Doing Research

3. Summary on the Research Questions, Data Source, Response Type, Data Type and Analysis Plan Research Question Data Source Response Type Data Type Analysis Plan 1.Extent of the cooperative’s collective action in terms of steering capability, consensus building, resource mobilization, utilization and cooperation Officers/staff responses Likert Scale Interval Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean 2.level of governance being practiced by cooperatives along: transparency, accountability, predictability and participation Officers/staff responses Likert Scale Interval Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean 3.performance management indicators: norms, resource management, organizational capability, capability building and institutional mechanism Officers/staff responses Likert Scale Interval The following is the assumed formula for the measurement of the management performance of the Cooperative: P c = N (R+O+C+I)+G Whereas: P c = Performance of the Cooperative N= Norms R= Resources O= Organizational Capability C=Capability building I= Institutional Mechanism G= Good Governance Note: N is multiplied to R-O-C-I because important norms must be present in all Cooperative’s aspects. Norm formation is a critical aspect before the start of membership in Cooperatives. Upon their membership, members must already understand the norms (cognitive and behavioral) of the Cooperatives in order to adapt to the challenges and culture of the organization. Research Question Data Source Response Type Data Type Analysis Plan 1.Extent of the cooperative’s collective action in terms of steering capability, consensus building, resource mobilization, utilization and cooperation Officers/staff responses Likert Scale Interval Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean 2.level of governance being practiced by cooperatives along: transparency, accountability, predictability and participation Officers/staff responses Likert Scale Interval Frequency, percentage, average weighted mean

4. Developing Indicators - Descending the ladder of abstraction- process of moving from abstract concepts to the point where we can develop questionnaire items to tap the concept. -moving from the broad to the specific, from the abstract to the concrete.

5. Problems to deal in developing indicators - how many indicators to use - how to develop the indicators - how to form items into a questionnaire

6. 1.When there is no agreed way of measuring a concept, it may be helpful to develop indicators for a range of definitions and see what difference this makes to the results and interpretations. 2. If the concept is multidimensional, consider whether you are really interested in all dimensions. How many indicators to use?

8. 3. Ensure that the key concepts are thoroughly measured. 4. Typically attitudes and opinions are complex and are best measured with a number of questions to capture the scope of the concept. 5. Pilot testing indicators is a way of eliminating unnecessary questions.

9. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative research is used to answer questions about relationships among measured variables with the purpose of explaining, predicting and controlling phenomenon. Qualitative research answers questions about the complex nature of phenomena , with the purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena from the participants’ point of view ( emic)... also referred to as the interpretive , constructivist , or post-positivist approach

10. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative research seeks explanations and predictions for purposes of generalization to other persons or places Qualitative research seeks a better understanding of complex situations, often exploratory in nature, and may use their observations to build from the ground up

11. Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Parts equal the whole Whole is greater than the parts Tests Theory Develops theory Instruments Communication and observation Basic Element of analysis (number) Basic Element of analysis (word) Report statistical analyses Report rich narrative, individual interpretation Generalization Uniqueness Researcher separate Researcher part of research process Subjects Participants Context free Context dependent

13. - Should not be viewed as mutually exclusive - Quantitative research has intrinsic qualitative aspects - Qualitative assessments may be needed to explain or make full use of quantitative work Quantitative and Qualitative Research

16. Indicators – measure/variables /concepts that represent a particular item/category of a variable - Operationalization of a concept to come up with an indicator Ex: Elements of Governance Transparency (financial & social)

17. Theoretical Framework Theories are used to support/contradict findings of study w/c later may use to improve the theory

18. Conceptual Framework - A written or visual presentation that explains either graphically, or in narrative form, the main things to be studied – the key factors, concepts or variables and the presumed relationships among them (UP IMRI, 2011)