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- 6. Phenotype - appearance or function of body Genotype - genes that determine the phenotype
- 8. YY YY YY YY yy yy yy yy Y Y y y Y Y y y Y Y y y Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy Yy female male female gametes male gametes possible outcomes in fertilization P generation
- 9. YY yy Yy Yy YY Yy Yy yy yellow green three genotypes two phenotypes Y Y y y F1 generation: F2 generation Punnett square shows parental gametes and genotypes of next generation
- 11. Yy YY Yy Yy yy “ pure” green F 1 generation F 2 generation self-pollination “ pure” yellow mixed Yy YY Yy yy YY yy Yy YY F 3 generation YY YY YY YY YY Yy Yy yy yy yy yy yy Yy YY Yy yy yy
- 12. What happens in dihybrid crosses? - parents differ in genes for 2 traits Monohybrid crosses in Mendel’s peas
- 13. Figure 9.5A HYPOTHESIS: DEPENDENT ASSORTMENT HYPOTHESIS: INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT P GENERATION F 1 GENERATION F 2 GENERATION RRYY rryy Gametes RY Yellow round ry RrYy Eggs Sperm RY ry RY ry 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 Actual results contradict hypothesis RRYY rryy RY ry Gametes RrYy Eggs RY rY 1 / 4 1 / 4 Ry ry 1 / 4 1 / 4 RY rY Ry ry 1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 4 RRYY RrYY RrYY RRYy rrYY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy rrYy RRyy rrYy Rryy Rryy rryy 9 / 16 3 / 16 3 / 16 1 / 16 Green round Yellow wrinkled Green wrinkled ACTUAL RESULTS SUPPORT HYPOTHESIS
- 16. Figure 9.17 Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel’s principles
- 27. Individual homozygous for sickle-cell allele Sickle-cell (abnormal) hemoglobin Abnormal hemoglobin crystallizes, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped Sickle cells Breakdown of red blood cells Clumping of cells and clogging of small blood vessels Accumulation of sickled cells in spleen Physical weakness Anemia Heart failure Pain and fever Brain damage Damage to other organs Spleen damage Kidney failure Rheumatism Pneumonia and other infections Paralysis Impaired mental function Figure 9.14
- 29. Figure 9.16 P GENERATION F 1 GENERATION F 2 GENERATION aabbcc (very light) AABBCC (very dark) AaBbCc AaBbCc Eggs Sperm Fraction of population Skin pigmentation
- 42. Table 9.9
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- Figure: FGTable 11.1 Title: Pea-plant characteristics studied by Mendel. Caption: Pea-plant characteristics studied by Mendel.
- Figure: FG11-04 Title: Variations within a pea pod. Caption: Since each garden pea is fertilized separately, individual peas within a pod can have different character traits. Note that some of these peas have a smooth texture, while others are wrinkled.
- Figure: FG11-05a Title: Mendel's F1 crosses. Caption: 1. Mendel started out by cross-breeding plants that for generations had yielded either all yellow seeds or all green seeds. In the example pictured, female gametes are being provided by a plant that has the dominant, yellow alleles (YY), while the male gametes are being provided by a plant has the recessive, green alleles (yy). 2. The cells of the pea plants that give rise to gametes start to go through meiosis. 3. The two alleles for pea color, which lie on separate homologous chromosomes, separate in meiosis, yielding gametes that each bear a single allele for seed color. In the case of the female, each of these gametes bears a Y allele; in the case of the male, each bears a y allele. 4. The Punnett square shows the possible combinations that can result when the male and female gametes come together in the moment of fertilization. (If you have trouble reading the Punnett square, see Figure 11.5b.) The single possible outcome in this fertilization is a mixed genotype, Yy. 5. Because Y (yellow) is dominant over y (green), the result is that all the offspring in the F1 generation are yellow, because they all contain a Y allele.
- Figure: FG11-07 Title: Three genotypes, two phenotypes. Caption: The two alleles for seed color (Y = yellow and y = green) can result in three genotypes (YY, Yy, yy), but these can yield only two phenotypes (yellow and green).
- Figure: FG11-06 Title: From the F1 to the F3 generation. Caption: F1 to F2: The starting point is the F1 generation, a set of seeds that all have the Yy genotype. These seeds are planted and the plants go through meiosis, yielding the gametes shown in the Punnett square. When these gametes come together in self-fertilization, the possibilities include YY and yy combinations, as well as the Yy combination seen in the F1 generation. The existence of yy individuals is the reason green seeds reappear in the F2 generation. Because Y is dominant, the green phenotype could not appear in seeds that had even a single Y allele. F2 to F3: With three starting genotypes (YY, Yy, yy) the F2 generation yields plants that have these three genotypes, though there are more plants of "mixed" genotype than of either "pure" genotype.
- Figure: FGTable 11.2 Title: Pea-plant characteristics studied by Mendel. Caption: Pea-plant characteristics studied by Mendel.
- There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens Describe atitgen/antibody production, prelude to immune system.
- Based on the presence or absence of two antigens Type A Type B The lack of these antigens is called type O Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa