Learn general anatomy - skeletal system

1. The Skeletal
System:
Dr. J. N. Patel
RHMC

2. The Skeletal System
• Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)

3. The Skeletal System
• Divided into two
divisions
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular
skeleton – limbs
and girdle

4. Functions of Bones
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation

5. Bones
of the
Human
Body
• The
skeleton
has 206
bones

6. Bones of the Human Body
• Two basic types of bone tissue
•Compact bone
• Homogeneous
•Spongy bone
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spaces

7. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

8. Bones are classified by
their shape:
• long
• short
• flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid

9. Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape

10. Classification of Bones
• Long bones
•Typically longer than wide
•Have a shaft with heads at
both ends
•Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus

11. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Diaphysis
•Shaft
•Composed of
compact bone
• Epiphysis
•Ends of the bone
•Composed mostly of
spongy bone

12. Structures of a Long Bone
• Periosteum
• Outside covering of
the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers
• Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
• Arteries
• Supply bone cells
with nutrients

14. Classification of Bones
• Short bones
•Generally cube-shape
•Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals

15. Classification of Bones
• Flat bones
•Thin and flattened
•Usually curved
•Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

16. Classification of Bones
• Irregular bones
•Irregular shape
•Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
•Example: Vertebrae and hip

17. Types of Bone Cells
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts

18. Changes in the Human Skeleton
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
• Bridge of the nose
• Parts of ribs
• Joints

19. Bone Growth
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
•New cartilage is continuously formed
•Older cartilage becomes ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage

21. Bone Fractures
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone

22. Common Types of Fractures

23. Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture

24. The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts
•Skull
•Vertebral column
•Bony thorax

25. The Axial Skeleton

26. The skull
8 sutured bones in cranium
Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses

28. Bones of the Skull

29. Allows for
growth

30. Human Skull, Superior View

31. Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9

32. Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity

33. The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
• Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue

34. The Vertebral Column
• Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
• The spine has a
normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location

35. Vertebral column
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused
1 coccyx (4 fused)
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

37. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae

38. Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
True ribs are directly attached to the sternum
(first seven pairs)
Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib
Two pairs of floating ribs

40. Feeling Sleepy? – Let us awaken brain

41. Diseases and
Conditions
of the Skeletal
System

42. Osteoporosis
• means "porous bones."
• bones have lost minerals (especially
calcium) making them weak, brittle,
and susceptible to fractures
• most common places where
fractures occur are the back, hips,
and wrists.

46. Scoliosis
• abnormal curvature of the spine.
• one or more abnormal
• More girls than boys have severe
scoliosis.

51. Kyphosis
• spine may develop a hump.
• can occur as a result of
developmental problems or
degenerative diseases

54. Lordosis
• A curvature of the vertebrae in the
lower back area, giving a
"swayback" appearance.

57. Rickets
• softening and weakening of bones
in children
• usually because of an extreme
and prolonged vitamin D
deficiency.

61. Acromegaly
• occurs when the body produces too
much of the hormones that control
growth.
• tissues grow larger than normal.
• excessive growth can cause serious
disease and even premature death.

66. Spina Bifida
• birth defect that involves the
incomplete development of
the spinal cord or its
coverings.
• spina bifida literally means "split" or
"open" spine.
• The condition usually is detected
before a baby is born and treated
right away.

70. Talipes Equinovarus-
“Clubfoot”
• deformity of the whole foot that is present
at birth.
• the child is born with the foot pointing
down and twisted inwards at the ankle.

74. Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
• most common type of bone cancer.
most commonly found in children
and adolescents

79. Myeloma
• cancer in which abnormal cells
collect in the bone marrow and form
tumors

82. Leukemia
• cancer of the blood cells
• starts in the bone marrow where
blood cells are
• the bone marrow starts to make a lot
of abnormal white blood cells, called
leukemia cells.
• leukemia cells don't do the work of
normal WBC’s and they don't stop
growing when they should.

85. Bone Marrow Biopsy

86. Thanks