1. Politics inVictorian England

2. Britain Constitutional Monarchy House of Windsor Queen Victoria (1837-1901) Era of material progress, literary growth, and political stability

4. 1832 Reform Bill - two political parties seemed indistinguishable

6. William GladstonePrime Minister 4 times between 1868-1894 -Education Act of 1870 – state-supported public education -Introduced secret ballot (Ballot Act of 1872) -Legalized labor unions -Promoted civil service exam -Eliminated sale of commissions in the army -Worker’s compensation

7. The Irish Question Biggest problem = Ireland Irish nationalists sought Home Rule (not granted until 1912) Home Rule = control of local gov’t

8. Irish Potato Famine British & Irish tensions Video Clip: Moments in Time: Famine to Freedom: The Great Irish Journey

9. Gladstone & The Irish Question Two major legislative pieces: 1869 – Disestablishment Act: Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican church in Ireland 1870 – Irish Land Act: curtailed absentee Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish Catholic tenants without compensation Supported Home Rule for Ireland

10. Benjamin DisraeliPrime Minister 1874-1880 -Expanded electorate  big step toward democracy -Extended laws regulating public sanitation (Public Health Act of 1875) -Safety laws for mines and factories -Regulated housing conditions for poor (Artisans Dwelling Act of 1875)

11. Labour Party At turn of century, 3rd party established: Labour Party Caused Liberals to worry (losing their base to Labour Party) Result: Liberals in power from 1906-1916 Set up massive social welfare programs Sickness, accident, old-age, and unemployment insurances were all adopted Progressive tax established (wealthy pay a higher % rate of tax Conservatives pushed for more laissez-faire gov’t

13. Virtuous

14. Modesty

15. Morality

16. Rationality

18. Role Model Queen Victoria was seen as, “the very model of marital stability and domestic virtue…” She represented “a kind of femininity which was centered on the family, motherhood, and respectability.” Quotes from BBC Victorian Britain

19. How to Be a Gent for Dummies Books on how to be a proper British citizen abounded to assist the middle class on the road to morality The book, Happy Homes and the Hearts that Make Them (1882) suggests, “The true gentleman is one who has been fashioned after the highest models…his qualities depend not on fashion or manners but on moral worth - not on personal possessions but upon personal qualities.”

20. Oscar Wilde Antithesis of Victorian Ideals Irish Author/Playwright Aesthetic movement: “L’art pour l’art” art should exist solely for its own sake, independent of social and moral concerns Only purpose = to look pretty

22. Virtuous

23. Modesty

24. Morality

25. Rationality

27. Symbolism

28. Decoration

29. Materialism

30. Extravagance

32. You Little Bugger… Epistemology Wilde’s Woes Court - writings used against him Guilty: “Gross Indecency” Jail time…

33. Goodbye, Oscar Died - Nov. 30,1900 Meningitis Paris Hotel Final Words…

35. Women in Victorian England Focus = family Ideal woman = Queen Victoria Read Handout “Women in Victorian England” & “Victorian Women”

36. Women’s Suffrage Many women became more vocal about their demands for social & political equality “Suffragettes”

38. 1917: She and her daughter, Christabel, formed the Women’s Party in 1917:Equal pay for equal work Equal marriage & divorcelaws Equality of rights & opportunities in public service A national system of maternity benefits

48. La Belle Epoque The Beautiful Age 1870-1914

49. France Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) France “goaded” into declaring war by Bismarck France loses – Napoleon III is captured 1871 – German unification Emphasizes the weakness of France

51. Napoleon III abdicated

52. New government headed by Adolphe Thiers

53. continued the fight against the Germans

56. Set up unemployment exchanges in town halls

57. Provide basic elementary education for all  they were strongly against church-controlled schools

58. Attempted to set up girls schools

61. Paris City Hall Destroyed

62. Communard Casualties

63. Declaring the3rd French Republic

65. Rivalry between monarchists and republicans

66. A number of scandals including The Dreyfus Affair [L’Affaire]

67. Because there were so many factions, all governments were coalitions

70. French counter-intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus, from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish family  one of the few Jews on the General Staff

72. The real culprit was a Major Esterhazy, whose handwriting was the same as that on the bordereau

74. J’Accuse!

76. The Dreyfusards were anti-clericals, intellectuals, free masons, & socialists

77. For Anti-Dreyfusards, the honor of the army was more important than Dreyfus’ guilt or innocenceWere army supported, monarchists, & Catholics.

78. Dreyfus, the Traitor!

80. Brought back from Devil’s Island a broken man

81. Results:Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances Was given a presidential pardon Exonerated completely in 1906 Served honorably in World War I Died in 1935

82. 19th C. French Life

83. World Exposition 1889 Gustave Eiffel 1,063 ft tall 7,300 tons $1.6 million to build Entrance to Fair

85. Vive La Bohème!

86. The Bohemian Way Challenged status quo by rejecting mainstream values and mocking the bourgeoisie Comprised of Artists Students Writers

87. The Bohemians Motto: “Truth, beauty, freedom and love” Frequented cafés & music halls Most popular areas: Latin Quarter Montmartre

88. The Bourgeoisie Fashion, behavior, etiquette mimicked the aristocracy Frequented: Theater Opera Restaurants Casinos Gardens

89. Montmartre

95. Le Moulin Rouge Est. 1889 Most famous symbol of the Bohemian life

96. At The Moulin Rouge Dancers (Can-Can) Elephant Drink Absinthe

98. OMG! It’s the Can-Can!