The document discusses network address translation concepts. Network address translation was originally used to conserve IPv4 addresses by allowing multiple devices to share a single public IP address. IP masquerading allows a device to represent an entire local network to the outside world by hiding private IP addresses. Port forwarding allows external devices to communicate with specific internal devices by mapping external ports to internal IP addresses and ports. Route tracing determines the path network traffic takes between devices to diagnose connectivity issues, and the tracert command can be used for this on Windows systems. TCP and UDP differ in their connection-oriented and connectionless nature, with TCP better for applications requiring reliable data delivery and UDP better for real-time applications with less need for error checking.

1. Routing concepts: Study:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation#MASQUERADING and answer the
following questions. a) What was the original use of NAT? (2 marks) b) Explain the concept of
IP masquerading. (2 marks) c) Explain the concept of port forwarding. (2 marks) d) What is the
purpose of route tracing? (2 marks) e) Which DOS utility can be used for route tracing? (2
marks) f) Contrast TCP and UDP against each other, tauting which protcol component to use in
which kind of scenario.