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Ionising Radiation
Particulate:

        Alpha Radiation
    
        Beta Radiation
    

    Non-Particulate:

      Gamma Rays
    
     X-Rays
     Neutrons
Very short range


    Stopped by air, paper or skin


    Not a hazard outside the body


    A concern when inside the body – cause

    intense local ionisation and biological damage
Longer range than Alpha


    Low energy beta radiation does not penetrate

    the skin, but high energy beta can penetrate
    soft tissue to a depth of over one cm.
    Beta inside the body is a concern, but less

    intense than alpha
Both electromagnetic radiation


    Gamma radiation is emitted continuously by

    radioactive decay
    X-rays are generated in special electrical equipment

    by bombarding a target with electrons
    Consequently, an x-ray beam only exists when

    machine is on, whereas gamma rays are emitted
    continuously
    Penetrating power of electromagnetic radiation

    depends on its energy and the properties of the matter
    through which it passes
    X-rays are able to pass through the human body, but

    gamma and x-rays can be stopped by lead shielding
Emitted during certain nuclear processes such

    as nuclear fission
    Great penetrating power


    Produce ionisation directly and can cause great

    harm as they pass through the body
Industrial Radiography (e.g. for NDT)


    Medical, dental and veterinary x-ray

    equipment
    Nuclear power generation

Ionising radiation is measured in sieverts

    (Sv)
    Sv include a weighting factor to take into

    account differing biological effects of alpha,
    beta, gamma and neutron radiation
    Exposure is controlled by dose limitation,

    which is based on the premise that for
    conditions having no safe threshold,
    exposure is reduced to a level where
    probability of harm is small
Nausea and vomiting


    Reduction in bodies defences


    Reddening of skin


    Loss of weight & hair


    Blistering and ulceration of skin


    Cataracts


    Cancer


    Genetic defects (affects subsequent

    generations)
Some effects of ionising radiation are dose

    dependent and only occur if dose received is
    above certain level:
        Radiation sickness, skin burns or cataracts
    

    Other effects are not dose dependent. Any

    exposure to radiation may cause the effect.
    However, likelihood of harm increases at
    higher levels of exposure:
        Cancer, Genetic defects
    
Film badges (personal)


    Ionisation chamber


    Geiger counter


    Personal air samplers


    Analysis of faecal and urine samples

Based on 3 principles:

      Shielding
    
     Distance
     Reduced time exposure
    Shielding is best method as it reduces risk

    positively. Distance and reduced time
    exposure are administrative controls which
    require considerable supervisory control
Shielding


    Containment


    Ventilation

        Glove boxes or fume hoods
    
        Under negative pressure
    
Restricted access

        IRR99 require designation of:
    
         Controlled areas (dose is likely to exceed three tenths of
          dose limit)
         Classified persons (personal exposure likely to exceed
          three tenths of dose limit)
         Supervised areas (dose likely to exceed one tenth of
          dose limit)
    Systems of work

        Permit to work reduces time exposure
    
PPE

        Gloves, overalls, eye protection, RPE etc.
    

    Local Rules:

      Hazard assessment
    
     Contingency plans
     Radiation protection advisor
     Monitoring procedures etc. etc.
Employer must ensure that employees (18 and above),

    trainees (less than 18), women of reproductive
    capacity and other persons are not exposed to ionising
    radiation to an extent that exceeds annual dose limits
    in Schedule to Regulations
    Requirement to restrict exposure sfairp includes:


     Proper maintenance, examination and test of
       engineering controls, design features, safety
       features or warning devices
     Provision concerning pregnant or breast feeding
       women
Definition:

      Someone likely to receive radiation dose of more
    
      than 3/10ths of any relevant dose limit
     Someone likely to receive effective dose of more than
      6mSv per year
     Must be over 18 years old
     Certified as fit for the work by appointed doctor or
      Employment Medical Advisor
     Someone who may enter a “controlled” area
Specific Arrangements:

      Dosimeters/film badges to measure exposure
    
     Assessment of significant doses
     Use of approved dosimetry service
     Provide health surveillance
     Keep records of doses/health checks etc.

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B Part 15 Ionising Radiation

  • 2. Particulate:  Alpha Radiation  Beta Radiation  Non-Particulate:  Gamma Rays   X-Rays  Neutrons
  • 3. Very short range  Stopped by air, paper or skin  Not a hazard outside the body  A concern when inside the body – cause  intense local ionisation and biological damage
  • 4. Longer range than Alpha  Low energy beta radiation does not penetrate  the skin, but high energy beta can penetrate soft tissue to a depth of over one cm. Beta inside the body is a concern, but less  intense than alpha
  • 5. Both electromagnetic radiation  Gamma radiation is emitted continuously by  radioactive decay X-rays are generated in special electrical equipment  by bombarding a target with electrons Consequently, an x-ray beam only exists when  machine is on, whereas gamma rays are emitted continuously Penetrating power of electromagnetic radiation  depends on its energy and the properties of the matter through which it passes X-rays are able to pass through the human body, but  gamma and x-rays can be stopped by lead shielding
  • 6. Emitted during certain nuclear processes such  as nuclear fission Great penetrating power  Produce ionisation directly and can cause great  harm as they pass through the body
  • 7. Industrial Radiography (e.g. for NDT)  Medical, dental and veterinary x-ray  equipment Nuclear power generation 
  • 8. Ionising radiation is measured in sieverts  (Sv) Sv include a weighting factor to take into  account differing biological effects of alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation Exposure is controlled by dose limitation,  which is based on the premise that for conditions having no safe threshold, exposure is reduced to a level where probability of harm is small
  • 9. Nausea and vomiting  Reduction in bodies defences  Reddening of skin  Loss of weight & hair  Blistering and ulceration of skin  Cataracts  Cancer  Genetic defects (affects subsequent  generations)
  • 10. Some effects of ionising radiation are dose  dependent and only occur if dose received is above certain level: Radiation sickness, skin burns or cataracts  Other effects are not dose dependent. Any  exposure to radiation may cause the effect. However, likelihood of harm increases at higher levels of exposure: Cancer, Genetic defects 
  • 11. Film badges (personal)  Ionisation chamber  Geiger counter  Personal air samplers  Analysis of faecal and urine samples 
  • 12. Based on 3 principles:  Shielding   Distance  Reduced time exposure Shielding is best method as it reduces risk  positively. Distance and reduced time exposure are administrative controls which require considerable supervisory control
  • 13. Shielding  Containment  Ventilation  Glove boxes or fume hoods  Under negative pressure 
  • 14. Restricted access  IRR99 require designation of:   Controlled areas (dose is likely to exceed three tenths of dose limit)  Classified persons (personal exposure likely to exceed three tenths of dose limit)  Supervised areas (dose likely to exceed one tenth of dose limit) Systems of work  Permit to work reduces time exposure 
  • 15. PPE  Gloves, overalls, eye protection, RPE etc.  Local Rules:  Hazard assessment   Contingency plans  Radiation protection advisor  Monitoring procedures etc. etc.
  • 16. Employer must ensure that employees (18 and above),  trainees (less than 18), women of reproductive capacity and other persons are not exposed to ionising radiation to an extent that exceeds annual dose limits in Schedule to Regulations Requirement to restrict exposure sfairp includes:   Proper maintenance, examination and test of engineering controls, design features, safety features or warning devices  Provision concerning pregnant or breast feeding women
  • 17. Definition:  Someone likely to receive radiation dose of more  than 3/10ths of any relevant dose limit  Someone likely to receive effective dose of more than 6mSv per year  Must be over 18 years old  Certified as fit for the work by appointed doctor or Employment Medical Advisor  Someone who may enter a “controlled” area
  • 18. Specific Arrangements:  Dosimeters/film badges to measure exposure   Assessment of significant doses  Use of approved dosimetry service  Provide health surveillance  Keep records of doses/health checks etc.