Antibiotic Concerns Prompt a Different Approach by Dr.Sirish Nigam

1. Antibiotic Concerns Prompt a Different Approach
Dr. Shirish Nigam
MD - EW Nutrition India Pvt Ltd

2. Overview
Ban of AGP‘s in European Community
Feed quality influencing factors
 Quality of used raw materials
 Anti-nutritional factors (ANF‘s)
 Technical feed quality
 Nutrient content and digestibility
 Additives
 Enzymes
 Probiotics and Prebiotics
 Organic acids
 Secondary plant compounds
Take-Home Message

3. Antimicrobial Growth Promotors (AGPs)
 When Sweden joined the EU in 1995, they maintained
their total ban on AGPs from 1986 based on the
safeguard clause (an exemption from the Acquis Com.)
 In 1996: First scientific proof of cross-resistance in a
Dutch turkey farmer
 Political discussion on EU level started somewhere in the
second half of the 90s
 Relatively quickly political agreement reached (mainly
initiated by The Netherlands and Sweden) that the use of
antimicrobials as growth promotors (AGPs) is unwanted
(‘used to disguise management failures’)

4. Prohibition on AGPs in Europe
1997: EU ban on Avoparcin
1998: ban on Carbadox and Olaquindox in The Netherlands
(safeguard clause)
1999: EU ban on Tylosin, Spiramycin, Virginiamycin and
Bacitracin-Zinc
In 1999 Sweden applied for the safeguard clause for the
remaining AGPs (Flavophospholipol, Avilamycin, Monensin
and Salinomycin)
Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003: total ban on all remaining
AGPs as from 01.01.2006
Use of selected coccidiostats is still allowed
The use of some antibiotics as therapeutic VMP is still
allowed (only after prescription by a veterinarian)

5. Challenge: how to support health in GIT and performance?
Solution: Bundle of different actions needs to be considered.
Prohibition on AGPs in Europe

6. Feed quality influencing factors
Feed measures can‘t replace
Hygiene on farm
Biosecurity in the barns
 important actions of farmers to keep the flock in the best
possible health condition.

7. Quality of used raw materials
Hygienic status of raw materials
Microbial contamination should be as low as possible
Load with mycotoxins must be considered closely
→ High standard in manufacturing practice, in the
chain from field to storage and feedmill
→ Grain and corn should be cleaned technically
before used as raw material for feed production
→ Specifically adjusted use of Mycotoxin risk
Managment tool

8. Mycotoxins – influence of sieve cleaning actions
Source: Persak, P.; Jarnjak,M. (2015)

10. 10
The GIT – complex environmentFeeding
Crop: pH 5.5
50 min
Proventiculus
90 min (including
gizzard)
Gizzard
Duodenum
5 – 8 min
Jejunum
20 – 30 min
Ileum
50 – 70 min
Caeca
infrequent emptying
up to 24 h – 48 h
Colon
25 min
IMPORTANT TO KNOW:
Rapid inflammatory response
(12 h – mammals 3 to 4 days)
epithelial turnover rate 48 to 96 h

11. 11
absorbed nutrients
Optimal digestion rate leads to reduced amount of nutritive
substances for bacteria
less bacteria
starch
fat
protein
Graphic according Bedford (2002),
Dysbacteriosis

12. 12
less absorbed nutrients
Incomplete digestion leads to higher amount of nutritive
substances for bacteria in the caecum / colon
more bacteria
starch
fat
protein
Graphic according Bedford (2002),
Acute Effect:
• Dysbacteriosis
• Insufficient feed
conversion
Longterm Effect:
• Increased production
of endogenous
enzymes
• Immune reaction
• Growth of organs
related to digestion
• Consumption of
nutrients (energy)
Dysbacteriosis

13. Grinding process
- Technology
- Screen perforation
- distance hammer - sieve
Components
- Materials
- Structure e.g. premixes
- Structure e.g. byproducts
Agglomeration
- Pelleting
- Pelleting technique
- Granulation and screening
Effect on structure of the feed and
physical properties in feeding systems
and the GIT
- Particle size distribution -
Influences on physical properties of feed

14. Technical feed quality
Ingredient FPQF Ingredient FPQF Ingredient FPQF
Corn 5 Soybean meal 4 Corn gluten meal 4
Barley 5 Fish meal 4 Ground nut meal 8
Wheat 8 Sunflower meal 6 Guar meal 7
DDGS 5 Linseed meal 7 Rice bran 2
Brewers grains 3 Coconut cake 5 Vit./Min. premix 2.5
Oil -40 Palm kernel meal 6 Binder: lignin 50
Molasses 7 Rape seed meal 6
Prediction of pellet quality by „Feed Pellet Quality Factor (FPQF)“
Source: FARAHAT, M. (2015): Good pellet quality – does it makes sense?
http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Processing/Pelleting/2015/7/Good-quality-feed-pellets-Does-it-make-sense-1785760W/

15. Technical feed quality
Source: KLEINE KLAUSING, H. (2011): Aspects of feed structure and technological treatment of grain on intestinal health
IFF Feed Processing Conference at Victam International 2011 Cologne - 03 May 2011

16. Nutrient content and digestibility
(1) Adapted to the different production phases
(2) According to actual practical-scientific knowledge,
published by the breeding companies
(3) Formulating on basis of digestible nutrients, especially AA
(4) Considering actual knowledge on support of health in GIT
through fermentable fiber in the diets

17. Anti-nutritional factors (ANF‘s)
→Protease inhibitors
→Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP‘s)
→Phytate
How to handle such challenges?
Processing of raw materials  toasting, expansion, extrusion
Addition of selected enzymes like phytase, glucanase,
xylanase, ….

18. Feeding
In animal nutrition the following groups of additives are often
used to balance microflora in order to have a positive influence
on gut stability and intestinal health:
 Enzymes
 Prebiotics
 Probiotics
 Organic acids
 (Essential oils)
 Secondary plant compounds (standardized combination
of extracts from e.g. essential oils and other plant parts)

19. Enzymes
Use of enzymes is common in European poultry diets
→ Phytase
→ Xylanase, Glucanase and combination of them
→ Protease
They appear to be important as part of an integral approach
to animal health that is less reliant on antibiotic
compounds.

20. Probiotics and Prebiotics
Probiotics
→Balancing intestinal microflora by …..
→competitive exclusion and antagonism
→taking influence on digestive enzyme activity
→stimulating immune system
Prebiotics
→Non-digestible ingredients taking beneficially influence on
microbiota in the GIT
→ substrate for beneficial gastrointestinal microbes
→ Able to alter microflora and reduce colonization of pathogens
→ FOS and MOS
→ Hydrothermally processed fiber-rich raw materials
 „fermentable fiber“

21. Organic acids
Use of organic acids in feeding is popular in the EC.
→Maintenance of hygienic status of feed raw material or
complete feed.
→Achieving a positive influence on digestion in the stomach.
Which organic acids should be used for which target?
Does feed composition influence efficacy of organic acids?

22. Organic acids
g/mol pKA
Propionic acid (C3H6O2 ) 74,1 4,90
Butyric acid (C4H8O2 ) 88,1 4,80
Sorbic acid (C6H8O2) 112,1 4,80
Acetic acid (C2H4O2) 60,0 4,76
Lactic acid (C3H6O3) 90,1 3,87
Formic acid (CH2O2) 46,0 3,75
Citric acid (C6H8O7) 192,4 3,14
strong acids pKA -1,74 – 4,5
medium acids pKA 4,5 – 9
weak acids pKA 9,0 – 15,74
How to evaluate organic acids?

23. Organic acids
Feed composition and efficacy of organic acids
Protein content  buffer capacity
 Limited protein content  AA digestibility and protein
source
Calcium content and source  buffer capacity
 Partly use of organic calcium source
 Phytase and limited content of Ca and P

24. Organic acids in animal feed
The supplementation of the right organic acids at the right
doses in animal feed can ….
 decrease microbial count (bacteria and fungi) in the feed
 take positive influence on animal performance
 reduce colonization of pathogens in the intestine
But practical experiences show even so that ….
 only doses of at least 3 to 5 kg liquid formic acid or
combination of formic and lactic acid (80/20) per MT animal
feed can be effective
 usually liquid organic acids on an inorganic carrier (e.g. 55 to
65 % formic acid on silicate) in low doses of 1 to 3 kg per MT
animal feed are ineffective and doesn’t make sense

25. Organic acids in drinking water
The supplementation of the right organic acids at the right
doses in drinking water can lead to ….
 decreased microbial count (bacteria and fungi) in the
drinking water
 increased animal performance
 reduced colonization of pathogens in the intestine
But practical experiences show even so that ….
 only doses of at least 0.5 to 2.5 kg liquid organic acids like
formic acid or combination of formic and lactic acid (80/20)
per 1000 liter drinking water can be effective

26. Secondary plant compounds
Groups
Phenolic and polyphenolic substances
Essential oils
Tanning agents
Bitter and pungent substances
Alkaloids and saponins
MOA
Stimulation of sensor cells in GIT  activation of digestion
Increase of permeability of cell membrane of the bacteria
Degradation of the enzyme system of the bacteria
Increase of anti-oxidative activities

27. LTLC (Long Term Conditioning and Liquification)
Unique technology for processing feed materials to change their properties
(nutrition-wise and physical)
MOISTURE
TEMPERATURE
HIGH PRESSURE
feed materials
Refined product
with improved
nutritional value
TIME
SHEAR FORCES
Combining expanding + extrusion: LTCL

28. Principle of LTLC (Long Term Conditioning and Liquification)
Energy transfer via steam, mechanical energy, pressure; expansion of
the material
Characteristic changes in the matrix structure of the products
Modification of the starch granula as well, as the structural carbohydrates
like NDF / ADF right down into molecular range
Enlargement of the starch granula surface and far-reaching desintegration
of the semi-cristalline and cristalline structure of the amlyopectin and
amylose resp. of the cristalline carbohydrate structure in NDF / ADF-rich raw
materials
Combined advantages of a moist extrusion like in
a HTST extruder (intensive material
transformation), and of an expander (only
product cooling, no drying)
Significant reduction of ANF‘s
Combining expanding + extrusion: LTCL

29. Broiler feed formulation “fermentable fiber”
% BR 1 BR 2 BR 3 BR 4
Corn 35,000 39,995 42,294 43,988
LTCL cooked corn 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
LTCL cooked soybeans 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
LTCL cooked sunflowermeal 6,000 6,650 8,330 9,000
LTCL cooked canola expeller 6,091 6,683 8,337 9,333
Soybean meal 46 18,050 11,632 5,676 2,372
Limestone 1,426 1,467 1,210 1,195
Soy oil 0,706 0,813 1,718 1,922
MCP 0,844 0,811 0,759 0,661
Lysine sulphate 70% 0,480 0,466 0,433 0,369
Methionine-HA 0,264 0,323 0,210 0,200
Premix 497 0,250 0,250 0,240 0,240
Premix 499 0,250 0,250 0,240 0,240
Sodium bicarbonate 0,200 0,230 0,230 0,230
Salt 0,117 0,130 0,073 0,074
Pigment 40 0,050 0,100 0,100 0,100
L-Threonine 0,072 0,090 0,041 0,026
Coccidiostat premix 0,060 0,060 0,060
NSP Enzymes 250 g/t 0,025 0,025 0,025 0,025
Secondary plant compounds 0,015 0,015 0,015 0,015
Phytase 100 g/t 0,010 0,010 0,010 0,010
g/kg BR 1 BR 2 BR 3 BR 4
Dry matter 890 890 891 891
ME poultry MJ/kg 12,3 12,5 12,8 12,9
ME poultry kcal/kg 2938 2986 3057 3081
Crude protein 221,131 199,608 184,684 175,884
Digestible protein 193,32 174,388 160,564 152,462
Lysine 14,04 12,5 11,264 10,32
Methionine 5,68 5,922 4,92 4,78
M+C 9,523 9,5 8,37 8,153
Threonine 9,161 8,5 7,481 7,018
Tryptophane 2,651 2,326 2,111 1,986
Valine 10,412 9,397 8,748 8,369
Arginine 14,724 13 11,826 11,146
SID Lysine 12,7 11,262 10,057 9,135
SID Meth 5,36 5,623 4,624 4,487
SID M+C 9,525 9,569 8,469 8,271
SID Thr 8,382 7,809 6,839 6,404
SID Try 2,408 2,114 1,911 1,793
SID Val 9,525 8,599 7,996 7,646
SID Arg 13,531 11,948 10,861 10,233
Crude fats & oils 66,164 68,894 79,702 82,811
C 18:2 31,042 32,316 37,331 38,662
C 18:3 3,295 3,372 4,096 4,273
Crude fiber 44,037 47,175 53,332 56,537
NDF 139,475 141,528 146,96 149,972
ADF 66,03 65,546 68,846 70,444
Starch 310,107 341,028 355,231 365,718
Sugar 39,045 38,107 38,796 39,087
Crude ash 56,36 54,207 49,394 46,963
Ca 9 9 8 7,8
P 6,7 6,469 6,372 6,152
Available P 4,4 4,3 4,2 4
Na 1,7 1,82 1,6 1,6
K 9,812 8,769 8,038 7,617
Cl 1,527 1,6 1,24 1,245
Mg 1,503 1,39 1,392 1,385

30. There‘s not the „one measure-solution“ – a bundle of different actions in feed
quality, feed processing and formulation concepts must be taken.
Innovative feed formulation without antibiotics means …..
• Considering SID AA – not only the first three to four ones
• Continous evaluation of the different raw materials and their quality on basis
of digestible nutrients (even SID AA as well as further nutrients)
• Take care for support of digestion in gizzard and controlled passage rate 
particle size in feed!
• Support digestion of usually not or less digestible substances in feed 
Phytin-P and „NSP“  use the right enzymes
• Support the balance of the microflora in the whole GIT and the performance
figures in a natural way  alternative feed additives like secondary plant
compounds from natural sources, based on farm-specific consultation
Take-Home Message

31. Thank you for your attention.
Dr. Shirish Nigam
Shirish.nigam@ew-nutrition.com
Dr. Heinrich Kleine Klausing
EW Nutrition GmbH
kk@ew-nutrition.com