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Future innovative biotechnologies
 and the regulatory hurdles that
          impede them

          Sally Mackenzie
Center for Plant Science Innovation
  University of Nebraska-Lincoln
These projections require
us to increase yields on
less land with fewer
inputs…
Modern problems and technologies
      cause us to rethink…
•The way we do research:
The value of     The importance of




   BASIC           APPLICATION
Wish List for Crops of the Future
•   Improved nutrient content of seed and edible parts

•   Modified cell wall components for more efficient biofuel processing
•   Genetic strategies to bypass sexual reproduction:apomixis or perennialism

•   Development of biosensors to signal plant stress

•   Modify plant architecture for water use efficiency

•    Altered ripening and senescence properties for enhanced shelf life

•    Improvement of nitrogen efficiency, introduce nitrogen fixation

•    More innovative pest defenses
Chromatin, Inc.
Mini-chromosome biology
RNA interference (RNAi) for Selective Suppression of Genes…
  These technologies can be used to change the expression of a plant gene

   These technologies can be targeted to suppress expression of an
   invading plant pathogen (virus, bacterium, fungus)
Targeted Gene Replacement
Laboratory and Plant Culture
        Automation




            Plant Phenomics
In 2008, GM crops were grown on almost 300
      million acres in 25 countries (15 developing)



           The world has consumed GM crops for 15
           years without incident.


           •increased productivity and farmer income
           •decreased pesticide/herbicide use
           •increased no-till farming



C James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 (Intl
Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY)
The current situation:
• In the US, case-by-case review by at least two,
  sometimes three regulatory agencies (USDA,
  EPA, FDA) is commonly the rule.
• This has added about 10 years and $20M to the
  testing and approval process
• This process excludes public sector researchers
  from the use of molecular methods to improve
  crops for farmers.
• Therefore, the benefits of biotechnology have
  not been realized for the vast majority of food
  crops.
New agricultural paradigms
 Strategies to close the loop of nutrient flows
 from microorganisms and plant to animals and
 back, powered and irrigated by sunlight and
 seawater.


 Cultivation of non-traditional species in arid
 locations
Future Agricultural Approaches on the Horizon:



                          Domestication and adaptation of crops for adverse
                          environments…high heat, high salt, flooding and drought
                          conditions




                                                        Engineering novel metabolic
                                                        pathways for enhanced
                                                        nutrition




Exploiting a plant’s natural
environmental sensing
mechanisms to create
epigenetic variation for
breeding

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11 sally mackenzie

  • 1. Future innovative biotechnologies and the regulatory hurdles that impede them Sally Mackenzie Center for Plant Science Innovation University of Nebraska-Lincoln
  • 2. These projections require us to increase yields on less land with fewer inputs…
  • 3. Modern problems and technologies cause us to rethink… •The way we do research: The value of The importance of BASIC APPLICATION
  • 4. Wish List for Crops of the Future • Improved nutrient content of seed and edible parts • Modified cell wall components for more efficient biofuel processing • Genetic strategies to bypass sexual reproduction:apomixis or perennialism • Development of biosensors to signal plant stress • Modify plant architecture for water use efficiency • Altered ripening and senescence properties for enhanced shelf life • Improvement of nitrogen efficiency, introduce nitrogen fixation • More innovative pest defenses
  • 7. RNA interference (RNAi) for Selective Suppression of Genes… These technologies can be used to change the expression of a plant gene These technologies can be targeted to suppress expression of an invading plant pathogen (virus, bacterium, fungus)
  • 9. Laboratory and Plant Culture Automation Plant Phenomics
  • 10. In 2008, GM crops were grown on almost 300 million acres in 25 countries (15 developing) The world has consumed GM crops for 15 years without incident. •increased productivity and farmer income •decreased pesticide/herbicide use •increased no-till farming C James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 (Intl Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY)
  • 11. The current situation: • In the US, case-by-case review by at least two, sometimes three regulatory agencies (USDA, EPA, FDA) is commonly the rule. • This has added about 10 years and $20M to the testing and approval process • This process excludes public sector researchers from the use of molecular methods to improve crops for farmers. • Therefore, the benefits of biotechnology have not been realized for the vast majority of food crops.
  • 12.
  • 13. New agricultural paradigms Strategies to close the loop of nutrient flows from microorganisms and plant to animals and back, powered and irrigated by sunlight and seawater. Cultivation of non-traditional species in arid locations
  • 14. Future Agricultural Approaches on the Horizon: Domestication and adaptation of crops for adverse environments…high heat, high salt, flooding and drought conditions Engineering novel metabolic pathways for enhanced nutrition Exploiting a plant’s natural environmental sensing mechanisms to create epigenetic variation for breeding