ict project

1. PRESENTATION ON GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

2. Computer
A computer is a machine that
manipulates data according to a set
of instructions. A computer is a
programmable machine that
receives input, stores and provides
output in a useful format, they can
be constructed out of almost
anything.

3. Father Of Computer
Charles Babbage, a British Mathematics
professor, is regarded as the Father of
Computers. He was born in England in
1792 as the son of a rich banker from
Devon. He was inspired by Napier's
logarithm tables and Napier's logs and
bones. He began to design a "difference
engine" in 1821 which was a very large and
complicated machine intended for doing
logarithmic calculations automatically.

4. Generations of Computer
There are Five Generations of
computers:-
1.First Generation(1946-1955)
2.Second Generation(1956-1965)
3.Third Generation(1966-1975)
4.Fourth Generation(1976-1985)
5.Fifth Generation(1986-onward)

5. First Generation Computer(1946-1955)
First generation computer uses Vacuum tubes,
Magnetic tape drives and magnetic core
memories were developed. ENIAC (Electronic
Numeric Integrator And Calculator ) was the
first electronic digital computer. It uses about
18,000 vacuum tubes. Its size was too much
large. This was very hard to read and write
programs by every person. The first generation
computer produces too much heat.

7. Material Used
• Vacuum Tubes
• Magnetic Drum
• 4,000 bits
• Hard Wire Programs in computers

8. First generation languages
(abbreviated as 1GL)
Represent the very early, primitive
computer languages that consisted
entirely of 1's and 0's - the actual
language that the computer
understands (machine language).
This Language is also known as
Binary language.

9. Advantages
The advantages of the earliest computers are:-
• It is that they could perform thousands of calculations
each second, making it possible decode messages in a
useful time period (a few hours).
• The "father" of these computer had originally planned
these machines to try and prove mathematical
conjectures, but this type of application couldn't be
considered until after the war.

10. Disadvantages
The disadvantages are:-
• They were very expensive.
• They contained thousands of valves (vacuum tubes)
making them unreliable.
• The major limitations for early computers was that
memory was practically non-existant , only punched
tape, delay line memory and mercury memory were
available.

11. Second Generation Computer (1956-1965)
Second generation computer uses a new electronic
device called Transistor in the place of Vacuum tube.
Storage capacity of computer also increase during
this generation. Second generation computers also
started showing the characteristics of modern day
computers with utilities such as printers, disk storage
and operating systems. Many financial information
was processed using these computers.

13. Material Used
•Transistors
•Magnetic Cores
•32,000 bits
•Punch Cards

14. Second generation languages
(2GL)
Represent a step up from the
first generation languages.
Allow for the use of symbolic
names instead of just numbers.
Second generation languages
are known as assembly
languages. Code written in an
assembly language is converted
into machine language (1GL).

15. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.
•More reliable.
•Less heat generated.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times from
milliseconds to microseconds.
•Less prone to hardware failures.
•Better portability.
•Wider commercial use.

16. Disadvantages
•Air-conditioning required.
•Frequent maintenance required.
•Manual assembly of individual components into a functioning
unit was required.
•Commercial production was difficult and costly.

17. Third Generation Computer(1966-1975)
In third generation computer transistor were replaced
with Integrated Circuit (IC) which is a combination of
number of transistor and other electronic components
fused together on single crystal. This generation
machine uses magnetic tape and magnetic disk as
secondary storage device.

19. Material Used
•Silicon Chips
•Cores, IC’s
•128,000 bits
•Keyboard Entry

20. Third generation languages (3GL)
With the languages introduced by the third
generation of computer programming,
words and commands (instead of just
symbols and numbers) were being used.
These languages therefore, had syntax that
was much easier to understand. Third
generation languages are known as "high
level languages" and include C, C++, Java,
and Javascript, among others.

21. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to previous generation
computers.
•Lower heat generated than second generation computers.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times
from microseconds to nanoseconds.
•Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
•Easily portable.
•Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
•Human labour and cost involved reduced drastically.
•Commercial production was easier and cheaper.

22. Disadvantages
•Air-conditioning required in many cases.
•Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacture of IC chips.

23. Fourth generation computer(1976-1985)
In fourth generation computer IC were replaced with
Microprocessors .A microprocessor chip consist of
entire central processing unit in a single chip.
Computing speed increased . Due to the reduction of
cost and the availability of the computers power at a
small place allowed everyday user to benefit.

25. Material Used
•Microprocessors
•IC’s, LSI’s
•100 million bits
•Read programs off disks

26. Fourth generation languages (4GL)
The syntax used in 4GL is very
close to human language, an
improvement from the pervious
generation of languages. 4GL
languages are typically used to
access databases and include
SQL and ColdFusion, among
others

27. Advantages
•Smallest in size because of high component density.
•Heat generated is negligible.
•No air conditioning required in most cases.
•Much faster in computation than previous generations.
•Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is
required.
•Easily portable because of their small size.
•Cheapest among all generations.

28. Disadvantages
•Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacture of LSI chips.

29. Fifth generation computer(1986-onward)
In fifth generation computer VLSI technology were
replaced by Ultra large Scale Integration (ULSI)
technology. This technology helped to developed very
small but extremely powerful and fast computers which
come to be known as ROBOTS. The fifth generation
computers will be under Artificial-Intelligence. The idea of
fifth generation computer was introduced by Japan’s
Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1982.

31. Fifth generation languages (5GL)
Fifth generation languages are
currently being used for neural
networks. A nueral network is a
form of artifical intelligence that
attempts to imitate how the human
mind works.

32. Advantages
•These computers are more reliable, works faster than other computers.
•They are easily portable.
•These computers are available in different sizes with different features,
with different affordable prices.
•Having extra high processing speed.
•Having capabilities of parallel processing.
•WIRELESS!!!

33. Disadvantages
If Computer have their own brain then they can harm the
humanity.

34. Vacuum Tubes
•First Generation Electronic Computers
used Vacuum Tubes
•Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with
circuits inside.
•Vacuum tubes have no air inside of
them, which protects the circuitry

36. Transistors
•Uses Silicon developed in
1948 won a Nobel prize for on-
off switch.
•Second Generation Computers
used Transistors, starting in
1956.
•Replaced vacuum tubes with
Transistors

38. Integrated Circuits
•Third Generation Computers used
Integrated Circuits (chips).
•Integrated Circuits are transistors,
resistors, and capacitors integrated
together into a single “chip”

40. Microprocessor
•The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
108Khz Called “Microchip”
•Getting smaller and smaller, but
we are still using microchip
technology.
•It is used in fourth generation
computers.

41. First
Generation
Second
Gen.
Third
Gen.
Fourth Gen.
Technology Vacuum
Tubes
Transistors Integrated
Circuits
(multiple
transistors)
Microchips (millions of
transistors)
Size Filled Whole
Buildings
Filled half a
room
Smaller Tiny - Palm Pilot is as
powerful as old building sized
computer
Difference

42. Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are
still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. Artificial intelligence includes:
•Games Playing
•Expert Systems
•Natural Language
•Neural Networks
•Robotics

44. THANK YOU
Now The House Is Open 4 Queries????