AGROCLIMATIC VARIATIONS AND INFERTILITY IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES

1. AGROCLIMATIC VARIATION AND
INFERTILITY IN CATTLE AND
BUFFALO
JEROME.A
©Jerome A

2. INFERTILITY STATUS
(C) JEROME A

3. INFERTILITY
 INFERTILITY
• reduced or irregular reproductive function of an animal
• also implies delayed or irregular production of annual live
calf
 LEADS TO ECONOMIC LOSS BY
•Widening of dry period
•Reduced calving rate
•Reduced lactation during lifespan (Agarwal and Tomer, 2003)
 ECONOMIC LOSSES IN TERMS OF MONEY IN INDIAN
LIVESTOCK IS NOT AVAILABLE
(Gurucharan Singh et al., 2003, Singh et al., 2003, Das et
al., 2004)
(C) JEROME A

4.  CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
o ACQUIRED /ENVIRONMENT OR CONGENITAL/HEREDITARY
CAUSES
(LAGERLOF,1954)
o PHYSIOLOGICAL,ANATOMICAL,INFECTIOUS CAUSES
(KODAGALI,1968)
 OTHER CAUSES
NUTRITIONAL
HORMONAL
MANAGEMENTAL
(C) JEROME A

5. A. CONGENITAL DISORDERS
CONGENITAL CATTLE BUFFALO
DISORDERS (%) (%)
OVARIAN HYPOPLASIA 1.28- 1.50 < 1.0
(DAMODARAN, 1956)
(NARASIMA, 1982)
FREEMARTINISM 0.01-0.5 < 1.0
( RAO, 1980;
( RAO, 1971;
NAIDU ,2004)
MURTHY, 1990 )
PAROVARIAN CYST 0.2-1.0 1.0
( RAO, 1980;
(RAMA RAO, 1965)
RAJA, 1998;
NAIDU, 2004)
INCIDENCE OF OVARIAN HYPOPLASIA IS MORE THAN OTHER
CONGENITAL DISORDERS
(C) JEROME A

6. B. FUNCTIONAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
CONDITION CATTLE BUFFALO CROSSBRED
(%) (%) (%)
I.FOLLICULAR 0.5-2.7 1.26- 3.4 8 -10.26
CYST
(RAO,1990; (BHATTARCHARYA ( RAO ,1976;
NAIDU, 1999; 1954; NAIDU,2004)
KULKARNI, 2002; MALIK ,1960)
II.LUTEAL CYST 1.45- 3.0 0.66- 12.50 9 -13.30
(SINGH. 1981; ( KAIKINI, 1974; ( SINHA ,1988;
LUKTUKE,1967; DAMODARAN , KULKARNI ,
KULKARNI,2002) 1956: 2002)
RAO ,1965;
KUTTY, 2003)
INCIDENCE OF COD IS MORE IN CROSSBREDS THAN IN CATTLE
& BUFFALO
(C) JEROME A

7. III.ANESTRUM
CATTLE BUFFALO CROSSBRED
(%) (%) (%)
7.72-60.0 20.0-67.0 13.13-40.2
BHATTACHARYA (GURUCHARAN ( RAO , 1981;
1954; SINGH, 2003; SINGH ,2001;
(NARLADKAR ,1994; NARLADKAR, 1994; SHARMA ,2004;
GURUCHARAN, PURBEY & BHARKAD, 2003)
2003; AGARWAL, 1982;
PANDIT, 2004; LUKTUKE ,1978;
BHARKAD, 2003) NAIDU, 2004;
PUROHIT, 2005)
INCIDENCE IS HIGH IN ALL THREE
(C) JEROME A

8. ANESTRUM IN CATTLE: STATE WISE
GUJARAT 45.97 KULKARNI, 2002
BIHAR 39 SINGH ,1981
PUNJAB 67.11 GURUCHARAN,
2003
KERALA 65 KUTTY, 2003
MAHARASHTRA 45.97 KULKARNI ,2002
AP 49.70 RAO, 1993
ORISSA 15.97 DAS et al., 2004
MP 53.15 PANDIT ,2004
PUNJAB 11.90 NARINDER, 1986
PREVALENT IN MOST OF THE STATES OF INDIA
(C) JEROME A

9. ANESTRUM IN BUFFALO
INCIDENCE (%) PLACE REFERENCES
9.09 TN SELVARAJU, 2005
30.76-50 AP NAIDU, 2004
RAO, 1982
45.97 GUJARAT KULKARNI, 2002
56 KARNATAKA HUSSAIN, 1984
53.15 MP PANDIT, 2004
ANESTRUM IS MORE PREVALENT IN KARNATAKA, MP, AP,GUJARAT
(C) JEROME A

10. C.PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES
CONDITION CATTLE BUFFALO CROSSBRED
(%) (%) (%)
OOPHORITIS 0.59-0.6 0.48-3.92 0.22-1.26
( RAO , 1972; (RANGASWAMIAH (RAO 1976;
KUTTY, 2003) 1981; RAO 1982;
RAO 1982; NAIDU 2004)
MURTHY 1971;
SINGH 2001)
OVARIO 1.5-1.8 15.4-20.32 0.3-0.6
BURSAL
ADHESIONS (NAIDU, 2004) (RANGASWAMIAH (RAO 1982;
1981; SHARMA
KODAGALI 1983; 2004)
SINGH 2001)
BOTH CONDITION SEEN MORE IN BUFFALOES
(C) JEROME A

11. CONDITION CATTLE /REFERENCE BUFFALO/ CROSSBRED/
(%) REFERENCE REFERENCE
(%) (%)
SALPINGITIS 0.5-1.18 0.28 -10.52 0.22- 1.3
( BHAT, 1954 (RAO, 1982;
(NAIDU AND RAO, BHANDARI ,1970 NAIDU,
1981; RAO 19 81; 2004)
SINGH 1981; MALIK 1960;
NAIDU 2004) KODAGALI 1993;
KULKARNI, 2002)
PYOMETRA 1.18-7.9 0.28-32.02 0.4-0.53
(BHAT ,1954; (NAIDU ,
(NAIDU & RAO, 1981; BHANDARI ,1965; 1981;
KUTTY, 2003) RAO ,1971; KULKARNI
2002)
MALIK,1980;
KODAGALI,1983)
SALPINGITIS & PYOMETRA HIGH IN BUFFALOES
(C) JEROME A

12. CONDITION CATTLE BUFFALO CROSSBRED
(%) (%) (%)
CERVICITIS 2.1-10 0.28-10.52 2.23-5.5
( NARASIMA ,1982; (BHATACHARYA ( KAIKINI ,1981;
KAIKINI, 1981; 1954; RAO 2000;
DEKA, 1980; RAO ,1971; SINGH, 2001)
PANDEY, 1981; KODAGALI ,1983;
SINGH ,2001) PATIL, 1984;
VAGINITIS 0.59-28.4 SHARMA4.32
0.18- ,2004) 0.78- 0.8
(RAO ,1972; (RAO ,197;1 ( RAO, 1982;
KAVANI, 1985; KUMAR ,1985; SHARMA, 2004)
NAIR ,1975; KAVANI ,1985)
NAIDU, 2004)
CERVICITIS: HIGH IN CATTLE & BUFFALO
VAGINITIS: JEROME A IN CATTLE
(C) HIGH

13. ENDOMETRITIS - CATTLE ( STATE WISE)
TN 7.10% SELVARAJU, 2005
GUJARAT 0.74% -8.06% KULKARNI ,2002
BIHAR 9.61% SINGH ,1999
KARNATAKA 29.00% HUSSAIN , 2000
AP 11.31-32.80% RAO, 1993
MAHARASHTRA 0.74% KULKARNI, 2002
ORISSA 25.08% DAS et al., 2004
JAMMU 7.00% TIKU ,1981
BIHAR 9.60% SINGH, 1981
MP 3.7% PANDIT et al.,
2004
MORE PREVALENT IN AP,ORISSA,KARNATAKA
(C) JEROME A

14. BUFFALO ENDOMETRITIS
STATEWISE
Incidence Place Reference
9.09 TN SEVARAJU et
al.,2005
30.76-56.36 AP NAIDU & RAO ,
2004
67.11 PUNJAB GURUCHARAN
SINGH et
al.,2003
51.00 KARNATAKA HUSSAIN&MUN
IRAJU,1984
60.83 MP PANDIT,2004
MORE PREVALENT IN BUFFALO REARING AREAS
(C) JEROME A

15. ENDOMETRITIS CROSS BRED
INCIDENCE REFERENCE
8 .76-30.77 KAIKINI et AL.,1981
RAO & KOTAYYA, 2000
INCIDENCE LESS THAN BUFFALO BUT MORE THAN CATTLE
(C) JEROME A

16. GESATATIONAL AND PARTURIENT DISORDERS
DISORDER CATTLE % BUFFALO % CROSSBRED %
PROLAPSE
VAGINAL 0.59-2.40 1-10 0.62-0.84
(TAMBE 1974; (SHETH, 1970 (KAIKINI, 1981
PANDEY 1981; VERMA,1999 VERMA&MISHRA,
VERMA 1984) KAIKINI, 1976) 19840
UTERINE 0.84-1.70 2.5-19.50 6-0.84
(KAIKINI,1986 (KAIKINI, 1976 (VERMA &
SHUKLA,2000) RAMAN, 1977 MISHRA,2000)
VERMA, 2000).
RFM 2.3-11 1.2-33.8 7-14.10
(TAMBE,1974 ( KAKINI, 1976 (SINHA,2000
SINHA,1987 CHOTAIN,1983 PANDEY,1981
PANDIT,1999 DEVARAJ,1982) KAIKINI,1986
RAO,2000) PANDIT,1999)
(C) JEROME A
PROLAPSE AND RFM :HIGH IN BUFFALOES

17. UTERINE 0.7-2.8 7.5-13.5 0.1-3.4
TORSION
( MANNARI ,
(SUBNIS1980; (RAO ,1982
1995;
CHOTHANI1972 PATEL, 1983)
SANE,1999;
VERMA ,1982;
PANDIT ,1990;
JITSINGH,
VERMA, 2000)
2000)
ABORTION 1.3-4.72 7.5-10.5 3.9-9.63
(KAIKINI 1972;
( CHATTERJEE
1970; CHAUDARY
(NAIR,2000
1986)
NAIR ,1973; KAIKINI,1986
KAIKINI, 1981; PANDEY ET
PANDEY ,2000) AL.,2000)
TORSION: MORE SEEN IN BUFFALOES
ABORTION:MORE SEEN IN BUFFALOES
(C) JEROME A

18. DYSTOCIA 0.6-8.88 0.7-6.3 0.30- 9.06
(TAMBE, 1974; (KAIKINI ,1986 (SHUKLA,1978;
KAIKINI , BHALARU,2000) PANDEY,1981)
1976; SHUKLA
,1978
NARASIMA,
1982;
PANDEY ,
1981; N RAO,
1982
VERMA ,1984)
MORE SEEN IN CROSSBRED CATTLE
(C) JEROME A

19. REPEAT BREEDING ( CATTLE )
TN 3.70% SELVARAJU, 2005
MP 2.70% PANDIT, 2004
ORISSA 0.61% DAS et al., 2004
MAHARASHTRA 25.05% KULKARNI ,2002
KERALA 35% KUTTY, 2003
PUNJAB 12.30-18.20% GURUCHARAN
SINGH ,2003
SINGH ,2003
BIHAR 22.89% SINGH, 1981
GUJARAT 25.05% KUKARNAI ,2002
KARNATAKA 9% HUSSAIN ,1984
JHARKAND 16.82% DINESH, 2006
INCIDENCE HIGH IN KERALA,MAHARASHTRA,PUNJAB,BIHAR,GUJARAT
(C) JEROME A

20. CATTLE
BREED WISE
INCIDENCE BREED REFERENCES
(%)
14-27 HARIANA KHAN,1967;
SINGH ,1986;
DINESH, 2006)
5-33 RED SINDHI AMBOODRIPAD,
1972
KULKARNI, 2002
16.5 THARPARKAR BHOSREKAR,
1973
AHMED ,2005
(C) JEROME A

21. REPEAT BREEDING BUFFALO
BREED WISE
INCIDENCE BREED REFERENCE
(%)
7.37 JAFFARABADI KODAGALI,1968;
DAS, 2004
10.76 MURAH BANSAL,1978;
SINGH,1986
6.00 ND RAO,1980;
RAO,2004
(C) JEROME A

22. REPEAT BREEDING
BUFFALO :STATEWISE
MP 0.61% PANDIT ,2004
DINESH, 2006
AP 29.80% NAIDU , 2004
PUNJAB 12.20% SINGH, 2003
KARNATAKA 20% HUSSAIN ,,1984
DHABALE, 2004
TN 4.03% SELVARAJU,
2005
GUJARAT 25.05% DAS ,2004
JASPREET, 2005
HIGH IN AP,GUJARAT
(C) JEROME A

23. REPEAT BREEDING
CROSSBRED
INCIDENCE REFERENCES
6.8-28.8 (RAO ,1976;
NAIDU & RAO, 1981;
PANDEY et al .,1981)
INCIDENCE MORE IN CROSSBRED THAN CATTLE AND BUFFALO
(C) JEROME A

24. INFECTIOUS INFERTILITY
DISEASE INCIDENCE REFERENCE
Brucellosis 4-10% Ramasastry(1999)
Sandhu ,(2001)
Rajesh, (2003)
Jainanandh ,(2006)
Vibriosis < 0.5% Raja, (1972)
Trichomoniasis 11-28% PareeK, (1994)
Bahera ,1987
Dubey ,1994
IBR 14-27% Rajesh, (2002)
Sarumathi ,(2002)
Tripathi ,(1998)
BVD 43% of aborted Mukherjee, (2000)
cases Pattnaik,(2000)
Mycosis 5% of aborted Pal et al., (1985)
(C) JEROME A
cases Sirohi, 2000

25. LISTERIOSIS 3-25% DUTTA ,1978
BARBUDDHE ,2002
LEPTOSPIROSIS 4-20% HUSSAIN ,1981
TRIPATHI, 2001
TB 0.5-2% MANDAL, 1999
VENEREAL: BRUCELLOSIS INCIDENCE IS HIGH
OTHERS: LISTERIOSIS INCIDENCE IS HIGH
VIRAL:IBR INCIDENCE IS HIGH
(C) JEROME A

26. CONDITION CATTLE% CROSSBRED% BUFFALO%
ANESTRUM 7.72- 13.13-40.20 20.0-67.0
60.0
REPEAT 0.61- 6.8-28.8 O.61-29.8
BREEDIMG 25.05
ENDOMETRITIS 0.74- 8.76-30.77 9.07-67.11
32.80
PYOMETRA 1.18-7.9 0.4-0.53 0.28-32.02
COD 0.5-3 8.0-13.30 0.66-12.50
CERVICITIS 2.1-10.0 2.23-5.5 0.28-10.52
SALPINGITIS 0.5-1.18 0.22-1.3 0.28-10.52
RFM 2.3-11.0 7.0-14.10 1-19.50
DYSTOCIA 0.6-8.8 0.30-9.06 0.7-6.3
ABORTION 1.3-4.72 3.9-9.63 7.5-10.5
(C) JEROME A

27. INCIDENCES
 ANESTRUM: HIGH INCATTLE,BUFFALO,CROSSBRED
 REPEAT BREEDING : HIGH IN CROSSBRED THAN CATTLE & BUFFALO
 ENDOMETRITIS: HIGH IN BUFFALOES
 COD:HIGH IN CROSSBRED THAN CATTLE & BUFFALO
 CERVICITIS:HIGH IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES
 PYOMETRA: HIGH IN BUFFALOES
 SALPINGITIS:HIGH IN BUFFALOES
 RFM : HIGH IN BUFFALOES
 DYSTOCIA: HIGH IN CROSSBRED
 ABORTION: HIGH IN BUFFALOES
(C) JEROME A

28. AGROCLIMATIC PROFILE
OF INDIA
(C) JEROME A

29. VARIOUS COMPONENTS
SOIL
PLANT RESOURCES
SEASONAL VARIATION
(LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF INDIA, 1995)
(C) JEROME A

30. AGROCLIMATE ZONES OF INDIA
ZONES OF INDIA
 THE HIMALAYAN ZONE
 THE CENTRAL ZONE
 THE PENINSULAR ZONE
 THE NORTH-WESTERN DRY ZONE
 THE NORTH-EASTERN ZONE
 THE SOUTHERN HILL ZONE
(C) JEROME A

31. AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF INDIA
(C) JEROME A

32. CATTLE ENDOWEMENT IN VARIOUS ZONES OF INDIA
 HIGHEST DENSITY
MID GANGETIC PLAIN,
WEST COASTAL,SOUTHERN
PLATEAU
 LOWEST DENSITY
WESTERNHIMALAYA,UPPER
GANGETIC PLAINS,WESTERN
DRY,GUJARAT PLAINS,EAST
COAST PLAINS AND HILL REGION
 CROSSBREDS
WESTERN COASTAL
REGION
(C) JEROME A

33. BUFFALO ENDOWMENT IN VARIOUS ZONES OF INDIA
HIGHEST DENSITY
 GANGETIC PLAINS
 EAST COASTAL
REGION
LOWEST DENSITY
 WESTERN DRY
REGION
 WESTERN COASTAL
REGION
(C) JEROME A

34. SOIL PROFILE
(C) JEROME A

35. MINERALS AND SOIL
 BASAL METABOLISM,GROWTH, REPRODUCTIVITY CYCLICITY
OF THE ANIMAL DEPENDS LARGELY ON MINERALS (NRC ,
2000)
 EXISTENCE OF SOIL –PLANT –ANIMALINTERRELATIONSHIP
FOR SOME TRACE MINERAL (YADAV AND KHIRWAR , 1999)
 LOW REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY - DEFICIENCY OF
COPPER,ZINC ,MOLYBDENUM IN MOST REGIONS OF INDIA
(BARAUH 2000)
(C) JEROME A

36.  MACRO MINERALS (GREATER THAN 100ppm)
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, MAGNESIUM, POTASSSIUM,
SODIUM, CHLORINE ,SULFUR
 TRACE MINERALS (LESS THAN 100ppm )
COPPER,ZINC,COBALT,IODINE,IRON,MANGANESE,SELENI
UM,CHROMIUM,MOLYBDENUM, CADMIUM,ARSENIC,
LEAD.
 NEWER TRACE MINERALS
NICKEL,BORON, LITHIUM, TIN,VANADIUM
(MASTERS AND WHITE 1996)
(C) JEROME A

37. MINERAL PROFILE OF SOME STATES
STATES ZINC CU FE MN
(1-2 ppm) (3-4 ppm) (10-12 ppm) (3-8
ppm)
MP 0.61 2.40 10.5 25.1
TN 0.98 2.34 13.9 8.4
GUJ ARAT 0.69 2.75 8.9 14.6
BIHAR 0.98 2.52 14.7 4.2
PUNJAB 2.06 1.10 13.3 4
MAHARASHTRA 0.57 0.65 5.6 4.7
HARYANA 2.0 2.3 18.5 11.7
ORISSA 1.17 5.46 5 34.3
UP 0.53 0.5 67.0 22.2
ALL INDIA CO-ORDINATED PROJECT
OF TRACE MINERALS 2004
(C) JEROME A

38. FEED RESOURCES
(C) JEROME A

39. IN TERMS OF
CONCENTRATE
GREEN FODDER
GRAZING LAND
(LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF INDIA )
(C) JEROME A

40. CONCENTRATE AVAILABILITY
 BETTER REGIONS
TRANSGANGETIC PLAINS, UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN
AVALABILITY 26-43%
 MODERATE REGIONS
EAST COASTAL PLAINS ,WEST COASTAL PLAINS ,
CENTRAL PLATEAU
AVAILABILITY 21-23%
 LOW AVAILABILITY REGION
WESTERN HIMALAYA,WESTERN DRY REGION, WESTERN
COASTAL REGION
AVALABILTY 6-7.5%
(C) JEROME A

41. GREEN FODDER
 BETTER REGIONS
TRANSGANGETIC PLAINS , WESTERN COASTAL REGION
AVAILABILITY HIGHEST IN TRANS GANGETIC PLAIN
61% REGION
 GOOD REGION
EASTERN COASTAL REGION , UPPER GANGETIC PLAIN
NEXT BEST EASTHIMALAYA ,EAST COAST AND WEST
COAST WITH MODRATE FOREST
COVER 38-43%
 WORST REGIONS
WESTERN DRY REGION ,CENTRAL PLATEAU REGION
LOW REGIONS BELOW 10%
(C) JEROME A

42. GRAZING LAND
 HIGHEST IN WEST HIMALAYA AND EAST PLAINS
AVAILABILITY 50%
 LOWEST IN TRANSGANGETIC PLAIN
AVAILABILITY 10%
 IN OTHER STATES
AVAILABILITY 2-5%
(C) JEROME A

43. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PLANT RESOURCES
 BETTER REGIONS:
TRANSGANGETIC
PLAIN,UPPER GANGETIC
PLAIN, WESTERN
PLATEAU REGION
 MODERATE REGIONS:
EASTCOASTALREGION,MI
DDLE GANGETIC PLAIN
,LOWER GANGETIC
PLAINS
 WORST REGIONS :
WESTERN DRY ,
GUJARAT PLAINS,
LIVESTOCK SECTOR OF INDIA HIMALAYA REGION
(C) JEROME A

44. SEASONAL VARIATION
(C) JEROME A

45. SEASONAL VARIATION AFFECTING REPRODUCTION
 SEASONALITY IN CONCEPTION OF BUFFALOES DUE TO
SEASONAL VARIATION - RAO AND RAO ,1968
 ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY AFFECTS SEXUAL
ACTIVITY IN BUFFALOES - GOSWAMI AND NAIR, 1965
 SEASONAL RHYTHMS OF ESTRUS WERE SEEN ASSOCIATED WITH
GRADUAL INCREASE IN DAYLIGHT- TOMAR AND DESAI ,1965
 POSITVE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIODISM ON ANIMALS SEXUAL
BEHAVIOUR - RAO AND RAO, 1996
(C) JEROME A

46. SEASONAL VARIATION
VARIOUS COMPONENTS
 SUMMER
 WINTER
 RAINFALL
(C) JEROME A

47. SEASONAL VARIATION IN VARIOUS STATES
STATES CLIMATE RAINFALL TEMPERATURE
(mm) (c)
AP SEMI ARID 896 21-44
ASSAM ARID 2000-3000 12-38
BIHAR SEMI ARID 1000 30-44
GUJARAT ARID 300-700 39-13
UP SEMI ARID 594-2000 15-42
PUNJAB SEMI ARID 500-1000 12 -45
HARYANA SEMIARID 700-1000 10-45
RAJASTHAN ARID 300-400 30-45
MAHARASHRTA SEMI ARID 500-700 23-45
TN SEMI ARID 800-1000 30-40
KERALA ARID 1000-2000 24-31
NARP
REPORT
(C) JEROME A

48. CLIMATIC VARIATION IN VARIOUS PARTS OF
INDIA
SUMMER
WESTERN
NORTHERN
SOUTHERN
EASTERN
(C) JEROME A

49. RAINFALL
EASTERN
SOUTHERN
NORTHERN
WESTERN
(C) JEROME A

50. WINTER
NORTHERN
WESTERN
EASTERN
SOUTHERN
(C) JEROME A

51. ADVERSE SEASONAL AFECTED AREAS
 EXTREME COLD REGION
 EXTREME DRY REGION
 EXTREME RAINFALL
REGION
 REGION WITH EXTREME
EXTREME SUMMER AND
WINTER
 REGION WITH EXTREME
SUMMER AND MODERATE
WINTER
(C) JEROME A

52. PRIORITISING REGIONS BASED ON THREE FACTORS
 NORTHERN REGION
33
1] SOIL 1
2
2] SEASONAL VARIATION
3] PLANT AVAILABILITY
 EASTERN REGION
1] SEASONAL VARIATION 3
1
2] SOIL 2
3] PLANT AVALABILITY
(C) JEROME A

53.  SOUTHERN REGION
1] SOIL
3
2] PLANT AVAILABILITY 1
2
3] SEASONAL VARIATION
 WESTERN REGION
SOIL, PLANT AVAILABILITY, SEASONAL
VARIATION
(C) JEROME A

54. CONCLUSION
AGROCLIMATIC VARIATION PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
INFERTILITY OF CATLE AND BUFFALO
(C) JEROME A

55. REFERENCES
1.AGARWAL (2005) 75(7):858-873 ,IJAS
2.DOBSON (1986) 77:1-36, J.REPROD ANF FERTILITY
3.KAIKINI (1992) 54:840-42 ,IJAS
4.KULKARNI (2002) 79:1196-97, IVJ
5.NAIR (1974 ) 5:82 ,KERALA JOURNAL OF VETERINARY
SCIENCES
6.RAO (1982)17:783 ,THERIOGENOLOGY
7.SELVARAJU & VEERAPANDIAN(2005) 82:556, IVJ
8.POTEKAR (1982) 52:951, IVJ
9.PURBEY & AGARWAL (1982) 2:46,IJAR
10.KODAGALI (1968) 38:286, IJVSc
(C) JEROME A

56. THANK YOU
(C) JEROME A