3. 1. History
2. Insight
3. Physics behind Ultrasonics
4. Physics behind Sonics
5. Biophysical effects of Endosonics
6. Comparative Analysis
7. Ultrasonic tips for conservative Dentistry
8. Ultrasonic Tips for endodontics
Based on Approach
Based on Use
9. Applications Of US And Sonics in Endodontics
3
4. Latin
Ultra: ‘beyond’
Sonic: ‘sound’
4
Ultrasound is high frequency mechanical
vibrations or pressure waves above a
frequency the human ear can hear.
Audible 20Hz and 20 KHz.
Infra sound Below 20Hz
Ultrasound Above 20 KHz
5. Ultrasonic Instrumentation- First introduced into dentistry in the form of a
drill (Catuna, 1953; Balamuth, 1967).
Johnson and Wilson (1957) improved it and the US scaler became
established in the removal of dental plaque and calculus.
Richman(1957) reported use of barbed broach connected to an ultrasonic
delivery system for use in canal preparation and apical resection.
Martin (1976) developed a commercial system harnessing ultrasonic
energy in the preparation and cleaning of the root canal.
Endosonics term coined by Martin and Cunningham
“Microultrasonics”.
5
6. • Endosonics - Imparts sinusoidal
vibration of high intensity to a root
canal instrument.
Either above that of audible
perception, i.e. at Ultrasonic
frequencies (20-42 kHz) or operate
within the arbitrary sonic or hearing
range (i.e. below 20 kHz).
Both similar in design, consist of a
driver, to which an endosonic file is
clamped usually at an angle of 600 –
900 to the long axis of the driver
It is the oscillatory pattern of the
driver that determines the nature of
movement of the attached file.
6
7. 7
Currently, the most widely used piezoelectric material is
Lead zirconate Titanate (PZT)
Magnetostrictive
Converts
electromagnetic energy
into mechanical energy
Cycles per second
24kHz max
Generates heat
Creates a figure eight
(elliptical) motion
Peizoelectric
A crystal is used that
changes dimension
when an electrical
charge is applied
converting this into
mechanical oscillation
Cycles per second
40kHz
No heat generation
Work in a linear, back-
and-forth, “piston-like”
motion
8. • Not a particularly
effective mode of
movement for an
endodontic
procedure:
• Results in irregular
cutting of dentin or
uncontrolled filing
in the apical third
of the root canal
Transverse
oscillation :–
• Advantage-
Enables filing
action to take place
along the total
length of the root
canal.
True longitudinal
action :–
At ultrasonic frequencies –
main driver oscillates longitudinally, the file
vibrates transversely.
This sets up a characteristic pattern of nodes
(points of minimum oscillation)
and
antinodes (points of maximum oscillation).
The greatest displacement occurs when the
working tip of the file is allowed to work
without interference.
Transverse motion of the file causes filing of
the dentine when the instrument is moved
vertically within the root canal space.
8
9. Only similarity - Imparting vibrational type of
movement for the root canal instrument, which they
activate.
Other features such as the source of power,
frequency of vibration, type of hand piece and root
canal instruments used are all different.
Sonic system does not require special
connections, as it involves only a hand piece.
Sonic instruments rely on the passage of
pressurized air .
Uses compressed air line at a pressure of 0.4 Mpa.
Frequency- 3-6 kHz.
Produces elliptical pattern of oscillation
File when operated in air without any physical
constraint, sets up a circular motion
Characterized by single antinode at the tip and a
node near the driver.
9
11. 11
Defined as the creation of new bubbles or the expansion,
contraction / distortion of pre existing bubbles in a liquid, the
process being coupled to acoustic energy.
(Leighton 1994)
12. 12
cavitation occurs when the ultrasonic
file vibrates in a liquid to produce
alternating compressions and
rarefractions of pressure.
A negative pressure develops within
the exposed cells of the intracanal
materials.
This causes an implosion, or inward
explosion, that breaks these cells
apart inwardly and leads to their
destruction.
13. Roy et al 1994 : Two types of cavitation
can occur during passive root canal
irrigation
Transient
Stable
Transient cavitation occurs only when
the file can vibrate freely in the canal or
when the file touches lightly the canal
wall (unintentional)
(lumley et al 1993 and Roy et al 1994)
13
14. •Defined as the generation of time independent,
steady unidirectional circulation of fluid in the
vicinity of a small vibrating object.
• Acoustic streaming is the rapid movement of
particles of fluid in circular or vortex like motion
around a vibrating file.
-(Walmsley1987)
14
15. When a vibrating file is immersed
in a fluid, the file is observed to
generate a streaming fluid
comprising two components:
Primary field - Consisting of
rapidly moving eddies in which the
fluid element oscillates about a
mean position
Superimposed secondary field
Consisting patterns of relatively
slow, time independent flow.
15
16. The acoustic streaming generated by the file
may play a useful role in reducing the number
of bacteria in the canal removing the smear
layer and debris harboring bacteria.
The main advantage of ultrasonic files is that
they move the irrigants around the canal to
penetrate to the most apical extent of the
instrument.
16
17. 17
HEAT
• Increases the temperature of NaOCl in root
canal upto 10 degrees.
• Use of regular coolant advisable.
AEROSOL
• Aerosol produced, contains micro-
organisms and blood contaminants.
PACE MAKERS
• Piezoelectric devices: no interference.
• Current guidelines recommend: avoidance
of magnetostrictive devices on patients with
pacemakers.
• Stooper et al.J Can Dent Assoc
2011:77:b113
19. Excavus is a kit of five ultrasonic tips for minimally invasive
excavation that allows you to achieve small-volume proximal cavities
while preserving the integrity of adjacent teeth and healthy structures.
19
20. The Perfect Margin kit of four tips enables delicate penetration of the
sulcus to finish the sub-gingival limits without harming the free gum
margin and the biological width.
The surfaces of the Perfect Margin tips have been specially
designed for each sequence of the procedure, so that the dentinal
tissue can be quickly and safely prepared in areas where it would be
delicate to use a diamond bur.
20
21. 1. BASED ON APPROACH:
There are two types of ultra sonic tips in the
market
• NON SURGICAL TIPS:
BUC TIPS
Spartan Tips CPR Tips
CPR TIPS Titanium Series
Start-X TIPS
• SURGICAL TIPS:
CT TIPS
KIS TIPS
BK-3 TIPS
2. BASED ON USE:
• Access refinement tips
• Vibratory tips
• Bulk removal tips
• Troughing tips
- DCNA 2004
21
23. BUC-1 Fine Grit: The Cutter - Rounded tip eliminates clefts
and ditches in the pulp chamber floor. Cutting and refinement
of line angles, smoothing access walls, and cutting MB
troughs.
BUC 1A Is 6.3mm longer and has a rounded tip size of
0.3mm against 0.6mm.
BUC-2 Medium Grit: The Planer - Disk-like radiused tip
allows you to horizontally smooth pulp chamber floors and
safely plane out attached pulp stones without cutting the
chamber floor.
BUC 2A Has a tip size of 1.0mm against 1.4mm.
BUC-3 Fine Grit: The Digger - Extremely active tip for cutting
apically into calcified canals and around posts.
BUC 3A Is 4mm longer and has a pointed tip size of 0.3mm
against 0.5mm
23
24. Diamond coated – increases cutting
efficiency and creates a micro-rough
surface.
New water port technology for wet or
dry cutting
Trough and chase for hidden and
calcified canals
Dislodge posts and broken
instruments
Remove intra-canal obturation
materials
24
25. A special titanium alloy is used allowing
instrument flexibility for even greater
treatment possibilities. The titanium alloy
will retain a placed bend for access
around curved canals and obstructions.
Access depth 20mm - CPR-6
Access depth 24mm - CPR-7
Access depth 27mm - CPR-8
Available singly or in a set of 3.
25
26. Each tip has been
designed for a specific
indication and has the
following main
characteristics:micro milled
active part.
Minimized risk of potential
diamond grit loss in the
patient’s mouth
Cools down the tips and
avoids overheating of the
treated tooth. This is
particularly important when
removing metal posts
which usually require high
energy
The intermittent use of
irrigation enables the
clinician to alternate
between dry precision
work and debris
evacuation
Excellent resistance to
fracture
START-X 1
Application - Access cavity wall refinement
Non active tip - Avoids accidentally
damaging the pulp chamber floor
Active lateral part - Creates a straight
access to the canal
START-X 2
Application - MB2 canal scouter
Active tip - Removes the dentine that often
conceals the MB2 access in upper molars
Active lateral part - Creates a straight
access to the canal
26
27. START-X 3
Application - Canal openings scouter
Active tip - Removes the obstructions that prevent a
straight access to the canal
START-X 4
Application - Metal post removal
Specific design - Suitable for working efficiently both
on the top and the sides of the metal post
Water port - Avoids over heating
START-X 5
Application - Reveals the original pulp chamber floor
anatomy
Active tip - Canal orifice location made easier thanks
to the removal of calcifications and filling materials
that hide the original pulp chamber floor anatomy
Thin and cylindrical tip - Good visibility
File Holders
Spartan File Holder
File Holder for EMS
27
28. Irrisafe designed for safe removal of the
smear layer, dentine debris and bacteria
from the root canal.
The instruments are used during Passive
Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) with sodium
hypochlorite.
The instruments are ISO colour coded,
and available in sizes 20 and 25.
Available in lengths of 21mm and25mm, in
packets of individual sizes.
28
29. The first ultrasonic tips for endodontic
surgery were first available in early
1990
Designed by Dr. Gary Carr, hence
known as Carr tips or CTs. ¼ mm in
diameter,3mm in length and about 1/10
the size of a conventional microhead
handpiece.
The original CTs (1-3).
CTs are made of stainless steel.
29
30. 30
6 TIPS-
1D,2D,3D,4D,5D,6
Coated with zirconium nitride,
• provides strength
• surface roughness.
• cut significantly faster and more smoothly
• leave a slightly rougher dentin surface
• provides a more adherent surface for the
filling material.
31. BK-3 surgical tips have three
bends for easy access to any
preparation, including MB2
canals.
BK-3s provide excellent visibility
and can finish an entire prep
with one tip. Water is delivered
down the three bends directly to
the surgical site.
31
33. The refining tips are used for moving the mesial marginal ridges mesially
to have to direct lines access to the MB2 canal.
The tips also can be used for delineating the outlines of the root canal
orifices
The ultrasonic tips can be used to dig and follow the sclerosed canals until
patency is achieved.
33
34. Removal of intra radicular posts has always
been a challenge when performing endodontic
retreatment
The implementation of ultrasonic energy has
provided the clinician with an important
adjunctive method for removal of posts.
They are activated at the maximum intensity
and moved circumferentially until the post
loosens or dislodges.
For eg: VT (Sybron Endo), Osada Enac
(ST09) and CPR1
34
35. Extremely sharp and sturdy, operated at moderate or maximum
intensity of the ultrasonic unit.
For ex: BUC 1 and CPR –2D
Both of these tips are diamond coated and have an added
advantage of a water port for increased washing and cooling of
the operative site.
These tips are designed primarily to remove dentine and core
material quickly before vibratory or troughing procedures.
35
36. Used to create a sufficiently deep trough around posts to maximize the
benefits of subsequently applied vibratory or extraction forces.
In the past, troughing was performed with trephine drills. This process
was extremely destructive and frequently led to the cutting down and
perforation of root trunks.
With ultrasonic tips on contrary troughing can be performed in a
predictable and controlled manner.
For example: CPR 3D, CPR 4D and 5D, available in 17, 19 and 24 mm
in length, respectively.
36
38. • Access refinement, finding calcified canals, and removal of
attached pulp stones.
• Removal of intracanal obstructions (separated instruments,
root canal posts, silver points, and fractured metallic posts).
• Increased action of irrigating solutions.
• Ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha.
• Placement of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).
• Root canal preparation.
• Surgical endodontics: Root-end cavity preparation and
refinement and placement of root-end filling material.
38
(JOE) Vol 33, No.2, Feb 2007)
39. 39
Advantages of ultrasonic tips:
They do not rotate, thus enhancing safety and
control, while maintaining a high cutting
efficiency.
Visibility ( hand piece do not obstruct)
Saves time
Method:
• Initially larger tips used in pulp chamber
• Then thinner and long tips used deep to
facilitate working in deeper areas while
maintaining clear vision.
40. 40
Ruddles technique:
• Gates Glidden drills (size 3 or 4)
• Circumferential “staging platform” at
the coronal aspect of the
obstruction.
• Fine tips can be used to work
counterclockwise around broken
instruments to cause unscrewing
Separated
Instruments
41. 41
• Metallic
• Fibre post
•A fiber-reinforced composite post with a significantly lower modulus of
elasticity than stainless steel or titanium conducts vibration less efficiently.
•Resin cements - not friable and do not tend to produce microfractures due
to ultrasonic vibration.
•The absence of a water spray seems to increase the action of Ultrasonics
when applied to posts cemented with resin cements –due to increase in
heat.
42. This method of post removal minimizes loss of tooth
structure and decreases the risk of tooth damage
Initial removal of restorative material(s) and luting
cement around the post
Application of the tip of an
ultrasonic instrument to the post
Ultrasonic energy is transferred through the
post and breaks down the cement until the
post loosens
43. 43
TECHNIQUE
Expose the coronal part of the obstacle
by cutting an estimated 2.0-mm trough
around the obstacle
Apply to side with full power with water
irrigation
Ultrasonic vibration is applied for periods of
a few seconds followed by drying with
compressed air
44. 44
Studies failed to demonstrate:
-the superiority of Ultrasonics as a primary
instrumentation technique, as no improved
debridement was accomplished compared with
hand.
The relative inefficiency of ultrasonic debridement has been attributed to file
constraint within the unflared root canal space.
A modification of the technique in which ultrasound is activated for a few
minutes after hand preparation has instead resulted in greater canal and
isthmus cleanliness compared with hand preparation alone.
Ultrasonics
and Sonics
Hand and
Rotary
methods
45. 45
•An important parameter to note is that the smaller files generate greater
acoustic streaming and hence much cleaner canals.
• Hence, after canals are fully prepared by whatever means, it is
recommended returning with a fully oscillating No 15 file for 3 minutes
with a free flow of 1 - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite.
• Others including Martin have recommended that the No 15 file be used
exclusively.
•Antibacterial efficacy of irrigants in Endosonics was further proved when
the viable counts of bacteria dramatically reduced when water as an
irrigant was replaced by NaOCl.
46. 46
• Ultrasonically activated
spreaders have been used to
thermoplaticise gutta -percha
in a warm lateral
condensation technique.
• Ultrasonic spreaders that
vibrate linearly produce heat
hence produce a more
complete three-dimensional
obturation of the root canal
system.
• Also placement of sealers
with an ultrasonically
energized file promotes a
better covering of canal walls
with better filled accessory
canals.
47. 47
Witherspoon and Ham described placement of MTA with ultrasonic
vibration and an endodontic condenser - improved the flow, settling, and
compaction of MTA
Denser MTA radiographically, with fewer Voids hence a significantly
better seal was achieved.
49. cavities be prepared to a depth of 2.5-3 mm.
The cavity walls should be parallel and follow the
anatomic outline of the pulpal space it has.
Also, root-end cavities should be initiated with a
diamond- coated retrotip, using its better cutting ability to
provide the main cavity.
This aids in the removal of root canal obturation
materials and should be followed by a smooth retrotip to
smooth and clean cavity walls.
49
Ultrasonic retrotips come in a variety of shapes and
angles, thus improving some steps during the surgical
procedures
Enhanced access to root ends in a limited working space
such as deeper and more conservative cavities that
follow the original path of the root canal more closely
decreasing the number of exposed dentinal Tubules and
minimizing apical leakage
A better-centered root-end preparation also lessens
the risk of lateral perforation
They also enable the removal of isthmus tissue present
between two canals within the same root thus lower
failure rate.
The era of modern ultrasonics started about 1917, with Langevin's use of high-frequency acoustic waves and quartz resonators for submarine detection. Since that time, the field has grown enormously, with applications found in science, industry, medicine and other areas.
As ultrasonics in general follows the principles delineated in acoustics, its development, particularly in the early years, is to some extent embedded in the broad developments in acoustics. The study of acoustics probably had its beginning with the Greek philosopher Pythagorus (6th Century B.C.), whose experiments on the properties of vibrating strings were so popular that they led to a tuning system that bears his name (the Sonometer).
Endosonics and was defined as the ultrasonic and synergistic system of root canal instrumentation and disinfection.
MICROULTRASONICS:
The use of Ultrasonics with Dental Operating Microscope has been termed as “Microultrasonics” This procedure is accomplished under the microscope at low to mild magnifications, (4x16x).Zinner 1955
Magentostriction discovered by James Joules in the year 1847
The first is magnetostriction, which converts electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy. A stack of magnetostrictive metal strips in a handpiece is subjected to a standing and alternating magnetic field, as a result of which vibrations are produced.
The second method is based on the piezoelectric principle, disovered by pierre and jacques Currie 1880 in which a crystal is used that changes dimension when an electrical charge is applied. Deformation of this crystal is converted into mechanical oscillation without producing heat.
Piezoelectric units have some advantages compared with earlier magnetostrictive units because they offer more cycles per second, 40 versus 24 kHz. The tips of these units work in a linear, back-and-forth, “piston-like” motion, which is ideal for endodontics.
A magnetostrictive unit, on the other hand, creates more of a figure eight (elliptical) motion, which is not ideal for either surgical or nonsurgical endodontic use. The magnetostrictive units also have the disadvantage that the stack generates heat, thus requiring adequate cooling
Magnetostriction (cf. electrostriction) is a property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization.
Left : characteristic ultrasonic movement showing a longitudinal motion
Right : a file set at an angle to the drive has a transverse oscillation with nodes and antinodes
When the file is constrained a true vertical or longitudinal file movement remains.
Driver imparts both a vertical and lateral component to the action of the file.
Ultrasonic cleaning was described initially as implosion or cavitation
Cavitation(Implosion) defined as the growth and subsequent violent collapse of a small gas filled bubble pre-existing in homogeneity in the bulk fluid.
When a vibrating object is immersed in a fluid, oscillations are set up in the fluid, which cause local increases (compression) and decreases (rarefaction) in fluid pressure.
During the rarefaction phase, at certain pressure amplitude, the liquid can fail under acoustic stress and form cavitation bubbles.
During the next positive pressure phase, these primarily vapor filled cavities implosively collapse, producing radiating shock waves.
Cavitation -shown to be useful in the removal of tooth deposits during operation of the ultrasonic scaler
Although it is theoretically possible that cavitational activity occurs around the oscillating endosonic file, it is highly unlikely that a confined area such as a root canal would increase the probability of cavitation inception.
The threshold power setting at which this phenomenon would occur is beyond the range that is normally used for endodontic purposes.
Cavitation inception depends on free displacement amplitude of the file
A negative pressure develops within the exposed cells of the intracanal materials (pulp tissue, bacteria, debris, etc
Transient cavitation occurs when vapour bubbles undergo highly energetic pulsations
Stable cavitation can be defined as linear pulsation of gas filled bodies in a low amplitude ultrasound field.
Area…restricted
Frequency threshold
To be effective in this action, the file must be kept moving at all times so that free oscillation can be maintained.
Able to increase the temperature of the surrounding irrigant in a root canal to upto 10 degrees. It has been shown that heating Sodium Hypochlorite greatly increases tissue dissolution.
Use of regular coolant advisable.
When an ultrasonic device is used with a water coolant, an aerosol is produced that can contain micro-organisms and even blood contamination. Aerosol reduction measures appropriate to the dental procedure should be taken when using an ultrasonic device.
Few studies have examined the effect of piezoelectric ultrasonic units on pacemakers and have found no interference till date. Current guidelines recommend the avoidance of magnetostrictive devices on the patients with pacemakers.
- Stooper et al.J Can Dent Assoc 2011:77:b113
The Excavus mini-tips are used at high power (blue code). We recommend storing them in their autoclavable stainless steel
presentation container to facilitate the treatment sequence.
EX1 tip: ball diamond tip (46μm). Diameter 1.7mm. Preparation of the occlusal surface and cervical margins.
EX2 tip: half ball diamond tip (46μm). Diameter 1.7mm. Preparation of the proximal surface without damaging the adjacent tooth.
EX3 tip: half ball diamond tip (46μm). Diameter 1.7mm. Preparation of the distal surface without damaging the adjacent tooth.
EXL tip: half ball diamond tip (46μm). Set 45°to the left. Allows access to the lesion without damaging the adjacent tooth.
EXR tip: half ball diamond tip (46μm). Set 45°to the right. Allows access to the lesion without damaging the adjacent tooth.
PM1 tip: quarter round-tipped diamond coated insert (76μm). Preparation of the dentine. Intra-sulcular penetration after supragingival preparation with a diamond bur.
PM2 tip: quarter round-tipped diamond coated insert (46μm). Used in the intrasulcular area. Preparation and finishing of the dentine.
PM3 tip: quarter round-tipped, smooth insert. Finishing and improvement of the surface of the cervical limit before impression-taking.
PM4 tip: conical-tipped diamond-coated insert (46μm). Preparation of the dentine and inlay-core cavities.
Ultrasonic tips can be classified based on their approach
The BUC Access Refinement Tips with water ports represent a paradigm shift in clinical endodontics. A well cut access provides the orientation needed to find and safely shape all canals.
Gross dentin removal
Moving access line angles
Cutting a groove in the mesial access wall to drop into MB2 canals
To quickly and carefully unroofing pulp chambers.
BUC set of 6
The set includes BUC-1, BUC-1A, BUC-2, BUC-2A,
BUC-3 and BUC-3A.
CPR-1 The CPR-1 is used for vibrating posts and cores and as an aid in crown and bridge removal. The working length is 17.0 mm.
CPR-2D The CPR-2D has a contra-angled head and durable shape that provides enhanced energy for removal of core materials. It is also excellent for chasing calcified canals, uncovering hidden orifices, trephining around obstructions within the pulp chamber, and eliminating materials extending below the orifice. The working length is 17.0 mm.
CPR-3D CPR-4D CPR-5D
Allows excellent vision and access while troughing around posts, chasing calcified canals, eliminating obstructions, and removing broken instruments. The three lengths provide greater control by allowing the clinician to select an instrument according to safe access and depth of procedure. The working lengths are 17.0 mm for CPR-3D; 19.0 mm for CPR-4D; and 24.0 mm for CPR-5D.
These instruments are made of titanium alloy, which results in a smoother cutting action with less chatter, thereby increasing tactile sense. They are generally used in the mid and apical portion of the root with illumination and magnification. These instruments are end cutting only and are commonly used to ditch around broken files, aiding in their removal. Use at low power level.
Diamond coated and cut dentin along lateral sides
These instruments are used in the coronal, middle, and apical third of root canals
USES - access refining, troughing,bulk removal
Start-X™ # 1: Access cavity wall refinement
Start-X™ # 2: MB2 canal scouter
Start-X™ # 3: Canal opening scouter
Start-X™ # 4: Metal post removal
Start-X™ # 5: Reveals the original pulp chamber floor
Surgery is initiated with the “1” tip and followed by the “2” or “3,”
depending on tooth position.
CT-1 Initiating Tip – a straight-line tip with 90° angle used to initiate
the preparation.
CT-2 Main Right Tip – an angled tip for use on upper right and lower left
to complete the preparation.
CT-3 Main Left Tip – an angled tip for use on upper left and lower right
to complete preparation.
KiS tips introduced in 1999
KiS 1 and KiS 2 are used for anterior and premolar teeth.
(KiS 2 tip is thicker than the KiS 1 tip and is designed to treat larger apices)
KiS 3 and 4 tips are double angled, with 75- degree and 110-degree angled tips;
(they are used for maxillary right and mandibular left posterior teeth.
KiS 5 and 6 tips are double angled, with acutely angled tips;
(they are used for maxillary left and mandibular right posterior teeth.
From a practical point of view, it becomes more beneficial to know the utility of each type of ultrasonic tip rather than the system as a whole.
These instruments can be separated into two categories –
Area specific or
Use specific
(A) An ultrasonic tip is being used to remove heavy calcific deposits on the floor of a maxillary molar pulp chamber.
(B) The use of ultrasonic energy led to shattering of pulp stone.
(C) This picture reveals the presence of four root canal orifices, but the absence of any pulpal floor road map.
(D) Continued removal of calcification and refinement of access cavity with ultrasonic instruments exposes the floor of the pulp chamber and the presence of an additional distobuccal canal.
Removal of posts by vibration alone is dependent on many factors such as the type of luting agent, the length and type of the post, and the type of core buildup.
Posts luted with zinc phosphate cement can be dislodged readily by ultrasonics because of micro crack formation in the cement.
However, posts luted with resin cements such as Panavia fail to dislodge by ultrasonic vibration due to the lack of the micro fracture propagation in these materials.
The initial troughing around a post can be performed with shorter tips such as diamond coated CPR 2D or 3D.
uLtrasonics in endodontics are used for
In conventional access procedures, ultrasonic tips are useful for access refinement, location of MB2 canals in upper molars and accessory canals in other teeth, location of calcified canals in any tooth, and Removal of attached pulp stones
The visual access and superior control that ultrasonic cutting tips provide during access procedures make them a most convenient tool, especially when treating difficult molars
Clinicians are frequently challenged by endodontically treated teeth that have obstructions such as hard impenetrable pastes, separated instruments, silver points, or posts in their roots Ultrasonic energy has proven effective as an adjunct in the removal of intracanal obstructions.
Ruddle) proposed a technique for the removal of
broken instruments using Gates Glidden drills (size 3 or 4) to prepare
a circumferential “staging platform” at the coronal aspect of the obstruction
The inability to see the instrument with direct vision and the difficulty of creating a staging platform,
as well as the use of US in curved roots, has contributed to a lack of success in removing fractured instruments under these circumstances.
(A) Initially, a small-sized instrument is selected and carried down to the obstruction.
(B) Instruments are used sequentially to enlarge the root canal space. The arrow in the figure points toward the approximation of a modified LightSpeed instrument and the root canal obstruction.
(C) The arrow in the figure points toward a shelf of dentine that has been created around the separated instrument.
(D) The arrow indicates a trough created around the separated instrument with the help of ultrasonic tips.
Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment of teeth restored with intraradicular posts continues to present a challenge because of the inherent difficulties of removing posts without weakening, perforating, or fracturing the remaining root structure. Many techniques and instruments have been described to aid in the removal of posts Many studies have focused on the removal of metallic posts; however, retreatment of fiber-reinforced composite posts cemented with adhesive systems presents a new challenge in cases in which endodontic treatment has failed.
point to realize when removing silver points is that one is dealing with a very soft material.
Hence direct vibrations are not applied , Indirect using Steiglitz forceps or hemostat.
Despite the multitude of studies conducted on ultrasonic root canal preparation with ultrasonically activated files, the current consent is that this is not a viable clinical technique.
K file which are used in ultrasonics – Function best in a push - pull, in and out motion.
Ultrasonic units, however, performs an oscillating side-to-side, transverse motion.
Walmsley and Williams suggested that the devices would work much better if the transverse motion could be changed to a longitudinal oscillation.
Improper use of Ultrasonics may cause straightening or excessive removal of the canal wall, ledging or perforation.
In curved canals, only size 15 files can be used.
Extensive experiments on ultrasonic instruments were carried on at Guy’s hospital in London.
They proposed a different physical phenomenon "Acoustic Streaming" to be responsible for the debridement.
They pointed out that cavitation depends on free displacement amplitude of the file and that the vibrating file is dampened in its action by the restraining walls of the canal.
Furthermore,
gutta-percha does not stick to the ultrasonic file when the
ultrasonic unit is activated (198).
Also, the low temperature produced
by the unit at its lowest power setting may result in less volumetric
changes of gutta-percha upon cooling (206
Procedure:
Condenser tip picks up and places the MTA with the ultrasonic tip, followed by activating the tip and slowly moving the MTA material down using a 1- to 2-mm vertical packing motion.
Direct ultrasonic energy will vibrate and generate a wavelike motion, which facilitates moving and adapting the cement to the canal walls
In case of defect apical to the canal curvature, Ruddle recommends incrementally placing MTA deep into a canal, then guiding it around the curvature with a flexible trimmed gutta-percha cone utilized as a plugger.
A precurved 15 or 20 stainless steel file is then inserted into the material and placed to within 1 or 2 mm of the working length.
Followed by indirect ultrasound, which involves placing the working end of an ultrasonic instrument on the shaft of the file
Conventional root-end cavity preparation using rotary burs in a microhandpiece is faced with several problems such as a cavity preparation not being parallel to the canal, difficult access to the root end, and risk of lingual perforation of the root. inability to prepare to a sufficient depth, thus compromising retention of the root-end filling material, advantages of ultrasonics compared to conventional technique include
Advantages:
1. More conservative preparations,
2. Less need for beveling the root tip (decreasing the chances of micro-leakage), and
3. Ability to prepare the canal farther in a coronal direction from the apex with parallel walls for better retention
Cleaner dentin walls with less debris and smear layer
It can be concluded that US offers many applications and advantages in clinical endodontics.
Improved visualization combined with a more conservative approach when selectively
removing tooth structure, particularly in difficult situations in
which a specific angulation or tip design permits access to restricted
work areas, offers opportunities that are not possible with conventional
treatment.