
Naylor 2004)
2. Successful management involves all
members of a business, not just the
managers (Naylor 2004)
3. Successful management involves all members
of a business, not just the managers (2004 -
Naylor)

34. Journal article – which is correct?
0%
0%
0%
1. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
Rantala, M.J. (2009) Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
277(168), 513-518.
2. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
Rantala, M.J. (2009) ‘The increased risk of predation
increases cooperation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society
B, 277(168), 513-518.
3. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
Rantala, M.J. (2009) ‘The increased risk of predation
increases cooperation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

35. HARVARD -
WEBSITES

36. Websites
• Will need:
– website’s address (URL).
– website name.
– title of page or article.
– date of publication.
– date you accessed the website.
– (page numbers if given, e.g., PDF reports).

37. Citing websites
• “Kenway (2009) emphasizes …”
OR
• “A recent report (Kenway 2009) found …”
• Kenway, P. (2008) Addressing in-work poverty
[online], available: http://www.jrf.org.uk/
publications/addressing-work-poverty
[accessed 21 January 2013]
Important: include the date you visited the site

38. • No author on website:
– “Vodafone’s policy (2010) states …”
– Vodafone Group Plc (2010) Code of ethical purchasing
[online], available:
http://www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/supply
_chain/code_of_ethical_purchasing.html [accessed 21
January 2010].
• No date on website – use n.d. instead:
– “A British Sky Broadcasting (n.d.) investigation found
…”

39. OTHER TYPES
OF MATERIAL:
Examples in
handout and
http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/docs/
Harvardguide.pdf

40. FAQs

41. More than one author
• Two or three:
– Give all authors in citation, in the same order as
on the item:
• e.g., Companies that discriminate lose talent
(Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2008).
– Reference list:
• Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2008) Human
resource management, 7th ed., Harlow: Prentice Hall.

42. • Four or more:
– Use et al. (“and others”) in the citation, but give all
authors in reference list.
• e.g. Solomon et al. (2006) suggest that …
• [Not Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, and Hogg (2006)
suggest that …]
– Reference list:
• Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. and Hogg,
M.K. (2006) Consumer behaviour: a European
perspective, 3rd ed., Harlow: Financial Times.

43. Page numbers in citations
• “Ransom (2002, p.68-69) showed …”
• Different departments have different guidelines.
• Some only ask for page numbers when you are
quoting.
• Others want page numbers even if the
information is in your own words.
• SML – page numbers only needed for quotations.
• Others - ??? Check your assignment guidelines or
ask your tutor.

44. Quotes
• Must make it clear that the words came from
somewhere else.
• Short quotes – use quotation marks:
– According to Royle (2000, p.167) “the British state was
strong because it was militarily effective and relatively
efficient at raising taxes.”
– According to Royle (2000, p.167) “the British state was
strong because it was … relatively efficient at raising taxes.”
• Ellipsis (three dots …) shows that you have
removed words from the original text.

45. • Longer quotes - space above and below the quote, indent quote
from left.
According to Solomon et. al. (2006, p.177):
The effectiveness of celebrities as communications sources often
depends upon their perceived credibility. Consumers may not trust
a celebrity’s motives for endorsing a product or they may question
the star’s competence to evaluate the product’s claims.
Therefore, it can be assumed ...
• Don’t waste word count on quotes - more marks if you demonstrate
understanding.
• Useful when you need to show the exact wording, or if you are
going to discuss the quote.

46. Secondary referencing
• Use secondary referencing when your source
refers to research done by someone else, and
you’ve not read the original research.
• E.g., book by Jones talking about work done by
Smith:
– According to Smith, cited in Jones (2008, p.17) …
– OR Jones (2008, p.17) citing Smith notes that …
– OR Smith’s landmark experiment ... (Smith cited in
Jones 2008, p.17)
• Jones would appear in your reference list – not
Smith.

47. Common mistakes
• Not having all the required information for your
referencing.
• Doing citations but forgetting reference list.
• Not referencing information taken from
elsewhere – very serious; could be accused of
plagiarism.
• Inconsistency – make sure all your references are
in the same style.
• Including author’s/publisher’s address – not
needed.

48. Reference Management
Software
• Reference Management Software can assist
you in writing references correctly.
• Adds citations to your text and automatically
creates a reference list.
• Information Services runs Power Hours on
using EndNote online.

49. Today’s Class
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• How?
• FAQs and common mistakes.
• Getting more help.

50. Useful book
• Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide by Richard
Pears & Graham Shields
• Slightly different version of
Harvard, but gives good
guidance.

51. Help with referencing
• Subject Librarians: http://bit.ly/VQ0C6R
– Mathematical & Computer Sciences, Built
Environment - Sarah Kelly
– Life Sciences - Marion Kennedy
– Engineering & Physical Sciences, Petroleum
Engineering - Kirsty Thomson
– Management & Languages, Edinburgh Business
School, Combined Studies - Catherine Ure
• Library Enquiry Desk
• libhelp@hw.ac.uk
• http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/docs/Harvardguide.pdf

52. It’s all Latin to me…
• et al. et alii and others
• op. cit. opere citato in the work cited
• ibid. ibidem in the same place
Op. cit. and ibid. used in some numeric styles:
1. Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic
perspective, International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-
50
2. Du, J., et al. (2008) ‘Economic institutions and FDI location
choice: Evidence from US multinationals in China’, Journal
of Comparative Economics, 36(3), pp.412-429.
3. Ibid., p. 413
4. Thomson, M. op.cit., p.46.