1. Animal biotechnology
as a tool to understand
and fight aging
Presented by:
Iqra akbar 16630

2. Aging
• It is an opportunity and challenge both at a time and
increased life expectancy is a common features of most of
countries today.
• We can define aging when two criteria are met……
Probability of
death increase
with the age of
organism.
Characteristics
changes in the
phenotype occur
in all individuals
overtime.
“It is an accumulating
process of detrimental
changes in the cells and
tissues with the increase
in age, led to increase in
the risks of diseases and
death.

3.  It is a biological reality that is beyond human
control.
 Loss of normal function onset of age
related diseases ultimately death.
 Life expectancy is increased with better
technologies but age related diseases continue
to seriously compromise quality of life.
 It is not only to extend life span but to maintain
good health and quality of life.
 Dietary flavonoids act as anti-aging compounds.
Aging

4. • There are more than 300 theories, none of the which
could qualify as being the definitive theory of aging; all of
them could be, at best, labeled as “ or “aspect theories”.
1-Oxidative stress Theory:
Researchers found out that as we age we basically
started to accumulate free radicals and other oxidant
which are harmful and if left unchecked for long time it
will left serious consequences to the cells that led to
oxidative stress.
Theories of Aging:
Oxidant ROS formation mtDNA damage
Impaired DNA synthesis More ROS formation Aging

5. It is an interesting theory and got attention recently, come
forward while looking for Caloric restriction. Monkey are the
example and many animal models are studied and observed
includes mice and fish.
• Physiology study of CR person show certain improvements.
• Sirtuins protein were discovered responsible for CR affect.
Sirtuin Theory of Aging

6. Telomere
shortage:
It is an end of DNA
which protect the
DNA from damage.
With each cell division
they kept shortening
and shortening and
after about 50
divisions there is
nothing left to protect
DNA. That lead to
senescence of cell
and eventually
leading.
Damage DNA or
Genome Damage
theory:
DNA damage take two
forms: dsDNA, ssDNA
breaks, recognized by
repairing enzyme and
mutation of the base
sequence which
cannot be recognized
by enzyme and lead to
aging in a couple of
ways.
Cell senescence which
is the when functioning of
aging cell goes into
decline. They can stop
dividing or can change
the activity of dividing
cells or can begin
secreting inflammatory
molecules. As no. of
senescent cell is small
but their damage is per
found and widespread
and as they become
accumulating with the
time this damage can be
more pronounced and
lead to aging.
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7. 6-Epi-genetics:
• Study of mechanism that manages the expression of
genes and many of these mechanism are declining with
the age. And term expression means to check gene is on
or not.
• As these mechanisms are declining with age so if gene
is activated in correctly it can lead to aging.
7-Mis-folded protein:
• Protein are long, short chains of amino acids and are
folded in a very specific and effective form. Protein
function by getting into correct shape id proteins are
unfolded or mis-folded they may either malfunction or do
not function at all.
• This is major cause of aging as in case of many age
related neuro-generative diseases such as Parkinson's
disease.

8. Stem cell exahuastion:
Undifferentiated cells that can develop into specific cell and allow the
renew of cell in an organ. As stem cell exhaused due to DNA damage
or over expression of proteins and block cellular cycle and is primary
cause of aging.
Glycation:
When sugar molecules in blood stream binds with protein and fat
result in harmful AGEs which impact the whole body. It has massive
effects on body particulalry on skin collagen and elastin to become
discolored weak, wrinkles, sagging and loss of radiance. And these
all are symptoms of aging.
AMPK pathway: ATP is the form of energy source as ATP
releases it is converted into AMP and rising level of AMP and
declining level of ATP lead to production of an enzyme named as
AMPK enzyme. This enzyme promote the rapid efficient release of
energy lower blood sugar, fat level, risk of heart disease, diabetes
and metabolic disorders. As we age this AMPK level decreases
sharply with the age lead to different disorders.
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9. Animal models used for Aging Research
• Animal species are phylogenetically close to
humans may be used as human models for the
study of human aging.
• Many species with close genetic homology may
serve as translational models to study aging and
even age related diseases.
• Mice and fish are effectively models for studying
the mechanism of aging and help in better
understanding of genetic and physiological basis
of longevity.

10. 1
• Mice have relatively short life spans and share 99% of
their genes with humans.
2
• Various genetic engineering technologies are available that
can easily manipulate the genes of mice, which helps in the
understanding genetics of human aging.
3
• Mice are used to test diets and compounds/drugs for their
ability to delay aging and extend longevity in a mammalian
model.
• Caloric restriction studies have demonstrated extended life
spans in mice.
Mouse:

11. Fish:
• Fish have been used as a gerontological model.
• It has number of advantages as for studying aging
including the availability of large no. of offspring from
single matings and their reasonably short life span, the
low costs for breeding and maintenance, and the ability
to manipulate life span by temperature reduction and
food restriction.
• In particular, guppies have proved to be an invaluable
model for evolutionary analyses of aging, killifish are
shortlived and may be exploitable for life span
manipulation studies, and zebra fish come with many
biological tools from their widespread use as a model of
vertebrate development.
• These fish are well suited for the investigation of basic
processes implicated in aging, such as insulin signaling,
oxidative stress, and comparative studies of species with
widely divergent longevities.

12. Aging and age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s
disease, and Huntington’s disease may increase in
coming years, however, successful treatment for age-
related diseases are limited
Plants always played a major role in the treatment of human
and animal diseases, and use of medicinal plants and their
products is increasing, as they contain chemical compounds
of potential value and several Indian medicinal plants have also
been proven to have anti-diabetic, antihypertensive and anti-
aging activities.
The pharmaceutical industry worldwide plays a major role in
developing new approaches to drug discovery, aiming at faster and
efficient ways to bring medicines to the market.
Several drugs and plant products are tested on animal to study the efficacy
of compounds as anti-aging. So, we can say that animal biotechnology
plays an important role in fighting aging and age-related diseases.
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL TO
UNDERSTAND AND FIGHT AGING:

13. Monkey:
• Calorie-restriction studies in monkeys also
suggest that the mortality rate in calorie-restricted
animals will be lower than that in control subjects.
• Furthermore, studies shows that calorie-restricted
monkeys have lower body temperatures and
insulin concentrations than do control monkeys
and both of those variables are biomarkers for
longevity in rodents. Calorie-restricted monkeys
also have higher concentrations of
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
• The importance of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
is not yet known, but it is suspected to be a marker
of longevity in humans, although this is not
observed consistently.

14. Mice
• In the new paper, Belmonte and his collaborators—
compared rats who ate 30 percent fewer calories with rats
on normal diets. The animals' diets were controlled from age
18 months through 27 months.
• They isolated and analyzed a total of 168,703 cells from
40 cell types in the 56 rats.
In each isolated cell, single-cell genetic-sequencing used to measure the
activity levels of genes also look at overall composition of cell types within
tissue and compared old. Many of the changes that occurred in rats on the
normal diet grew older didn't occur in rats on a restricted diet.
Many of the tissues and cells of animals on the diet closely resembled
those of and young mice on each diet

15. • Overall, 57 percent of the age-related changes in cell
composition seen in the tissues of rats on a normal diet
were not present in the rats on the calorie restricted diet.
• The number of immune cells in nearly every tissue
increased as control rats aged but was not affected by
age in rats with restricted calories.
"People say that 'you are what you eat,'
and we're finding that to be true in lots of
ways," says Concepcion Rodriguez
Esteban, another of the paper's authors
and a staff researcher at Salk. "The state
of your cells as you age clearly depends
on your interactions with your
environment, which includes what and
how much you eat."