PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com

1. Pharmacy Education: Do we have a choice? Professor Ian Bates The School of Pharmacy University of London

5. Cognitive learning theories: Behaviourist – operant conditioning

6. Stimulus - response

10. Pharmacy students N = 5,243 p<0.0001 Standardised mean scores Assessment Goals Independence Good Teaching

11. Motivation: Pharmacy studies % cases (n=1308)           Slovenia Romania Swiss NL Portugal Singapore Nepal Australia Jamaica Malaysia     0 25 50 75 Bates, 2004 Money Job issues Altruism Health interest Science Money : Science rho = − 0.6

12. Standardised mean scores Assessment Goals Independence Good Teaching

13. Standardised mean scores Assessment Goals Independence Good Teaching

14. Bates 2004 University B -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 Mean Z score Clear goals Openess Independence Good teaching workload Assesment High didactic Low didactic Lectures, exams, timetable University A University C

16. Demographics & workforce

17. Gender by country N=5243 Bates 2005

19. Syllabus – the Knowledge problem … pharmacy syllabus is overcrowded chemistry pharmacology biotechnology genetics medicine analysis formulation physical chemistry ethics pharmacognosy phytochemistry drug design immunology pharmacokinetics therapeutics pathology epidemiology health economics chemical analysis physiology proteomics statistics law Licensing&marketing ADRs microbiology medicinal chemistry biochemistry toxicology drug metabolism genomics social & behavioural sciences

22. 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 2001/02 Pharm Care Competence (OSCE) 60% 30% McRobbie et al Graduation One year later

23. “ Competence” is a complex educational construct… ...with new currency value Skills Behaviours Knowledge Values attitudes Competency Skills Behaviours Knowledge Values attitudes Competency Skills Behaviours Knowledge Values attitudes Competency Skills Behaviours Knowledge Values attitudes Competency

25. Miller’s pyramid Does Shows how Knows how Knows From UG to post-registration development performance assessment in vivo performance assessment in vitro clinical context assessment factual assessment Practice-based, MiniPAT, MiniCEX, etc OSCE style Case studies/ PBL /Portfolio MCQ / Exams

26. Predominantly FDL and e-modes Predominantly face-to-face modes Cohort learners Lone learner On-site (HEI) learning Off-site (work) learning Learning modality with time/career pathway FDL, e-modes off-site, experiential Independent Career driven UG UG/Pre Post-reg Higher

27. Pharmacist Development Strategy Consultant pharmacist Higher level practitioners eg. PhwSI General practitioner Competency progression Development Contributing knowledge & skills Acquiring Knowledge & skills Research & teaching PhD/MPhil New D level MRes PG M level Diploma Registered pharmacist

29. Logrank P = 0.0048 Intervention = GLF n = 30 hospitals Time - months 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 Probability .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 0.0 -.1 Intervention Testing general level competency framework in junior pharmacists Non-intervention

30. -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 0 2 4 6 F E M F E M F E M F E M F E M HOMALS Quantification Higher level practitioners n = 390 Expert PP Leadership Management E & T R & E Practice level Specialist in training Experienced practitioner Leading-edge practitioner

35. What will high-income countries be suffering from in 2030? (Source: WHO) Depression Heart attack Dementia Alcohol Diabetes Stroke Hearing loss Lung cancer Osteoarthritis Emphysema Percentage of total illness

36. What will low income countries be suffering from in 2030? (Source: WHO) AIDS Birth Depression Road accidents Heart attack Pneumonia Diarrhoea Stroke Cataracts Malaria Percentage of total illness

40. Pharmacy Education: Do we have a choice? Professor Ian Bates The School of Pharmacy University of London