1. Project Planning & Control

2. Chapter Coverage
• What is a project?
• The project planning and control process
• Network planning – Critical Path Method (CPM)

3. Projects:
A project is a set of activities with a define start
point and a define end state, which pursues a
defined goal and uses a define set of resources.

4. Stages in project management
Understanding
the project
environment
Project
definition
Project
planning
Technical
execution
Project
control
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Changes
Corrective action
Stage 4 Stage 5

5. Stage 1: Understanding project environment
The project environment comprises the
factors which may affect the project during
its life. See next slide ……………

6. Geo-social environment
• Geography
• National culture
Econo-political environment
• Economy
• Government
Business environment
• Customers
• Competitors
• Suppliers/sub-contractors
Internal environment
• Company strategy
• Resources
• Other projects
The Project
Examples of factors that may affect the project
environment

7. Stage 2: Project definition
Three different elements define a project:
• Its objective: the end state that project
management is trying to achieve
• Its scope: the exact range of the responsibilities
taken on by the project management.
• Its strategy: how project management is going to
meet its objective.

8. Project objectives
The hierarchy of objectives:
• At the top of the hierarchy is the overall
objective or goal of the project, lower levels of
the hierarchy are the objectives of each part of the
project (big projects consists of many parts).
• Objectives of each part must be related to its
overall objective.

9. Objectives must be clear:
Good objectives are those which are clear, measurable and,
preferably, quantifiable.
One method of clarifying objectives is to break down
project objectives into three categories:
– Purpose: to prevent production from failing to meet
output as forecast.
– End result: a report which identifies the causes of lost
production, and which recommends how the target output
can be met.
– Success criteria: the report should be completed by 30
June. The recommendations should enable output to reach
at east 70 tonnes per year. Cost of the recommendations
should not exceed RM200,000.

10. The three project performance objectives
Quality
New aircraft
project
Fixed grant
research
project
Music
festival
Cost Time

11. Project scope
- Identifies the work content and the outcomes.
- Boundary setting exercise – divides work
content for each part of the project.
- Important for managing contractors –
commercial and legal aspect of the scope of
supply.
- Can change during the course of the project.

12. Project strategy
- Defines in general how the organization is
going to achieve its project objectives and
meet the related measure of performance.
- Two ways:
1) Define phases (time based sections) of the
project.
2) Set milestones at which specific reviews of time,
cost and quality are made.

13. Stage 3: Project planning
Fulfills four distinct purpose, it determines:
1. The cost and duration of the project.
2. The level of resources needed.
3. Helps to allocate work and monitor progress.
4. Helps to assess the impact of changes to the
project.
There are five steps…

14. Stages in the project planning process
Identify
the
activities
in the
project
Estimate
the times
and
resources
for
activities
Identify the
relationships
and
dependencies
between the
activities
Identify time
and
resource
schedule
constraints
Fix the
schedule
for time
and
resources
Adjust as necessary
1 2 3 4 5

15. 1. Identify activities: Work breakdown structure
1. Serve
breakfast in bed
3. Fetch
juice
4. Fetch
glass 6. Boil egg 10.
Fetch
egg cup
12. Toast
bread
15. Fetch
butter
16. Arrange
tray
17. Fetch
tray, plates
and cutlery
11. Butter
the toast
5. Place
boiled egg in
egg cup
2. Pour juice
in glass
7.
Fetch
egg
13. Slice
bread
8. Bring
water to
boil 14.
Fetch
bread
9. Fill pan
with water

16. 2. Estimate times and resources
Table 16.1
Time and resources estimates for a breakfast-in-bed” project
No Activity Effort (person) Duration (secs)
1 Serve breakfast in bed 1 120
2 Pour juice in glass 1 5
3 Fetch juice 1 10
4 Fetch glass 1 10
5 Place boiled egg in egg cup 1 3
6 Boil egg 0 240
7 Fetch egg 1 10
8 Bring water to boil 0 180
9 Fill pan with water 1 8
10 Fetch egg cup 1 10
11 Butter the toast 1 10
12 Toast bread 0 30
13 Slice bread 1 30
14 Fetch bread 1 10
15 Fetch butter 1 10

17. Typical subjective probability distribution
for an activity time estimate
3 5 6 Activity duration 13
Optimistic time
Most likely timeExpected timeP
essimistic time
Probability
Accuracy of estimates
comes with experience!

18. 3. Identify relationship and dependencies
• All activities will have some relationship with
one another.
• Dependent or series relationship or
1
Slice bread Toast bread Butter toast
2
Fill pan with water Bring water to boil Boil egg
• Parallel relationship
1 & 2

19. 4. Identify schedule constraints
• Resource constrained – only the available
resource level are used in resource scheduling
and are never exceeded hence, project
completion might slip.
• Time constrained – priority is to complete the
project within a given time.

20. “Making breakfast” - Do activities at
earliest time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Orange
Bread
Water
Tray
Toast
Boil water Boil egg Bed
room
4
Staff required 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 5 0
3
2
1
Butter
Time (mins)
Time (mins)
Activities requiring
operator time

21. “Making breakfast” – Minimizing staff
requirements
Time (mins)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Orange
Bread
Water
Toast
Boil water Boil egg Bed
Tray
room
4
Staff required 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 5 0
3
2
1
Butter
Time (mins)

22. “Making breakfast” – Maximizing toast
quality
4
Time (mins)
Boil water Boil egg Bed
Staff required 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 5 0
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Orange
Water
Tray
room
Bread Toast Butter
Time (mins)
5. Fix the schedule

23. Stage 5: Project control
1. Project monitoring: current expenditure to date, amount of
overtime authorized, inspection failure, progress of activities
etc.
2. Assessing project performance: Compare planned and
actual expenditure
3. Intervene to change the project: when the project is out of
control in the sense of cost, quality levels or time,
intervention is required.

24. Network planning
1. Use of Gantt chart is the simplest technique that
supports project planning and control.
2. More elaborate and detailed techniques are
collectively called network analysis.
3. We will consider a network analysis method called
Critical Path Method (CPM)

25. Critical Path Method
1. Represents the project activities diagrammatically.
2. Project activities are represented by arrows.
3. At the tail (start) and head (finish) of each activity is a circle
which represents and event.
Rules for drawing a network diagram:
1. An event cannot be reached until all activities leading to it
are complete.
2. No activity can start until its tail event is reached .
3. No two activities can have the same heat and tail events

26. Activities and network for a simple project
Activity Immediate
predecessors
a Remove furniture None 1
b Prepare bedroom a 2
c Paint bedroom b 3
d Prepare kitchen a 1
e Paint kitchen d 2
f Replace furniture c, e 1
Prepare bedroom
Paint bedroom
Remove furniture Replace furniture
Prepare kitchen
Paint kitchen
Activity duration
(in days)

27. Network diagram for simple decorating project
1 2 5 6
a
1
b
2
d
1
c
3
e
2
f
1
3
4
a
1
1
Activity reference
Activity duration
Event number
An Event
Earliest Event
Time (EET)
Latest Event
Time (LET)
EET – the very earliest the event could possibly
occur if all preceding activities are completed as
early as possible.
LET – the latest time that the event could possibly
take place without delaying the whole project

28. Activity on arrow – Using “dummy”
2
x
x
activities
1 2 1 3
y
y
1 3 5
2 4 6

29. Critical Path
– Network diagrams have more that one sequence of
activities which will lead from the start to the end of the
project – these sequence are called paths.
– Each path has a total duration which is the sum of all its
activities.
– The path which has the longest sequence of activities is
called the critical path.
– It is called the critical path because any delay in and of the
activities on this path will delay the whole project.

30. Network analysis for simple decorating project
With earliest and latest event times
3 3
1
0 0 1 1 6 6 7 7
a
1
b
2
2 5 6
d
1
c
3
e
2
f
1
3
4
2 4
Chapter 16, Page 575

31. Worked Example
• The chief surveyor of a firm that moves earth
in preparation for the construction of roads has
identified the activities and their durations for
each stage of an operation to prepare a difficult
stretch of motorway (see table below). The
surveyor needs to know how long the project
will take and which are the critical activities.

32. Road Construction Activities
Activity Duration Preceding activities
A 5 -
B 10 -
C 1 -
D 8 B
E 10 B
F 9 B
G 3 A, D
H 7 A, D
I 4 F
J 3 F
K 5 C, J
L 8 H, E, I, K
M 4 C, J

33. Network Diagram For Motorway Project
0 0
18 20
10 10
19 19
22 22
L
8
27 27 35 35
A
5
B
10
C
1
D 8
E
10
F
9
G
H 3
7
I
4
3 J
K M
5 4

34. The End