1. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 1
1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?
2) WATER QUALITY?
3) WHAT DO WE DRINK?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?

2. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 2
1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?
DRINKABLE WATER
PUBLIC SERVICE
An action for the population organized by the government
DISTRIBUTION PURIFICATION
14217 water services 17 228 water services
In France:
36 000 city councils
More than
31 000 water services!!!75% of the city councils
are together.
44% of the city councils
are together.
60,9 million inhabitants 57,3 million inhabitants

3. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 3
1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?
A PUBLIC SERVICE
BUT 2 KINDS OF ADMINISTRATIONS
DIRECT ADMINISTRATION DELEGATE ADMINISTRATION
The city council manages by
itself the whole or a part of the
production, the distribution and
the purification of water.
The city council asks a private
company to manage the whole or a
part of the production, the
distribution and the purification of
water, but the city council is very
involved in the decision.
DIRECT
ADMINISTRATION
DELEGATE
ADMINISTRATION
Distribution
services
Number of services 9 809 4 408
Population (in million inhabitants) 24,8 36,1
Purification
services
Number of services 13 320 3 908
Population (in million inhabitants) 33,2 24,1

4. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 4
2) WATER QUALITY?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.

5. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 5
2) WATER QUALITY?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 1: Coagulation.
First, dirt and other particles must be removed from the water.
Flocculants are chemicals such as alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) that
cause the dirt and other particles to stick together; flocculants are added
to the water, which creates larger particles called floc.

6. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 6
2) WATER QUALITY?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 2: Sedimentation.
As the water moves through the sedimentation tanks, the floc particles
settle to the bottom of the tank. The clear water then flows to a filtration
unit.

7. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 7
2) WATER QUALITY?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 3: Filtration.
Filtration removes small particles from the water by passing it through
layers of sand, gravel and charcoal. The water then moves to disinfection
before storage.

8. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 8
2) WATER QUALITY?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 4: Disinfection.
Water is disinfected with chlorine or other
chemicals, called disinfectants, to kill any
bacteria and other harmful organisms. The
amount of disinfectants added to the water
has to be carefully adjusted, because too
much may be harmful to humans, but too
little will not kill the harmful organisms.

9. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 9
2) WATER QUALITY?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 5: Storage.
After disinfection, the water is stored in storage tanks until it is needed for
distribution to homes, businesses, and other water users.

10. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 10
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?

11. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 11
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 1: Pumping.
Wastewater treatment facilities are usually located on low ground so that gravity will
move sewage from homes to the treatment plant. Usually, pumps are needed to lift the
sewage as it enters the treatment facility. The treatment facility uses gravity to move the
wastewater through the treatment process.

12. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 12
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 2 : Bar screen.
As it enters the treatment plant, wastewater may contain large items such as plastic bottles,
cans, sticks, rocks, and even dead animals. These items are removed by the bar screen and
sent to a landfill. If they are not removed, they will damage equipment in the treatment
plant.
Step 3 : Grit chamber.
After screening, wastewater enters the grit chamber in which larger particles (such as sand
or dirt) settle out of the water. Often, the water is aerated (air is bubbled through it) to
keep smaller particles from settling out. Aeration causes some of the gases that are
dissolved in the water (e.g. hydrogen sulfide that smells like rotten eggs) to be released.

13. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 13
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 4 : Sedimentation tank.
In the sedimentation tank (also known as the primary clarifier), solids settle to the bottom
as sludge and scum floats to the top. The sludge is pumped out of the primary clarifier and
sent to the solids processing facility. The scum is composed of lighter materials such as
grease, oil, soap, and so forth. Slow-moving rakes are used to collect the scum from the
surface of the wastewater.

14. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 14
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 5 : Secondary aeration and clarifier.
The wastewater is exposed to air in an aerator,
which provides oxygen for microorganisms that
help break down contaminants in the water.
This may be done by spraying the wastewater
into the air or by bubbling air through the
wastewater. The aerated effluent is passed into
a secondary clarifier, which is a large tank or
pond; in the clarifier, microorganisms
decompose organic material and absorb
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The
microorganisms and remaining solids settle out
of the effluent as activated sludge. Most of the
activated sludge is pumped to the solids
processing facility, while the remaining sludge is
pumped into the wastewater entering the
aerator. This introduces additional
microorganisms to the wastewater to hasten the
breakdown of organic matter.

15. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 15
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 6: Filtration.
Filtration may be used to further reduce the organic matter in the water. The water is
filtered through a substance, usually sand and rocks. During this filtration process, most
bacteria are removed, turbidity and color in the wastewater are reduced, odors are
removed, the amount of iron content in the wastewater is reduced, and any other solids
that may have remained in the water are also removed. This water may subsequently be
filtered again through a carbon filter such as charcoal to remove organic particles.

16. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 16
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 7 : Disinfection.
To kill remaining harmful bacteria and other pathogens in the processed wastewater,
chlorine and other chemicals are added in a disinfection tank. The chlorine can be harmful
if added in excess quantities. (You may have noticed the smell of chlorine or have had
irritated eyes when you were exposed to chlorine in a swimming pool.) Therefore, in some
cases, the chlorine must be neutralized with other chemicals after it has killed the bacteria
to protect marine organisms

17. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 17
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 8 : The treated water that is released by the plant is called effluent. The effluent is
usually released into a local river or the ocean. In some places, this water may be used for
landscaping (e.g. to water lawns or golf courses), but not for drinking purposes.

18. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 18
2) WATER QUALITY?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 9 : Solids processing.
Solids include the sludge and scum
removed in the sedimentation tank and
the activated sludge removed from the
secondary clarifier. These solids may be
processed further in devices called
digesters, which are heated and enclosed
tanks. The solid wastes are kept in these
tanks for 20–30 days to reduce the
volume of the material, reduce odors, and
also destroy any organisms that have the
potential to cause disease. Depending on
the source and composition of the
wastewater, the digested solids are either
sent to a landfill or used as fertilizer for
crops. The use of the processed solid
wastes as fertilizers is usually done only
after careful testing for any potential
dangerous contamination.

19. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 19
3) WHAT DO WE DRINK?
Marque nature Price for 1 litre type
Tap water tap water water: 0,019€
(water+
purification):
0,036€
Plain water
Label 1
BADOIT
An 1 litre bottle 0,85€ Sparkling water
Mineral water from
2 to 3 litres
per day
for a 5 person
family
Label 2
CONTREX
An 1 litre bottle 0,39€ Plain water
Mineral water
Label 3
EVIAN
An 1 litre bottle 0,43€ Plain water
Mineral water
Label 3
CRISTALLINE
An 1 litre bottle 0,33€ Plain water
Spring water

20. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 20
Badoit
Country France
Source St. Galmier
Type still/sparkling
pH 6
Calcium (Ca) 190
Chloride (Cl−) 40
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 1300
Fluoride (Fl) 1
Magnesium (Mg) 85
Potassium (K) 10
Silica (SiO2) 35
Sodium (Na) 150
Sulfates (SO) 40
TDS 1200
All values in milligrams per liter (mg/l)

21. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 21
Country France
Source Contrexéville
Société Nestlé Waters
Type still
Elements Proportion in mg/L
Calcium (Ca2+) 486
Magnesium (Mg2+) 84
Sodium (Na+) 9,1
Potassium (K+) 3,2
Sulfate (SO42-) 1187
Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3-) 403
Nitrate (NO3-) 2,7
Fluorides 0,33
Chlorides 10

22. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 22
Country France
Source Évian-les-Bains
Type still
pH 7.2
Calcium (Ca) 80
Chloride (Cl−) 6.8
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 360
Magnesium (Mg) 26
Nitrate (NO3) 3.7
Potassium (K) 1
Silica (SiO2) 15
Sodium (Na) 6.5
Sulfates (SO) 12.6
Website http://www.evian.com
All values in milligrams per liter (mg/l)

23. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 23
Spring water Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Sophie
Calcium 39 67
Magnesium 25 26
Sodium 19 84
Potassium 1,5 20
Fluorides < 0,3 0.9
Hydrogencarbonates 290 473
Sulfates 5 61
Chloride 4 32
Résidu sec à 180 °C 270 564
pH 7,7 7,4

24. MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 24
PAGES 2&3 :
adapted from http://www.eaufrance.fr/IMG/pdf/spea2009_201202_synthese.pdf
PAGES 4-9 :
By CK-12 Foundation (File:High_School_Engineering.pdf, page 73) [CC-BY-SA-3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
PAGES 10-18 :
By CK-12 Foundation (File:High_School_Engineering.pdf, page 75) [CC-BY-SA-3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
PAGES 20 :
CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source :
Article Badoit of Wikipédia in English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoit).
PAGES 21 :
By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source :
Article Contrex de Wikipédia en anglais (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrex),
PAGES 22 :
By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source :
Article Evian de Wikipédia en anglais (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evian).
PAGES 23 :
By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source :
Article Cristaline de Wikipédia en français (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristaline).