It include the mass production of Lady Bird Beetle With applied science.

2. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
ENTOMOLOGY
Course No.-
(AEL-ENTO-486)

4. 1 Introduction.
2 Taxonomic Position.
3 Morphological Description.
4 Biology.
5 Life Cycle.
6 Where to find.
7 How to attract and conserve.
8 Types of Ladybird beetle.
9 Alternative food.
10 Use of Ladybird beetle in
Biological control.
11 Commercial availability.
12 Natural Enemies.
13 Reference.

5. Introduction
Ladybird is a name that has been used in England for
more than 600 years for the European beetle
Coccinella septempunctata. As knowledge about
insects increased, the name became extended to all its
relatives, members of the beetle family Coccinellidae.
In the USA, the name ladybird was popularly
Americanized to ladybugs, although these insects are
beetles, not bugs
Now, the word ladybird applies to a whole family of
beetles, Coccinellidae or ladybirds, not just
Coccinella septempunctata
Coccinellidae are the family of beetles belonging to
the superfamily Cucujoidea, which in turn belongs to
the series Cucujiformia within the suborders
Polyphaga of the beetles

6. Taxonomic Position
Scientific Name- Coccinella magnifica
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Arthropods
Class- Insecta
Order- Coleoptera
Sub Order- Polyphaga
superfamily- Cucujoidea
Family- Coccinellidae

7. Morphological Description
Ladybird beetles abdomen consists 1st to 8th or 1st to 9th segments where is
1st, 2nd and 3rd segments are invisible. Only 4th to 8th in the male or 4th to
9th in the female ventral segments is clearly visible in the ladybird beetles
abdomen. Biranvand et al said that, morphos of the ladybird beetles have
different appearance, such as number, size, color and pattern of spots on
the elytra and pronotum; which can be effected for their abdomens or
abdominal segments. According to Gordon , Weise was apparently the first
Coccinellid taxonomist to realize that male genitalia could be useful to
distinguish species. The second half of the 20th Century was a ‘Golden Age
of Coccinellidae Taxonomy’. Their body is divided with three parts which
call head, thorax and abdomen. The insect abdomen is the 3rd main
segment of the body.

8. Biology
The ladybird beetle belongs to the family coccinellidae of order
coleoptera.
The members of the family are exclusively predator on aphids,
mealybugs, scale-insects, whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, mites and other
small soft bodied insect pests . Average length and breadth of larvae was
1.41 ± 0.16 and 0.42 ± 0.02 mm, respectively. Average width of head
capsule was 0.25 ± 0.02 mm. Mean length and breadth of pupae was
3.88 ± 0.19 mm and 2.30 ± 0.45 mm, respectively Number of eggs laid
by an individual female of ladybird beetle ranged from 195 to maximum
839 eggs with a mean of 382 ± 163.17 eggs A female's fecundity under
25 °C temperature is about 400 eggs; the range is 200-700 eggs, on
average 9 eggs/day; and the range is 7-11/day.

9. Life Cycle
1. Eggs
2. Larvae
3. Pupa
4. Adult

10. 1.Eggs
2 .Usually located near calonies of insect they eat.
3. May be mistaken for egg of some pest beetle such
as colordo potato beetle, Maxican bean beetle and
squash beetle.
1.Tiny, bright yellow-
orange, spindle-shaped
eggs laid upright in
cluster of 5-30.

11. 2. Larvae
1. Look completely
different from adults, being
fattened and tapered.
2. Alligator like body
structure.
3. Up to 1/4 inch long.
4 .Usually dark colored (Black) with orange or yellow
markings.
5. Many species have short bristle on some parts of the body.
6 .Three prominent pairs of legs.
7. Larvae are very active, creeping about quickly as they hunt
for prey.

12. 3. Pupa
1. The pupae is the
size of an adult
ladybird however, it
is all wrapped up at
this stage of the
metamorphosis.
2.The wrapping protects the pupae while it undergoes the final
stages of metamorphosis into the adult stage.
3.This last stage only takes a few days.

13. 4.Adult
1. Vary in size but
average 1/4 to 3/8
long.
2. Typically round or
avail and convex in
shape.
3. Bright and varied colors ranging from black to pink yellow
or red with or without spots on wings

16. Life Cycle

17. Where to find
1. On many plants
throughout the garden and
landscape.
2. Feeding on soft bodies
insect or flowering plants.
3. Look especially on leaf
undersides.
4. Garden crops on which
lady beetle are commonly
found includes potatoes,
sweet corn, peas, Cole
crops, tomatoes and
asparagus.

18. How to attract and conserve
1. Grow flowering plants that produce the
Hector and pollen eaten by adult lady beetle
2. This is especially important in late spring
before the insects they feed on become
abundant.
3. Avoid or reduce the use of broad-spectrum
insecticide.
4. Horticultural oils and insecticidal soaps are
less harmful to lady bird beetle than some
residual conventional pesticides

19. Types of Lady bird beetle
1. Two spotted Ladybird beetle - Adalia bipunctata
2. Twice stabbed Ladybird beetle - Chilocurus stigma
3. seven spotted Ladybird beetle - Coccinella
septempunctata
4. Pink spot Ladybird beetle - Coleomegilla muculata
5. Mealy bug destroyer Ladybird beetle - Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
6. Multicolored Asian Ladybird beetle - Harmonia
axyridis
7. Convergent Ladybird beetle - Hippodamia
convergens
8. Spider mid destroyer Ladybird beetle - Stethorus spp

20. 1) Two Spotted Lady bird beetle
Native to North America and Europe, these adult beetles have
red wings with two black or brown spots, and their dome-
shaped bodies are 4-5 millimetres (mm) long. They overwinter
as adults and come out in early to mindspring, and they can live
for one or two years. Adults and larvae both feed on many soft-
bodied pests in the garden, like aphids. The beetle is
commercially available from insectaries.
Adalia bipunctata

21. 2) Twice stabbed Lady Bird beetle
These cute little ladybugs are black with two red spots on
their backs – just the opposite of the two-spotted ladybird
beetle. They’re small – just 3¾-5 mm – but they’re very
aggressive feeders. Their diet is primarily scales, which
can be nasty insect pests to control. You can often find
these ladybugs hunting for their next meal in trees.
Chilocorus stigma

22. 3) Seven Spotted Lady bird beetle
Unlike many other ladybird beetles, this 7-mm-long
insect has an odd number of spots on its back, with one
spot normally split right in half between its two wings.
This European native has been repeatedly released in
North America as a biological control agent to feed on
pest aphids, and it’s now established in North America.
Coccinella septempunctat

23. 4) Pink Spot Lady bird beetle
Another North American native, these beetles can be
found throughout the eastern US and Canada and as far
west as the Midwest. They can be pink to red and are 5-6
mm long. The adult “pinks” are oval-shaped. As much as
50 percent of their diet can be pollen, so if you want to
attract these helpful insects to your garden, be sure to have
lots of flowering plants!
Coleomegilla muculata

24. 5) Mealybug destroyer Lady bird beetle
This beetle is a specialized feeder – it loves to munch on
mealybugs and other soft scales, and it was brought to the
US from Australia in 1891 to control citrus mealybug.
This aggressive feeder is 3-4 mm long and has a dark
brown body and orange head. The larvae are white and
fluffy. These ladybugs are often purchased from
commercial insectaries and released in lieu of using
pesticides.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

25. 6) MulticoloredAsian Lady bird beetle
A native to Asia, this beetle was originally released in the
US to help control pests, and it’s established itself
extensively. Since it feeds on many species of soft-bodied
insects, including aphids, scales and psyllids, this
beneficial insect is considered to be a very good friend to
gardeners. The adults are 6 mm long, slightly oval and
come in many shades of red and orange. The number of
spots can very greatly – and sometimes they don’t even
have spots. They can be identified by the “m” or “w” on
the backs of their heads.
Harmonia axyridis

26. 7) Convergent Lady bird beetle
This is one of the most commonly known native ladybird
beetles in the US. The adults are elongated and measure 4-
7 mm long. They can be identified by the prominent
black-and-white patterns on their heads, and the spots on
their red wings can number from just a few up to as many
as 13. These ladybugs feed on many insect pests. They’re
often offered for sale, but they’re collected from the wild,
which isn’t a very sustainable practice.
Happodamia convergens

27. 8) Spider mid destroyer
This is one small beetle! It only measures 1½ mm long,
but that doesn’t mean it can’t eat a lot! This ladybug loves
to feed on spider mites, and the adults can consume 75 to
100 mites per day. A US native, they can often be found
feeding among high numbers of spider mites in landscapes
and orchards. The adults are solid black and are covered
with tiny hairs.
Stethorus spp

28. Alternative food
1. Ladybird beetle and adults many supplement their normal
prey in times of scarcity with other types of food.
2. They consume flower nectar, and honeydew- the sugary
excretion of piercing-sucking insect such as aphids and
whiteflies.
3. Many plant species also contain organelles in locations on
the plant other than flower- tremed extra floral nectaries
that produce a nutrient laden secretion.
4. While it was first thought that extra floral nactaries were
used by the plant for excretion, it is well substantiated that
most plant actually use the extra floral nectarines to attract
predators and parasites for protection from their
herbivores.

29. Rearing methodology of ladybird
beetle
1 Introduction :
1. Different types of pests are fond in nature affecting life and
yield of nature and cultivated crops of Agro-forestry.
2. They hamper and destroy standing and stored food reserves in
every part of world.
3. In many studies it is known that coccinella septempunctata
commonly called lady bird beetle is a capable predator and can
be used for the biological control of T tabaci and T
vaporariorum in a greenhouse.
4. The insect predater may commit to reproduction to varying
degree depending of the nature of the prey the consume.
5. To be successful the CSL searching strategy pre-supposes a
high capacity to meet variation, plus a capacity for learning.

30. 2 Materials:
1. Rearing cages 6. Sugar syrup
2. Disposable petri dishes 7. Honey syrup
3. Beakers 8. Cotton bolls
4. Camel hairbrush{0.00} 9. Filter papers
5. Plain water 10. Thermometer

31. 3 Methods :
1.Adults and CSL were collected from the agriculture fields and reared in
Entomology laboratory.
2. The field-collected material was sorted out in the laboratory and pairs
were selected for oviposition.
3. The selected pair were kept in separate petri dishes to get the
laboratory batches of eggs for single cohort offspring to minimize the
variation in the experiment.
4. Then beetles were reared on aphids. The experiment was carried out in
the laboratory under homogeneous condition.
5. The experiment was laid out according to complete Randomized CRD
with there replication and eight treatment, the treatment means were
analyzed using analysis of variance.

32. Natural diet:
•Brevicoryne brassicae.
•1st and 2nd instars of Macrosiphon roseae.
•Alete of Macrosiphon rsoeae.
•Rhopalosiphum maidis.
•Rhopalosiphum maidis on filter paper surface.
Artificial diet:
•Honey syrup- was given with the help of cotton boll every day to
observe longevity and data was recorded daily.
•Sugar syrup- Daily sugar syrup was given in cotton boll the longevity
on sugar syrup and data was recorded.
•Plain water- The boiling water in cotton boll was also given to observe
the longevity and data was recorded daily

33. 4 Concluding perspectives:
1. It is recommended by analyzing the experimental result the
ladybird beetle growth rate population size is affected by type of food
and temperature.
2. Fecundity and longevity parameter have coincidence with egg
lying capacity of Lady bird beetle by the diet available.

34. Use of Ladybird beetle in Biological
Control
1. Most species of ladybirds are considered beneficial
because they are predators of Homoptera or Acarina,
many of which are considered to be pests.
2. One type of biological control is thus
called manipulative biological control (of which a
subset is conservation biological control).
3. A second type of biological control is augmentative
biological control.
4. A third type of biological control is classical or
inoculative biological control.

35. Commercial Availability
1. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri - Mealybug destroyer
(mealybugs on citrus, ornamentals, and vegetables, and in
greenhouses and interiorscapes).
2. Delphastus catalinae - Whitefly predator (greenhouse,
banded-winged, sweetpotato, woolly, azalea, hibiscus,
cloudywinged, citrus and rhododendron whiteflies on
ornamentals, vegetables, fruit, and citrus, and in
greenhouses and interiorscapes).
3. Rhyzobius lophanthae - (also called Lindorus lophanthae)
hard and soft scales and mealybugs on ornamentals.

36. 4. Hippodamia convergens- Ladybeetle (aphids, scales and
thrips, in citrus, ornamentals, fruits and vegetables, and in
greenhouses and interiorscapes). This species occurs in Florida
but there still is a potential problem - some suppliers do not rear
the beetles but collect overwintering adults from the mountains
of eastern California - these overwintering adult beetles (a) may
be heavily parasitized and many may die, and (b) may be
programmed at the end of the winter to end the hibernation by
flying west (which may do you no good if they all take to flight
and leave your property).

37. Natural Enemies
1. All insects have predators, parasites/parasitoids, and/or
pathogens. Ladybirds are not exempt. Larvae of Epilachna
borealis and E. varieties are attacked by a native tachinid
fly.
1.Tachinid fly:-

38. 2. This wasp is a parasitoid of other epilachnine ladybirds in
India, and was introduced into the USA specifically to
control Epilachna varieties. Another native tachinid
fly, Hyalmyodes triangulifer (Loew), is less specialized,
attacking larvae not only of Epilachna varieties.
3. It attacks adult ladybirds and to a lesser extent larvae and
pupae. It attacks Coccinella septempunctata, Coleomegilla
maculata, and several other species.
4. Many other parasitoids and pathogens of ladybirds are not
mentioned here for lack of space.
2.Wasp:-

39. 3.Ants:-
1. Ants are one of the infection to mealy bugs.
2. They infected the colony of mealy bugs rearing.
3. Five species of ants were recorded tending mealy bugs,
but none is known to be disruptive to mealy bug
natural enemies.

40. Reference
1. The introduction of insects into Florida. Florida
Entomologist :- Frank JH, McCoy ED. 1993.
2. Ladybird beetles - recent immigrants to Florida. UF/IFAS
Featured Creatures:-Thomas MC, Blanchard OJ, Jr. 2014
3. Featured Creature Entomology & Nematology
FDACS/DPI EDIS
4. ICAR Natural Centre for Integrated Pest Management ,
New Delhi