Más contenido relacionado La actualidad más candente (17) Guia de consejos para emprender6. 12+%*/$.1%/$.3+14)5%$5+)67
6 !"#$%&%'()*+,(*%-$.$%+/-.+)0+.
M-C"G2#"N.O
$>(%-C-'(3$(C-3-(1'-P$#C-(
F;%-.4/+.%A")0$/+)1(%-$.$%*$9+.%*4%+.+*%")%+/-.+)0+0(.%+*%1+)+.%/"7%6;$.$%
6">;%+*%1"%/(14D$64C)%-$.$%*+.%+/-.+)0+0(.<%F)%5+)+.$;%*+%$-")1$)%Z%/(14T
D$0(.+*%:"+%+/-",$)%$;%+/-.+)0+0(.X%6$/94$.%+;%/")0(B%6()*1."4.%")$%5.$)%
+/-.+*$B%(%2$6+.*+%/4;;()$.4(<%
d(.%;(%5+)+.$;B%-+)*$.%+)%+;%04)+.(%0+*0+%+;%-.4/+.%0#$%*"+;+%*+.%")%5.$)%+.T
.(.B%7$%:"+%*(;(%-4+)*$*%+)%;$%*$;40$%0+%;$%+/-.+*$%7%1+%+/-",$%$%1(/$.%0+64T
*4()+*%$%/"7%6(.1(%-;$e(<%a;5")(*%+/-.+)0+0(.+*%*+%/"+D+)%-(.%+;%.+1(%0+%
+)A.+)1$.*+%$%")$%)"+D$%(-(.1")40$0<%U(*%:"+%0+*+$)%6$/94$.%+;%/")0(%*+%
+)A.+)1$)%$%")%.+1(%*"-+.4(.<%d$.$%(1.(*B%+;%-(0+.%1.$9$,$.%6()%;$%5+)1+%:"+%;+%
4/-(.1$%7%+)%;(%:"+%;+%$-$*4()$%+*%+;%/(1(.%-$.$%*+.%+/-.+)0+0(.%7%6()*1."4.%
")$%+/-.+*$<
'"$)0(%1+)5$*%6;$.$%;$%/(14D$64C)%:"+%1+%+/-",$%-$.$%*+.%+/-.+)0+0(.%+*%
A")0$/+)1$;%:"+%1+%+)A(:"+*%6()%-$*4C)%7%*+.%6$-$e%0+%1.$)*/414.;$<%K+%+*1$%
64(%-+.*()$;%7%0+%1"%+:"4-(<
2$6+.1+%.46(c%$1.$+.>%7%0+6404.>%:"?%14-(%0+%4)D+.*(.+*%1+%0$.>)%04)+.(<
! 7)*(+&8$%'+%&/%*(%*%&.+-6%*(
'%(,&(%"#$%&'%')$(*)&(6-(
4+*+2&9(6-("+*+2&(:(%6('%*%)(
'%(*%8,+$(-4-&;-&')("+%&<
/$-*(6-(8%&/%(/%('+.%(5,%(
$%&,&.+%*0
H-Q.(M#,-'%2#E(
"
! =-$-(*%$(%>+/)*)9(/,('%*%)(
'%(6)8$-$(%6(?>+/)('%@%(*%$(
"-:)$(5,%(/,("+%')(-(1-66-$0
R">>(,-/&P
"
S/(%$0-'(1$./2'(TD$(G2/(2(#-.C'"&D"'(3$(2><D.2(%2.$'2(
2(C$.$'(D.("%12#C-(1-/"C"G-($.(CD(%D.3-(1$'/-.2>(#-%-(
$%1'$.3$3-'(U1-'(1$TD$V-(-(<'2.3$(TD$(/$2WI
7. W+9X%WWW<*/$.19.$)0<+*%%%+/$4;X%2(;$Y*/$.19.$)0<+*%%%1W411+.X%*/$.19.$)0%Z[%%%1+;X%]Z^%_Z%H_Z%`_%^^
9!"#$%&%'()*+,(*%-$.$%+/-.+)0+.
a6$9$*%0+%0$.%+;%-.4/+.%-$*(%0+%")%;$.5(%6$/4)(<%F/-.+)0+.%+*%")%$.1+%:"+%*+%
0+*$..(;;$%7%+D(;"64()$%$%1.$D?*%0+%04*14)1$*%+1$-$*X%0+*0+%+;%0+*6"9.4/4+)1(%
0+%;$%(-(.1")40$0B%;$%6.+$64C)%0+%;$%*(;"64C)%7%D$;40$64C)%0+%;$%40+$B%-$*$)0(%
)+6+*$.4(B%;$%.+4)D+)64C)<%F)%1(0(*%+*1(*%-$*(*B%+;%$-.+)04e$,+%*+%-(*1";$%6(/(%
+;%A$61(.%0+%?@41(<%
F;%+*1"04(%S1$.1i-%!+)(/+%0+/"+*1.$%:"+%;$*%*1$.1"-*%:"+%+*1>)%/$*%-.+T
04*-"+*1$*%$%+*6"62$.B%4)6;"4.%/+)1(.+*B%*+5"4.%$%+@-+.1(*%7%.+D4*$.%/?1.46$*B%
6$-$6+*%0+%;+D$)1$.%/$*%4)D+.*4C)<%U(*%A")0$0(.+*%:"+%+*6"62$)%7%$-.+)0+)%
14+)+)%/>*%?@41(B%7%0+%-.(/+04(%;(5.$)%j%D+6+*%/>*%04)+.(B%$;6$)e$)0(%0+%-.(T
/+04(%")%4)6.+/+)1(%0+%Z`k%+)%+;%6.+64/4+)1(%0+%"*"$.4(*<
2"/$)(*cB%-.+64*$.>%0+%04*14)1$*%2$94;40$0+*%b")%4)D+)1(.&6.+$0(.%)(%+*%)+6T
+*$.4$/+)1+%")%+/-.+)0+0(.&+,+6"1(.c%7%*+.>%+D$;"$0$%6()%;(*%241(*%7%;$*%/+T
040$*%$0+6"$0$*%b6.+64/4+)1(%0+%D+)1$*%+)%;(*%-.4/+.(*%+,+.6464(*%D*<%/+,(.$*%
0+%.$14(*%0+%+@-;(1$64C)%+)%;(*%*45"4+)1+*%+,+.6464(*c<%8(0(%+*1(%0+9+*%1+)+.;(%
/"7%6;$.(%0+*0+%")%4)464(<
! A>+/)(%*(.-"+&-$('%(1$-.-*)(
%&(1$-.-*)(*+&(#%$'%$(%6(
%&/,*+-*")0(
X"./C-.(,QD'#Q">>
"
! B)(C-:(&+&8,&-($-;2&(#-$-(
%*/-$(+&'%.+*)D
E%$(%"#$%&'%')$(%*(,&-(
%>#%$+%&.+-('%(-#$%&'+;-F%0
F2G2..2Q(R'"CC
"
YJ2(/-P($%1'$.3$3-'Z
?J(2Q-'2(TD=AIIIF$<D"'(21'$.3"$.3-
B$'/"/C$O(21'$.3$(2(#2$'(P(2(>$G2.C2'C$
10. 12+%*/$.1%/$.3+14)5%$5+)67
+* !"#$%&%'()*+,(*%-$.$%+/-.+)0+.
i)$%D+e%2$*%$)$;4e$0(%;(*%/+.6$0(*%$61"$;+*B%2$*%$-;46$0(%1"*%6()(64/4+)1(*%
")$%*(;"64C)B%0+9+*%*+.%6()*64+)1+%:"+%$2(.$%D4+)+%;(%/>*%04A#64;<%
U$% 40+$% +*% *C;(% +;% -.4)64-4(B% 7% 5+)+.$;/+)1+% )(% 14+)+% D$;(.% *4% )(% *+% -"+0+%
0+*$..(;;$.<%8(0(*%-(0+/(*%1+)+.%5.$)0+*B%/+04$)$*%(%-+:"+h$*%40+$*<%U$%
04A+.+)64$%0+%;(5.$.%+;%?@41(%(%)(B%.+6$+%+)%;$%6$-$640$0%0+%"14;4e$.%2$94;40$0+*%
+/-.+*$.4$;+*%-$.$%0+*$..(;;$.%+*$*%40+$*%7%6()D+.14.;$*%+)%-.(0"61(*%:"+%5+T
K".$)1+%+;%0+*$..(;;(%-"+0+)%$-$.+6+.%)"+D(*%6()0464()$)1+*%+)%+;%/+.6$0(%
7%+)%;$%1+6)(;(5#$%:"+%$A+61+)%$%;$%D4$94;40$0%0+%;$%40+$%(.454)$;<%QF*1(%*+.>%4)T
+D41$9;+R%E")6$%0+9+*%6+..$.1+%G)46$/+)1+%+)%0+*$..(;;$.%;$%40+$%(.454)$.4$<%
U$% 5.$)% (-(.1")40$0% .+*40+% -.+64*$/+)1+% +)% *$9+.% 4)1+.-.+1$.% ;$*% )"+D$*%
64/4+)1(%$0:"4.40(%+)%;$*%-.4/+.$*%A$*+*<
d+.(%1(0(%+*1(%14+)+%")%;#/41+<%E(%-"+0+*%+*1$.%6$/94$)0(%6()*1$)1+/+)1+%
;$%40+$%7%+;%+)A(:"+%0+%1"%*(;"64C)<%F;;(%0+*/(14D$%$;%+:"4-(B%5+)+.$%0"0$*%+)%
;(*%-(*49;+*%4)D+.*(.+*%7%0+*5$*1$%;$%+)+.5#$%7%6$.4*/$%0+;%;#0+.<
U$*% *1$.1"-*% :"+% -4D(1$)% ")$% (% 0(*% D+6+*% ;+D$)1$)% I<`% D+6+*% />*% 04)+.(B%
;(5.$)0(%Z<[%D+6+*%+;%6.+64/4+)1(%0+%"*"$.4(*%7%*()%")%`Ik%/+)(*%-.(6;4D+*%
$%+*6$;$.%0+%A(./$%-.+/$1".$%:"+%;$*%+/-.+*$*%:"+%-4D(1$)%0(*%(%/>*%D+6+*<
! !6(4%$'-'%$)(%"#$%&'%')$(%*(
,&(%F%.,/)$9(&)(,&(*)K-')$0
]->2.(RD/Q.$>>
"
! =,%'%*(/%&%$(,&("+662&(
'%(+'%-*9(&+&8,&-(/%&'$3(
4-6)$(-("%&)*(5,%(6)8$%*(
$%-6+;-$6-0
[2D'$.(%2'2.C$
"
[2("3$2(.-($/(C2.("%1-'C2.C$I(1$.2/('$1'$/$.C2($>(+`(
3$>(G2>-'(3$>(1'-P$#C-I(S>(77`('$/C2.C$(TD$(<2'2.C"^2($>(
=K"C-(1'-G"$.$(3$(>2(#212#"323(3$($0$#D#"N.I
[2("3$2O(1$'(/$O(1-#-(-(.232(G2>$
11. W+9X%WWW<*/$.19.$)0<+*%%%+/$4;X%2(;$Y*/$.19.$)0<+*%%%1W411+.X%*/$.19.$)0%Z[%%%1+;X%]Z^%_Z%H_Z%`_%^^
++!"#$%&%'()*+,(*%-$.$%+/-.+)0+.
S4+/-.+%+*%/"7%4)1+.+*$)1+%4.%6()%")%*(64(%:"+%6(/-;+/+)1+%;$*%2$94;40$0+*%
7%6()(64/4+)1(*%0+;%A")0$0(.<%U(*%+*1"04(*%/"+*1.$)%:"+%;(*%+:"4-(*%0+%A")T
0$0(.+*%6()%")%-+.*()$%1?6)46$%7%")$%0+%)+5(64(%-(.%;(%5+)+.$;%(914+)+)%")%
Zk%/>*%0+%4)D+.*4C)B%;(5.$)%6$*4%+;%1.4-;+%0+%/$7(.%6.+64/4+)1(%0+%"*"$.4(*%7%
14+)+)%")%H_k%/+)(*%0+%-.(9$94;40$0%0+%6.+6+.%-.+/$1".$/+)1+<
d(.%;(%5+)+.$;%+;%l'%)")6$%4)D+.14.>%+)%")$%+/-.+*$%:"+%0+-+)0+%0+%")$%G)46$%
-+.*()$B%-"+*%+;%.4+*5(%+*%/"62(%/>*%+;+D$0(<%i)%g"*4)+**%a)5+;%:"4e>%*4B%
-+.(%2$941"$;/+)1+%.+6(/4+)0$)%9"*6$.%6(A")0$0(.+*<%8(0(%+*1>%+)%A")64C)%
0+;%04)+.(%:"+%-40$*&)+6+*41$*<%
d+.(%)(%*4+/-.+%+*%*+)64;;(%6()D4D4.%7%;;+5$.%$%6()*+)*(<%U$%+D(;"64C)%0+%;$%
4)464$14D$%*1$.1"-%b-(*414D$%(%)+5$14D$c%5+)+.$%/"62$%1+)*4C)<%O%*+.>%-.+64*$T
/+)1+%+)%;$%4)6+.140"/9.+%0()0+%D$;(.$.%+;%$64+.1(%(%)(%0+%2$9+.%4)6(.-(.$0(%
$;5"4+)%$;%+:"4-(<
a;%4)464$.%6"$;:"4+.%-.(7+61(%7%6"$)0(%1(0(%*()%+@-+61$14D$*%-(*414D$*B%+*%+;%
0+%D4$,+<%'"$)1(%/>*%+*-+.+/(*%*+.>%/"7%04A#64;%;;+5$.%$%$6"+.0(*<%F;%-$61(%0+%
6C/(%$61"$.%6"$)0(%;;+5"+%;(*%0#$*%6(/-;46$0(*%b:"+%;;+5$.>)cB%)(%*+%$;6$)6+)%
;(*%.+*";1$0(*B%04*14)1(*%/4+/9.(*%1(/+)%(1.(*%."/9(*B%(%+/-4+6+)%;$*%
0+*$D+)+)64$*%+)%;$*%0+64*4()+*<
! L-&/%&/%(-6%F-')('%(6-(8%&/%(
5,%(+&/%&/-&($%',.+$(/,*(
-"@+.+)&%*0(7-(8%&/%(#%5,%K-(
*+%"#$%(C-.%&(%*)9(#%$)(6-(
8%&/%($%-6"%&/%(8$-&'%(/%(C-.%(
*%&/+$(5,%(/,(/-"@+?&(#,%'%*(
*%$(8$-&'%0
R$.(X$"//$./C$".
"
! B)(C-8-*(-"+8)*(.)&(6)*(5,%(
%*/?*(.2")')0(M-;(-"+8)*(
5,%(/%(1,%$.%&(-("%F)$-$0
@Q-%2/(HI(X2C/-.(
"
;$>2#"N.(#-.(>-/(/-#"-/
;-3=2C$(3$(<$.C$(&D$.2(P(TD$(TD"$'2(Q2#$'C$(<2.2'I
S>>-/(C$(2PD32'_.(2(/D1$'2'(>2/(23G$'/"323$/I
12. 12+%*/$.1%/$.3+14)5%$5+)67
+) !"#$%&%'()*+,(*%-$.$%+/-.+)0+.
6(;$9(.$0(.+*B%/(14D$.%;$%4/-;46$64C)%0+;%+:"4-(B%+16<%+;%+/-.+)0+0(.%1$/T
94?)%0+9+%1+)+.%/"7%6;$.(%*"%.(;%-.(A+*4()$;%7%$%:"?%0+046$%+;%14+/-(%0+%*"%
,(.)$0$<
F;%1.$9$,(%0+;%+/-.+)0+0(.%*+%6(/-()+%")%mk%0+%1$.+$*%-.(A+*4()$;+*%;4T
5$0$*%$%*"%+*-+64$;40$0%b0+*$..(;;(%0+%-.(0"61(%(%0+%)+5(64(cB%7%")%Ik%+)%
+@-+.4+)64$%7%A(./$64C)<%!+)+.$;/+)1+%+;%+/-.+)0+0(.%+*%6.+$0(.&0+*$..(T
;;$0(.B%7$%*+$%0+%")%-.(0"61(%(%")$%1+6)(;(5#$%b-(.%+,+/-;(B%")%-.(5.$/$T
0(.cB%(%94+)%0+%")%*+.D464(%(%/(0+;(%0+%)+5(64(%b-(.%+,+/-;(B%$;5"4+)%6()%
+@-+.4+)64$%0+%5+*14C)%+/-.+*$.4$;c<%F)%0462(%6$*(B%+;%6.+$0(.&0+*$..(;;$0(.%
;$%+,+6"64C)%0+;%/4*/(<
d$.$;+;$/+)1+B%2$7%")$%*+.4+%0+%1$.+$*%)"+D$*%$%;$*%:"+%)")6$%$)1+*%+;%+/T
-.+)0+0(.%0+9+.>%0+046$.*+%$%;$%5+*14C)%4)464$;%0+%;$%1+*(.+.#$B%$%;$*%6(/-.$*%
0+%-.(0"61(*%7%+:"4-(*%-$.$%;$%+/-.+*$B%;$%6()1.$1$64C)%0+%*+.D464(*%-$.$%;$%
+/-.+*$B%$%+)1.+D4*1$.%7%.+6;"1$.%5+)1+B%$%-.+-$.$.%-4162%7%-;$)+*%0+%)+5(64(%
-$.$%$1.$+.%4)D+.*(.+*B%$%2$6+.%)+1W(.34)5B%+16<
n9D4$/+)1+%0+9+*%A(6$;4e$.1+%+)%1"*%A(.1$;+e$*B%-+.(%*+.%6()*64+)1+%0+%:"+%
)(%-"+0+*%;;+5$.%$%1(0(<%a%D+6+*%;$%/";141$.+$%+*%4)+D41$9;+B%-+.(%1$/94?)%+*%
)+6+*$.4$%;$%6$-$640$0%0+%0+;+5$.<%U$%/$7(.#$%0+%;(*%+/-.+)0+0(.+*%0+%?@41(%
1+%04.>)%:"+%0+*0+%+;%4)464(%+;;(*%*$9#$)%+)%:"?%+.$)%9"+)(*%7%:"?%1$.+$*%0+T
! E)")*(6)(5,%(C-.%")*(
$%#%/+'-"%&/%0(!&/)&.%*(6-(
%>.%6%&.+-(&)(%*(,&(-./)9(%*(
,&(C3@+/)0
'"/CNC$>$/
"
! H)'-(6-(8%&/%(5,%(.)&);.)(
5,%(%*(%>+/)*-(.)&(*,(/$-<
@-F)9(6)(%*(#)$5,%(-"-&(6)(
5,%(C-.%&0
H-$(B$..2(
"
!$&$/(>"%"C2'($>(.a%$'-(3$(b/-%&'$'-/c(TD$(1D$3$/(
>>$G2'I
?,N%-(3$&$(/$'($>(3d2(2(3d2(3$>(
$%1'$.3$3-'A
13. W+9X%WWW<*/$.19.$)0<+*%%%+/$4;X%2(;$Y*/$.19.$)0<+*%%%1W411+.X%*/$.19.$)0%Z[%%%1+;X%]Z^%_Z%H_Z%`_%^^
+:!"#$%&%'()*+,(*%-$.$%+/-.+)0+.
:"+%6(/-$.1$)%+;%/4*/(%aKEB%7%/"+*1.+)%;$%/4*/$%2$/9.+<%S(;(%+;%Hk%14+)+%
+*$%2$/9.+<%=>*%$;;>%0+;%+)1"*4$*/(%4)464$;%$;%6()(6+.%")%-(1+)64$;%6(;$9(.$T
0(.T+/-;+$0(T*(64(B%+*%6."64$;%D+.%*"%6(/-.(/4*(%7%*"*%D$;(.+*%$%;$.5(%-;$e(<%
E(%*(;(%+*%-$*4C)%*(9.+%;(%:"+%2$6+*B%*4%)(%1$/94?)%;(%+*%6()%;$%5+)1+%:"+%
;(%2$6+*<%F*%4/-(.1$)1+%:"+%+;;(*%1$/94?)%-"+0$)%*+.%1"*%4)*-4.$0(.+*<%O%$;%
/4*/(%14+/-(%+*%4/-(.1$)1+%1+)+.%4/-$61(%+)%;$%5+)1+%:"+%1+%.(0+$%7%6.+$.%")%
5.$)%+:"4-(<%S+.%6$-$e%0+%4)*-4.$.%$%1"%5+)1+%+)%9$*+%$%")$%A"+.1+%6()D4664C)%
8(0(*%0+9+)%*+.%6()*64+)1+*%:"+%+;%+:"4-(%4)464$;%4.>%*"A.4+)0(%6$/94(*%$%/+T
040$%:"+%*+%-.(A+*4()$;4e$%;$%(.5$)4e$64C)%7%6.+6+%;$%6(/-$h#$B%-"+*%*+%.+T
:"+.4.>)%04*14)1$*%$-141"0+*%-(.%-$.1+%0+%;(*%/4+/9.(*<%E(%1(0(%+;%/")0(%
+*1>%-.+-$.$0(%-$.$%5+*14()$.%;$%+*6$;$94;40$0%7%04.454.%-+.*()$*<%8(0(*%0+9+)%
*+.%6()*64+)1+*%0+%*"%.(;%7%*"%+D(;"64C)<%L)6;"*(%+;%+/-.+)0+0(.%-"+0+%;;+5$.%
$%")%/(/+)1(%0()0+%0+9$%*+.%*"*141"40(%-(.%")%04.+61(.%5+)+.$;%6()%;$*%2$T
94;40$0+*%$0+6"$0$*%-$.$%5+*14()$.%+;%6.+64/4+)1(%+)%A$*+*%$D$)e$0$*%0+%;$%
+/-.+*$<%
! E+(#,%'%*(%&.)&/$-$(8%&/%(5,%(
#+%&*%(5,%(6)(5,%(/,(%*/3*(C-<
.+%&')(%*(8$-&'%9(%66)*(C-$3&(
/)')(6)(#)*+@6%(%&(*,(#)'%$(
#-$-(6)8$-$(5,%(*%-(,&(?>+/)0
R$.(X$"//$./C$".
"
! 7)*(6N'%$%*(&)(1,%$;-&(-(6-(
8%&/%(-(*%8,+$6)*9(%66)*(6%*(
+&4+/-&(-(,&(4+-F%0
,Q2'>$/(FI([2D$'
"
S>(!'$2%(@$2%
>2(/C2'CD1(1D$3$(/-&'$G"G"'I([-/()*(1'"%$'-/($%1>$23-/(
3$C$'%".2'_.(/"(>2($%1'$/2(G2(2(/$'(<'2.3$I