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UNIT 2

PART I. THERE TO BE (HABER, EXISTIR)


A. PRESENT TENSE: THERE IS - THERE ARE


Estas expresiones se usan para indicar la existencia de algo. Son equivalentes a la
expresión HAY, en castellano. THERE IS/δearíz/ se usa con sustantivos singulares o
incontables. THEREARE/δear á:r/ se usa con sustantivos plurales. Normalmente, en el
singular, se usa la contracción THERE´S/δéarz/.


     Thereis a bookonthedesk/δearíz e búkonδedésk/ (Hay un libro sobre el escritorio)
     There´s a car in the car park. /δéarz e ká:r in δeká:rpa:rk/ (Hay un auto en el
     estacionamiento)
     There are 10 students in my class. /δear á:rténstiúdents in maiklæs/ (Hay 10 alumnos
     en mi curso)



La forma negativa se expresa con THERE IS NOT / THERE ISN´T/δear íznt/ o THERE
ARE NOT / THERE AREN´T/δear á:rent/



     There is not a book on the desk. /δear iznót e búk on δe désk/
     There isn´t a car in the car park. / δéaríznt e ká:r in δe ká:rpa:rk/


La forma interrogativa se hace mediante simple inversión del verbo con la palabra
THERE.


     Is there a book on the desk? /ízδer e búk on δe désk/
     Are there any chairs in the room? /á:rδerénitchéarz in δe rúm/


Hay dos palabras interrogativas estrechamente relacionadas con Thereis y There are:
HOW MUCH?/háu match/ (¿Cuánto?               ¿Cuánta?)yHOW MANY? /háuméni/
(¿Cuántos?¿Cuántas?)


     How much whisky is there in the glass?          There´s very little (whisky).
     How much water is there?               There isn´t any (water). There´s no water.
     How many doors are there in this room?          There´s only one (door).
     How many chairs are there?                  There aren´t any(chairs). There are no
     chairs.


Como ud. ha advertido, la palabra SOME/sám/(algo, algunos / as) solamente se usa en
forma afirmativa. En las interrogaciones se debe usar la palabra ANY/éni/. En la forma
negativa se puede usar NOT ANY/noténi/ o NO/nóu/.
Estudie la siguiente tabla:



   Affirmative      SOME               There´s some water in the glass. /δéarzsamwóter in δe
                                       glá:s/
                                       There are some trees in the garden /δéar á:r samtrí:z in
                                       δe gá:rdn/
   Negative         NOT ANY            There isn´t any water in the glass. /δear íznténiwóter in δe
                                       glá:s/
                                       There aren´t any trees in the garden. /δear á:rent énitrí:z
                                       in δe gá:rdn/
                    NO                 There ´s no water in the glass. /δéarznóuwóter in δe glá:s/
                                       There are no trees in the garden. /δear á:r nóutrí:z in δe
                                       gá:rdn/
   Interrogative    ANY?               Is there any water in the glass? /izδearzéniwóter in δe
                                       glá:s/
                                       Are there any trees in the garden? ./a:r δear énitrí:z in δe
                                       gá:rdn/



Note el uso de LITTLE /lítl/ (poco/a), FEW /fiú:/ (pocos/as) y A LOT OF /e lótov/
(bastante/bastantes).


       There´s very little water in the glass /δéarzvérilítlwóter in δe glá:s/ Hay muypocaagua en el
       vaso
       There´s a lot of ice in my glass. /δéarz e lótováis in maiglá:s/ Hay bastantehielo en mi vaso
       There are very few desks in the room. /δear a:rvérifiú: desks in δe rú:m/ Hay
       muypocosescritorios en la sala
       There are a lot of chairs in the room. /δear a:r e lótovtchéarz in rú:m/ Hay bastantessillas en
       la sala.


La expresión a lot of normalmente se usa en oraciones afirmativas. En las oraciones
negativas e interrogativas se prefiere usar las palabras much o many, según sea el
caso



    Affirmative    a lot of        There´s a lot of sugar in the bowl /δéarz e lótovshúgar in δe
                                   bóul/
                                   There are a lot of books on the shelf. /δéar á:r e lótovbuks on
                                   δe shélf/
    Negative       notmuch         There isn´t much sugar in the bowl. /δéarízntmutchshúgar in
                   notmany         δe bóul/
                                   There aren´t many books on the shelf. /δéar á:rent ménibuks
                                   on δe shélf/
    Interrogativ   much?           Is there much sugar in the bowl? /izδéarmutchshúgar in δe
    e              many?           bóul/
                                   Are there many books on the shelf? /á:rδéarménibuks on δe
                                   shélf/
El artículo indefinido A/AN (un,una) no tiene una forma para el plural, por lo tanto se
omite. Normalmente el artículo A/AN se reemplaza por las palabras SOME /sam/
algunos/as, SEVERAL /séverl/ varios/as, MANY /méni/ muchos/as.

       There is a tree in the garden.     There are trees in the garden
                                        There are some trees in the garden
                                        There are several trees in the garden.
                                        There are many trees in the garden.


Cuando THERE IS/THERE ARE van seguidas directamente por un sustantivo, en las
negaciones generalmente se usa la palabra NO /nóu/


     There´s water in that bottle. There´s no water in that bottle.
     There are flowers in the garden. There are no flowers in the garden


Finalmente, estudie la siguiente tabla:



                   Thereis               some               milk in thisbottle
                                         a lot of
                                         much
                                         a little
                                         very little
                                         no/not any
                   There are             some               flowers         in
                                         several            thegarden.
                                         many
                                         a lot of
                                         a few
                                         very few
                                         no/not any




B. PAST TENSE: THERE WAS - THERE WERE


El pasado de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa usando THERE WAS/δearwóz/ /
THERE WERE/δearwe:r/ La negación se expresa usando la palabra NOT después de
WAS y WERE. Normalmente se usan las contracciones THERE WASN´T/δearwózent/
THERE WEREN´T/δearwé:rent/. La interrogación se expresa invirtiendo el orden de las
palabras WAS y WERE con la palabra THERE.


Escuche, lea y aprenda:


       There was a lot of noise in the room/δear was e lot ovnóis in δe rú:m/ Habíabastanteruido
       en la sala.
       There were many people absent. /δear we:rménipí:plæbsent/ Habíamuchas personas
       ausentes.
There wasn´t any beer in the can. /δear wóznténibíar in δe kæn/ No había nada de cerveza
       en la lata.
       There weren´t many books on the desk. /δearwé:rntménibuks on δe désk/ No
       habíamuchoslibrossobre el escritorio.
       Wasthere a TV in theroom?/ wozδear e tÍ: ví: in δerú:m/ ¿Había un televisor en la
       habitación?
       How many people were there at the party? / háumenipí:plwe:rδear atδe pá:rti/
       (¿Cuántagentehabía en la fiesta?).



C. FUTURE TENSE: THERE WILL BE


El futuro de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa con la forma THERE WILL
BE/δearwilbí:/. En la conversación diaria WILL se une con la palabra THERE, formando
la contracción THERE´LL BE/δearlbí:/.


  Escuche, lea y aprenda:


  There will be a very good program on TV tonight /δear wilbí: e verigudpróugram on tí: ví: tunaít/.
  Habrá un muy buen programa en la TV esta noche.
  There will be two more tests next week. /δear wilbí: tú: mó:rtéstsnekstwí:k/ . Habrá dos pruebas
  más la próxima semana.
  There´ll be another meeting this evening. /δearl bí: anáδermí:tiηδis í:vniη/ . Habrá otra reunión
  esta tarde.
  There´ll be some more rain next weekend. /δearl bí: sámmó:rréinnékstwikénd/. Habrá algo más de
  lluvia el próximo fin de semana


La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra NOT después del verbo modal WILL,
normalmente formando la contracción WON´T /wóunt/ En las preguntas, el verbo modal
WILL precede a la palabra THERE.


  Escuche, lea y aprenda:

  There will not be a good program on TV tonight. /δear wil not bí: e gudpróugram on tí: ví: tunáit/.
  There will not be another meeting this evening. /δear wil not bí: anáδermí:tiηδis í:vniη/
  There won´t be two more tests next week. /δear wóuntbí: tú: mó:r tests nekstwí:k/
  Will there be a good program on TV this evening? /wilδearbí: a gudpróugram on tí: ví: δis í:vnin/
  Will there be any more rain next weekend? /wilδear bí.enimó:rréinnekstwi:kend/

  How many tests will there be next week? /háuménitéstswilδearbí: nekstwí:

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Unit 2

  • 1. UNIT 2 PART I. THERE TO BE (HABER, EXISTIR) A. PRESENT TENSE: THERE IS - THERE ARE Estas expresiones se usan para indicar la existencia de algo. Son equivalentes a la expresión HAY, en castellano. THERE IS/δearíz/ se usa con sustantivos singulares o incontables. THEREARE/δear á:r/ se usa con sustantivos plurales. Normalmente, en el singular, se usa la contracción THERE´S/δéarz/. Thereis a bookonthedesk/δearíz e búkonδedésk/ (Hay un libro sobre el escritorio) There´s a car in the car park. /δéarz e ká:r in δeká:rpa:rk/ (Hay un auto en el estacionamiento) There are 10 students in my class. /δear á:rténstiúdents in maiklæs/ (Hay 10 alumnos en mi curso) La forma negativa se expresa con THERE IS NOT / THERE ISN´T/δear íznt/ o THERE ARE NOT / THERE AREN´T/δear á:rent/ There is not a book on the desk. /δear iznót e búk on δe désk/ There isn´t a car in the car park. / δéaríznt e ká:r in δe ká:rpa:rk/ La forma interrogativa se hace mediante simple inversión del verbo con la palabra THERE. Is there a book on the desk? /ízδer e búk on δe désk/ Are there any chairs in the room? /á:rδerénitchéarz in δe rúm/ Hay dos palabras interrogativas estrechamente relacionadas con Thereis y There are: HOW MUCH?/háu match/ (¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta?)yHOW MANY? /háuméni/ (¿Cuántos?¿Cuántas?) How much whisky is there in the glass? There´s very little (whisky). How much water is there? There isn´t any (water). There´s no water. How many doors are there in this room? There´s only one (door). How many chairs are there? There aren´t any(chairs). There are no chairs. Como ud. ha advertido, la palabra SOME/sám/(algo, algunos / as) solamente se usa en forma afirmativa. En las interrogaciones se debe usar la palabra ANY/éni/. En la forma negativa se puede usar NOT ANY/noténi/ o NO/nóu/.
  • 2. Estudie la siguiente tabla: Affirmative SOME There´s some water in the glass. /δéarzsamwóter in δe glá:s/ There are some trees in the garden /δéar á:r samtrí:z in δe gá:rdn/ Negative NOT ANY There isn´t any water in the glass. /δear íznténiwóter in δe glá:s/ There aren´t any trees in the garden. /δear á:rent énitrí:z in δe gá:rdn/ NO There ´s no water in the glass. /δéarznóuwóter in δe glá:s/ There are no trees in the garden. /δear á:r nóutrí:z in δe gá:rdn/ Interrogative ANY? Is there any water in the glass? /izδearzéniwóter in δe glá:s/ Are there any trees in the garden? ./a:r δear énitrí:z in δe gá:rdn/ Note el uso de LITTLE /lítl/ (poco/a), FEW /fiú:/ (pocos/as) y A LOT OF /e lótov/ (bastante/bastantes). There´s very little water in the glass /δéarzvérilítlwóter in δe glá:s/ Hay muypocaagua en el vaso There´s a lot of ice in my glass. /δéarz e lótováis in maiglá:s/ Hay bastantehielo en mi vaso There are very few desks in the room. /δear a:rvérifiú: desks in δe rú:m/ Hay muypocosescritorios en la sala There are a lot of chairs in the room. /δear a:r e lótovtchéarz in rú:m/ Hay bastantessillas en la sala. La expresión a lot of normalmente se usa en oraciones afirmativas. En las oraciones negativas e interrogativas se prefiere usar las palabras much o many, según sea el caso Affirmative a lot of There´s a lot of sugar in the bowl /δéarz e lótovshúgar in δe bóul/ There are a lot of books on the shelf. /δéar á:r e lótovbuks on δe shélf/ Negative notmuch There isn´t much sugar in the bowl. /δéarízntmutchshúgar in notmany δe bóul/ There aren´t many books on the shelf. /δéar á:rent ménibuks on δe shélf/ Interrogativ much? Is there much sugar in the bowl? /izδéarmutchshúgar in δe e many? bóul/ Are there many books on the shelf? /á:rδéarménibuks on δe shélf/
  • 3. El artículo indefinido A/AN (un,una) no tiene una forma para el plural, por lo tanto se omite. Normalmente el artículo A/AN se reemplaza por las palabras SOME /sam/ algunos/as, SEVERAL /séverl/ varios/as, MANY /méni/ muchos/as. There is a tree in the garden. There are trees in the garden There are some trees in the garden There are several trees in the garden. There are many trees in the garden. Cuando THERE IS/THERE ARE van seguidas directamente por un sustantivo, en las negaciones generalmente se usa la palabra NO /nóu/ There´s water in that bottle. There´s no water in that bottle. There are flowers in the garden. There are no flowers in the garden Finalmente, estudie la siguiente tabla: Thereis some milk in thisbottle a lot of much a little very little no/not any There are some flowers in several thegarden. many a lot of a few very few no/not any B. PAST TENSE: THERE WAS - THERE WERE El pasado de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa usando THERE WAS/δearwóz/ / THERE WERE/δearwe:r/ La negación se expresa usando la palabra NOT después de WAS y WERE. Normalmente se usan las contracciones THERE WASN´T/δearwózent/ THERE WEREN´T/δearwé:rent/. La interrogación se expresa invirtiendo el orden de las palabras WAS y WERE con la palabra THERE. Escuche, lea y aprenda: There was a lot of noise in the room/δear was e lot ovnóis in δe rú:m/ Habíabastanteruido en la sala. There were many people absent. /δear we:rménipí:plæbsent/ Habíamuchas personas ausentes.
  • 4. There wasn´t any beer in the can. /δear wóznténibíar in δe kæn/ No había nada de cerveza en la lata. There weren´t many books on the desk. /δearwé:rntménibuks on δe désk/ No habíamuchoslibrossobre el escritorio. Wasthere a TV in theroom?/ wozδear e tÍ: ví: in δerú:m/ ¿Había un televisor en la habitación? How many people were there at the party? / háumenipí:plwe:rδear atδe pá:rti/ (¿Cuántagentehabía en la fiesta?). C. FUTURE TENSE: THERE WILL BE El futuro de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa con la forma THERE WILL BE/δearwilbí:/. En la conversación diaria WILL se une con la palabra THERE, formando la contracción THERE´LL BE/δearlbí:/. Escuche, lea y aprenda: There will be a very good program on TV tonight /δear wilbí: e verigudpróugram on tí: ví: tunaít/. Habrá un muy buen programa en la TV esta noche. There will be two more tests next week. /δear wilbí: tú: mó:rtéstsnekstwí:k/ . Habrá dos pruebas más la próxima semana. There´ll be another meeting this evening. /δearl bí: anáδermí:tiηδis í:vniη/ . Habrá otra reunión esta tarde. There´ll be some more rain next weekend. /δearl bí: sámmó:rréinnékstwikénd/. Habrá algo más de lluvia el próximo fin de semana La forma negativa se expresa usando la palabra NOT después del verbo modal WILL, normalmente formando la contracción WON´T /wóunt/ En las preguntas, el verbo modal WILL precede a la palabra THERE. Escuche, lea y aprenda: There will not be a good program on TV tonight. /δear wil not bí: e gudpróugram on tí: ví: tunáit/. There will not be another meeting this evening. /δear wil not bí: anáδermí:tiηδis í:vniη/ There won´t be two more tests next week. /δear wóuntbí: tú: mó:r tests nekstwí:k/ Will there be a good program on TV this evening? /wilδearbí: a gudpróugram on tí: ví: δis í:vnin/ Will there be any more rain next weekend? /wilδear bí.enimó:rréinnekstwi:kend/ How many tests will there be next week? /háuménitéstswilδearbí: nekstwí: