Countries in the Global South have committed to the UNFCCC's Paris Agreement and have been preparing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) implementation and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). While they are in different stages of implementing these plans, several institutional capacity challenges need to be addressed in their progress toward a coordinated multisectoral delivery of these plans. In this presentation, we look at selected examples of institutional architecture for climate change actions and present a systematic way of studying and addressing these challenges. We bring lessons from Ghana, Malawi, Tajikistan, India, Vietnam, and Bangladesh to identify opportunities for strengthening local capacities of the policy, regulatory, investment, and governance systems. We argue multisectoral integration for climate action requires strengthening sectoral approaches and actions with climate mainstreaming, leveraging limited resources for climate action outcomes, and joint monitoring and tracking of the progress for national and global reporting.

1. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR CLIMATE ACTION:
MISSING DIMENSIONS, INTEGRATED APPROACHES, AND
SELECTED LESSONS
Presented to the USAID Mission
(Add Date)
Suresh Babu
Senior Research Fellow and Head of Capacity Building,
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
IFPRI Africa Brown Bag Seminar Series
29 March, 2023

2. KEY AREAS OF PRESENTATION
 Introduction
 IPCC Report: Key findings
 Kaleidoscope Model
 Missing Dimension
 Integrated approach : The Comprehensive Action for
Climate Change Initiative (CACCI) Approach
 Lessons learnt

3. INTRODUCTION
• Identify institutional capacity as a constraint for climate
change action
• Method for analyzing institutional capacity: Kaleidoscope
model
• Missing dimension: Coordination, resource mobilization,
monitoring, reporting, and verification
• Integrated approach: CACCI
• Looking at selected countries (most of them have been
observed over a decade): Tajikistan, India, Vietnam,
Bangladesh, Malawi, and Ghana
• Lessons

4. IPCC REPORT
 Human activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse
gases, have unequivocally caused global warming, with global
surface temperature reaching 1.1°C above 1850-1900 in 2011-
2020
 Global greenhouse gas emissions have continued to increase, with
unequal historical and ongoing contributions arising from
unsustainable energy use, land use and land-use change,
lifestyles and patterns of consumption and production across
regions
 This has led to widespread adverse impacts and related losses
and damages to nature and people
 Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the
least to current climate change are disproportionately affected
 Those who contributed the least to climate change are often the

5. IPCC REPORT
• Effective climate action is enabled by political
commitment, well-aligned multilevel governance,
institutional frameworks, laws, policies and
strategies and enhanced access to finance and
technology
• Clear goals, coordination across multiple policy
domains, and inclusive governance processes
facilitate effective climate action
• Regulatory and economic instruments can support
deep emissions reductions and climate resilience if
scaled up and applied widely
• Climate resilient development benefits from

6. IPCC REPORT - 2023
 Survival guide for
humanity
 36 pages long – simple to
use as a cheat sheet
 Ways GHG affects
humanity – GHG
emissions are not
reducing
 Natural disasters –
Storms, heat waves,
floods
 Not all are affecting
equally and everyone

7. IPCC REPORT -ADAPTATION
 Mainstreaming effective and
equitable climate action
 Adaptation planning and
implementation has
progressed
 Despite progress, adaptation
gaps exist, and will continue
to grow
 Maladaptation is happening
in some sectors and regions.
 Delayed mitigation and
adaptation action

8. IPCC REPORT - MITIGATION
• Climate resilient development
integrates adaptation and
mitigation
• Global GHG emissions in 2030
implied by nationally
determined contributions
(NDCs)
• Rapid and far-reaching
transitions across all sectors
and systems are necessary
• Feasible, effective, and low-cost
options for mitigation and
adaptation
• Accelerated and equitable action
in mitigating and adapting to
climate change

9. IPCC REPORT – ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT
• Effective climate action is
enabled by political
commitment
• Well-aligned multilevel
governance
• Institutional frameworks,
laws, policies, and strategies
• Enhanced access to finance
and technology
• Clear goals, coordination
across multiple policy
domains, and inclusive
governance processes
• Regulatory and economic
instruments

10. IPCC REPORT – WHAT ARE BROAD
OBJECTIVES?
 Prioritizing equity, climate
justice, social justice,
inclusion and just transition
processes
 People with the highest
vulnerability to climatic
hazards
 Integrating climate
adaptation into social
protection programs
improves resilience
 Behavioral and lifestyle
changes, with co-benefits

11. IPCC REPORT - PRIORITY ACTIONS
 Energy Efficiency at all levels –
agricultural and irrigation systems
 Greener Transport technologies –
agricultural Value chains
 Arrest Deforestation and increase
forestation – Agroforestry
 Ecosystem restoration – soil water
natural resources - landscapes
 Sustainable Food System transformation
and reduce food wastage

12. STAGES OF
POLICY MAKING
PROCESS

13. THE
KALEIDOSCOP
E MODEL
5 stages and
16 Hypotheses
Source: Resnick, Haggblade, Babu,
Hendriks, and Mather (2018). World
Development Journal

14. MISSING DIMENSIONS
• Capacity for coordination and development of
investment plans
 Institutional development at the national
levels
 Institutional development at the regional
levels
• Mobilization of resources – capacity for climate
financing
• Country-wide monitoring, reporting, and
verification (MRV) of programs

15. INTEGRATED APPROACH: THE COMPREHENSIVE ACTION
FOR CLIMATE CHANGE INITIATIVE — ASIA (CACCI-ASIA)
APPROACH
(STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR ACHIEVING NDC/NAPS IN ASIA
IN LINE WITH USAID CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY AND PREPARE INITIATIVE)
Policy analysis of
alternative
adaptation and
mitigation
interventions
Support evidence-based
development and
monitoring of agricultural
strategies for
implementing NAPs
Multi-stakeholder
engagement
through policy
systems
strengthening
Ensure strong
participation of the
private sector and other
key stakeholders in
formulation and
implementation
Strengthening
institutional,
regulatory, tracking,
and reporting
capacity and
leadership for
implementation
Support formulation and
operationalization of
adaptation plans to achieve
commitments to mitigation
01 02 03

16. CACCI APPROACH: WHAT WE CAN ACHIEVE?
Increased
capacity for
country-level
policy analysis
and more
effective regional
coordination and
engagement
Broader local
ownership of
agricultural
policies and
investment plans
that accelerate
climate
Adaptation &
Mitigation (A&M)
in the food
system
Stronger
evidence base
through
enhanced MRV
systems
combined with
research on
determinants of
adoption of
climate friendly
innovations
01 02 03

17. EVIDENCE-DRIVEN PARTNERSHIPS FOR IMPACT AND SCALING UP
WHAT WE WILL DO
HOW WE WILL DO IT
Bring CACCI partners
together for delivering on
research-based
strategies, capacity
strengthening, and
implementation
WHAT WE WILL ACHIEVE
Evidence-based, politically approved, implemented, and monitored NDCs and NAPs under the Paris
Agreement
Transformational policies, strengthened human capacity, and improved institutional infrastructure that
drives progress towards a net zero carbon Asia that is food secure and resilient to climate change
1st Year
Country level stocktaking and policy
mapping, Formulation of country action
plans, Rapid field research and analysis, and
Review of availability and adoption of
interventions
2nd and 3rd Year
Implementation of programs, tracking, MRV
and MEAL, and scaling up
Strengthen policy system,
institutional and regulatory
architecture, and tracking
and MRV system for CC
mitigation and adaptation

18. CASE STUDY: TAJIKISTAN
 Tajikistan is prone to natural disasters
 Ongoing and anticipated impacts of climate change in the
country – disruptions in rainfall, growing temperatures,
reductions in glacial cover and extreme weather
 Developed NDCs and NAPs as part of the Paris Agreement
and the recent COP-26 meetings
 Government has expressed the need for technical
assistance and capacity building to support its climate
actions – role of CACCI-Asia

19. TAJIKISTAN: CACCI APPROACH
CACCI
Approach:
NDC
implementation
in
Tajikistan
Mapping of the policy system, partners, institutions, resources, and stakeholders
involved in NDC implementation
Facilitate establishment of the NDC Secretariat (NDCS) to serve the Committee on
Environmental Protection (CEP) on NDC implementation
Strengthen institutional capacity for national level coordination for NDC
implementation
Strengthen analytical capacity of network partners including policy analysis and
preparing evidence-based programming for NDC implementation
Develop a strategy for a prototype of MRV systems
Develop a dashboard for real time reporting of the progress
Provide analytical support to the Government of Tajikistan in drafting the new
Agricultural Development Strategy

20. MAPPING ACTORS, ACTIONS AND
INVESTMENTS
Policy Process: Study of authority for
regulation, information exchange, and
resource flows
Institutional system actors and players:
CEP, partners, and line ministries in key
sectors
Stakeholder mapping: investments and
interventions of key partners (consultations
with the key partners)
What opportunities exist for developing

21. THE NDC
SECRETARIAT
(NDCS)
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
STRENGTHENING
Facilitate the establishment of the
NDC Secretariat (NDCS)
Institutional Development
Serve the Committee on
Environmental Protection (CEP) on
NDC implementation
Sharing of global and regional
knowledge on the implementation
of NDCs and lessons
Develop tracking, decision making,
and reporting system (MRV and
MEAL)

22. MAPPING-KEY LESSONS (CONTD.)
Strengthen institutional capacity for
national-level coordination for NDC
implementation and at the local levels
Capacity for project development and
management – Disaster Risk Reduction and
Disaster Risk Management
Capacity for evidence generation and
knowledge sharing and investment
generation
Strengthen the analytical capacity of network
partners including policy analysis and
preparing evidence-based programming

23. Mainstreaming agricultural development strategies for
NDC implementation in Tajikistan

24. INTEGRATION: POLICY LEVEL
RECOMMENDATIONS
Incorporate concrete measures focused on nutrition security
in the food systems context—strengthening livestock and
dairy as value chains
Create awareness on food basket which is required to meet
the nutritional standards
Introduce green technology’ and ‘green infrastructure’
Restore the abandoned land in agricultural circulation
Incorporate financial sustainability mechanisms
Restore the abandoned land in agricultural circulation
Incorporate financial sustainability mechanisms

25. INTEGRATION: POLICY LEVEL
RECOMMENDATIONS
Incorporate financial sustainability mechanisms
Incorporate development of sustainable infrastructure
Multi-stakeholder engagement
Improve awareness about crop rotation, intercropping and
crop diversity adaptation action to build resilience to
droughts and pests
Provision of agriculture climate change information for rural
populations, farmers, and agricultural enterpriser
Develop and include food systems specific strategies for the
NDC Capacity Building Action Plan suggested in the NDC
Implementation Plan which aims to deliver the necessary
knowledge, skills, communication streams, and institutional

26. INTEGRATION: INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Include strengthening managerial, institutional, and infrastructure
capacity to support irrigation and drainage systems
 Provide institutional support to farmers through extension
systems and other local bodies to enhance productivity and
enhance their own livelihood through higher incomes
 Strengthening the capacity of Water Users Associations
 Incorporate the reform of research entities in the country
 Collaborate with research institutions on developing enhanced
seed varieties that are resilient to unfavorable growing conditions
resulting from climate change
 Private extension should be closely linked to value chain
development. Best practices from other developing countries

27. INTEGRATION: TECHNICAL LEVEL
RECOMMENDATIONS
Enhance productive capacity by improving access to
inputs and infrastructure
Rehabilitation of irrigation systems and drainages
Adaptation actions to promote favorable growing
conditions in sight of climate change through soil
protection and integrated pest management practices
to minimize loss and damage associated with climate
change
Implement strategies for widespread adoption of
efficient irrigation methods in agricultural lands,

28. INTEGRATION: TECHNICAL LEVEL
RECOMMENDATIONS
Incorporate strategies to improve soil carbon
stock and practice sustainable cultivation
Include strategies on improved pasture
management and improved regulation and
enforcement to minimize land degradation in
favor of preservation of natural resources
against loss and damage exacerbated by
climate change
Promote sustainable and integrated
agroforestry practices

29. CACCI-ASIA:
INDIA
National and
regional
partnerships:
Research and
Information
System for
Developing
Countries (RIS)
 In Oct 2022, presented
the CACCI-Asia approach
at RIS, New Delhi.
 Met with NITI AAYOG –
National Planning
Commission to initiate
national-level
consultations
 Began consultations at
the State Level – Tamil
Nadu State
 Post –COP27 discussions
and dialogue
 MS Swaminathathan
research foundation –
Consultation in Dec 2022

30. CACCI-ASIA:
INDIA
National
Partnerships:
Tamil Nadu
Agricultural
University
 Signed an MoU to work
on climate change issues
 Co-organized and
presented at a three-day
‘International Workshop
on Climate Change and
Agriculture:
Methodologies and Policy
Issues’ held in Jan 2023

31. CACCI-ASIA:
BANGLADESH
Economic
Development
Research
Organization (EDRO)
&
Ministry of
Environment, Forest
and Climate Change
 Met with the
Minister of
Environment
 National
Consultations in
January 2023
 Meeting planned
with Prime
Minister’s Office

32. CACCI-ASIA:
BANGLADES
H
•Agricultural Policy Support Unit
•Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh
•Global Center on Adaptation,
Bangladesh
•Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Council
•BIMSTEC
A new multiyear activity funded
by USAID’s mission on Climate
Smart Agriculture
PEARL funding IFPRI country
office is planning to undertake an
inventory of climate smart
innovation

33. CACCI-ASIA:
VIETNAM
• Consultations
with Nguyen
Dinh Tho,
General
Director of the
Institute of
Strategy and
Policy on
Natural
resources and
Environment
• Vietnam
Ministry of
Environment
and Natural
Resources

34. CLIMATE RESILIENT AGRICULTURE (CRA): VIETNAM, GHANA, INDIA,
BANGLADESH (BABU ET AL, 2019)
• Developing countries face a
number of issues and
challenges in building adequate
capacity for disaster
management and risk reduction
• In the context of climate-
resilient agriculture,
determining a country’s optimal
capacity for the design and
adoption of CRA requires an
understanding of how the
system works.
• There are multiple pathways
through which one can
influence the system towards
CRA
• Bringing forward policy issues
and presenting data to
demonstrate problems,
conducting research to support
evidence-based policymaking,
and using media to influence
politicians and constituents
alike. Alternatively, more
immediate small-scale change
can occur at the community
level by working with local
governments, civil society
organizations, and farmer
based organizations to design
and implement CRA initiatives.
• Yet, without the adequate
capacity for designing and
implementing effective
programs in farmers’ fields,
CRA innovation may remain on

35. CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH –
USAID-FUNDED PROJECT IN MALAWI

36. Activity Goal
Sustainable, equitable & resilient food &
nutrition security for ultra-poor and
chronically vulnerable households in
Mangochi & Zomba Districts
Purpose 1
Increased diversified sustainable and
equitable incomes for ultra-poor,
chronically vulnerable households,
women and youth.
Purpose 2
Nutritional status among children
under five, adolescent girls and women
of reproductive age improved
Purpose 3
Increased institutional and local capacities
to reduce risk and increase resilience
among poor and very poor households in
alignment with the NRS
Gender
Equality
Governance
and
Accountabili
ty
Youth
Engagement
Social
Behavior
Change
USAID-FUNDED PROJECT IN MALAWI

37. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Strengthen institutional capacity for regional,
national, and local level coordination and resource
mobilization to implement NDC
Develop and strengthen MRV systems for climate
action
Mainstream and integrate climate action across
sectors
 Strengthen capacity for evidence generation and
knowledge sharing and investment generation
Capacity for project development and management
– DRR and DRM

38. THANK YOU