2. DEFINITION OF STAIN
Stain is any discolorations of
the teeth or restorations.
•adheres directly to the surface
•contained within the calculus
•within the tooth structure or
restorative material.
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4. DEFINITION OF INTRINSIC STAIN
occurs within the tooth and cannot be
removed by scaling or polishing
may be possible to lighten with
whitening techniques in certain cases
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5. DEFINITION OF EXTRINSIC STAIN
occurs on the external
surface of the tooth and
can be removed by
toothbrushing, flossing,
scaling, or polishing
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
6. DEFINITION OF EXOGENOUS
stains that develop from
sources outside the tooth
can be extrinsic or become
intrinsic i.e. red wine staining
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
7. DEFINITION OF ENDOGENOUS
stains that develop or originate from
within the tooth
always intrinsic
are usually discolorations of the dentin
reflected thru the enamel
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
8. ENDOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
stains that develop or originate from
within the tooth
always intrinsic and are usually
discolorations of the dentin reflected
thru the enamel
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
9. ENDOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
Pulpless teeth
•blood and other tissue
breakdown as a result of
hemorrhages in the pulp
chamber, root canal treatment
or necrosis of the pulp tissue
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
10. ENDOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
Tetracyclines
•used to fight many infections
•absorbed by the bones and teeth
•Discoloration can result in children when the drug is
administered before the age of 12 and also invitro
•Color of teeth may be light green to dark yellow or a
gray brown. The discoloration depends on the dosage
•Discoloration may be generalized to the localized areas
depending on the formation of the teeth at the time of
drug intake
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11. EXOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
comes from an
outside source, not
from within the tooth
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12. EXOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
Restorative Materials
•Silver amalgam – causes a gray
to black discoloration
•Copper amalgam – used for
primary teeth often gives a bluish
green color
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
13. EXOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
Endodontic Therapy
•Gives yellowish/brown to
different shades of silver
and black depending on
the materials used
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14. EXOGENOUS INTRINSIC STAIN
Stain in dentin
•Results from carious
lesions
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15. LOCATION
Extrinsic
• Yellow Stain
• Green Stain
• Black Line Stain
• Brown Stain
• Tobacco Stain
• Orange and Red Stain
• Metallic Stain
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16. PROCEDURES FOR STAIN REMOVAL
Patient preparation
•Instruction and clinical procedures
•Explain the procedure
•Provide protection for the patient
•Patient position
•Patient breathing
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21. USE OF THE PROPHYLAXIS ANGLE
Effects on tissues: clinical
considerations
•Consideration for oral tissues
•Tactile sensitivity for clinician
•Rate of abrasion
•Trauma to gingival tissue
•Need for premedication for at-risk patient
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22. PROPHYLAXIS ANGLE PROCEDURE
Instrument grasp
Finger rest
Speed of handpiece
Use of rheostat
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24. POLISHING PROXIMAL SURFACES
Use of:
•Floss
•Tape
•Finishing strips
Prevention of tissue damage
•Recognition of gingival anatomy
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
25. DENTAL TAPE AND FLOSS
Features
Uses during cleaning and polishing
•Stain removal with dental tape
•Cleaning gingival surfaces of appliances
•Flossing
•Rinsing and irrigation
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
26. FINISHING STRIPS
Description and use
Technique for finishing strip
•Grasp and finger rest
•Positioning
•Stain removal
•Dental floss
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
27. FACTORS TO TEACH THE PATIENT
Formation of stain on dentition
Concept of selective polishing
Prevention of extrinsic stain through biofilm control
Abrasiveness of professional polishing agents for home
use
Copyright 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
28. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wilkins, Esther M. (2013). Clinical practice of the dental
hygienist. Philadelphia: Lipponcot, Williams, and Wilkins.
Notas del editor
The first two types can be removed by scaling and polishing
These stains may be due to developmental complications, medications, tobacco use, and fluoride
Pulpless teeth- blood and other tissue breakdown as a result of hemorrhages in the pulp chamber, root canal treatment or necrosis of the pulp tissueTetracyclines are used to fight many infections . They are absorbed by the bones and teeth. Discoloration can result in children when the drug is administered before the age of 12 and also invitroColor of teeth may be light green to dark yellow or a gray brown. The discoloration depends on the dosage.Discoloration may be generalized to the localized areas depending on the formation of the teeth at the time of drug intake.Imperfect tooth development-Hereditiary- amelogenisisImperfecta- enamel is partially or completely missingDentinogenisisImperfecta- the dentin is abnormal as a result of disturbances in the odontoblastic layer. The teeth appear translucent or opalescent and vary in color from gray to bluish brown.Enamel hypoplasia- teeth erupt with white spot s or with pitsLocal hypoplasia- affects a single toothDental fluorosis also known as mottled enamelResults from ingestion of excessive fluoride ion in drinking water. It results in toxic damage to the ameloblastsThe teeth erupt and have white spots or areas that become light or dark brown
Imperfect tooth development-Hereditiary- amelogenisisImperfecta- enamel is partially or completely missingDentinogenisisImperfecta- the dentin is abnormal as a result of disturbances in the odontoblastic layer. The teeth appear translucent or opalescent and vary in color from gray to bluish brown.Enamel hypoplasia- teeth erupt with white spot s or with pitsLocal hypoplasia- affects a single toothDental fluorosis also known as mottled enamelResults from ingestion of excessive fluoride ion in drinking water. It results in toxic damage to the ameloblastsThe teeth erupt and have white spots or areas that become light or dark brown
The most common stains are yellow, green, black and tobaccoYellow- is discoloration of biofilmEvident when oral hygiene is neglected, usually food pigmentationGreen – embedded in biofilmSmall curved line following contour of facial gingival crest, or entire facial surface-dark green can become embedded into tooth surface and thought of as intrinsic stainThe green stain results from uncleanliness, bacteria, and gingival hemorrahageBlack line stain- highly retentive black or dark brown calculus that forms along the gingival third near the gingival margin.Composed of bacteria embedded in an intermicrobialsubstatance.Tobacco stain- light brown leathery brown or black stain. wide , firm , tarlike band may cover cervical third and extend to central third of crownThe quantity of the stain is not related to the amount of tobacco used. The more biofilm and calculus the more staining.Brown stain- the acquired pellicle is smooth and structureless and recurrs quickly.Stannous fluoride and chx forms a brown stain, as well as certain foods and drinks eg. Soy sauce, and betel leafOrange and red stain- appears on the cervical third of the anterior teethMetallic stain- appears from substances contained in drugs or from Industrial dust.More commonly seen from certain drugs. Pigment from the drug may attach directly to tooth substance.