Public Admibistration

1. Josefina B. Bitonio, DPA
LNU - IGPS Dagupan City

2. PA Justifying Itself to the Larger
Community
French Magistrate Alexander Tocqueville
(1831)- The study of the American panel
system. He wrote: Democracy in America
(1835 & 1840)
Emphasis on the inner workings of
American democracy and its viability of its
system of government.

3. 09/19/15
In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville, a
young French aristocrat visiting
the United States, saw a new
phenomenon in America. In
Democracy in America, the
book that emerged from his
experiences, he described it,
with a word he coined, as
“individualism.” He was struck
by Americans’ individualism
because of the contrast to
Europe, where “Our fathers
only knew about egoism.”

4. Jacksonian Democracy
• President Andrew Jackson democratization
of jobs in the civil service, open to all
segments of society.
• Public employment was awarded to citizens
on the basis of their political loyalties.
• In 1881 Charles Guiteau failed to secure an
appointment for a consulship in Paris and
assassinated President James Garfield.

5. Emergence of the Progressive
Movement
The progressive movement led to the
professionalization of the civil service with
the passage of the Pendleton Act of 1883
---the institution of the merit system in the
civil service.

6. Woodrow Wilson (1887)
Classical PA
• In his famous essay – ” The Study of
Administration” the separation of politics
from administration and developing a
science of administrative practices.
• Politics /administration dichotomy

7. What is Public Administration?
Various authors and scholars
contributed to the definition of the
discipline in the following manner and
context.

8. 09/19/15
Dwight Waldo -1955
He says PA is the organization
and management of men an
materials to achieve the purposes of
government.
He further said that PA is the art
and science of management as
applied to the affairs of the state.

9. Gerald Caiden- 1971
- He says PA is cooperative group effort in
public setting.
- He says it covers all three branches -
legislative, judicial and executive
- It has an important role in formulating
public policy an it is also the political
process.
- It has been influenced in recent years by
the human – relations approach.

10. - it is policy-making, but it is not
autonomous.
-It is one of a number of basic
political processes by which the
people achieves and controls
governance.
Brian Fry- 1989

11. 09/19/15
David H. Rosenbloom- 1989
- It is the action part of government
- It is the field mainly concerned with the
means for implementing political values.
It can best be identified with the
executive branch.

12. -It is the process and contents of
implementing public policies
and programs.
- It is cooperative human action
whether within the public
bureaucracy, the private sector,
or in NGOs aimed at delivering
services to the people.
Raul P. De Guzman -1993

13. Identity Crisis and Issue of Acceptance
According to Danilo Reyes (The study of PA in
Perspective)
He says PA has experienced constant,
almost periodic episodes of re-examination
in the course of its struggle for academic
acceptance.

14. PA Focus and Process
- Public Policy Making
- Fiscal Administration
- Organization and Management
- Public Personnel
Administration
- Local Government
Administration
- Spatial Information
Management

15. Leonard White (1926)
in his writing “Introduction to Public
Administration” acknowledged the
politics/administration dichotomy

16. • Luther Gulick and Lybdall Urwick –
POSDCORB
planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating, reporting and budgeting.
• William Willoughby- The introduction to the
study of modern states (1919)
• The reorganization of the administrative
branch of government (1925)
• The Principles of administration (1927)
Application of scientific process to the
administrative process (1930s)

17. Scientific Principles
Frederick Taylor: Less wastage and
inefficiency at the shop room
level.
- It was to increase predictive
values to account for the fluid
nature of the administrative
phenomena.

18. Focus on the political process
PA as an eclectic field
Public choice model: adoption of economic
theory
Sociology: bureaucracy contains dysfunctions
Psychologists began to offer new
perspectives
Public administration as Political Science

19. New Public Administration
1968
• Minnowbrook conference at the Syracuse
University Public Administration attention
to policy issues and concerns of policy
analysis.

20. Scientific Revolution
• Thomas Kuhn: The Scientific Revolutions
(1962)
• The notion of paradigms: an accepted model
or pattern of approaching and explaining
phenomena shared by community of
scholars.
• It made the discipline self conscious,
integration of thoughts accumulated in the
order of paradigms.

21. • The development of each phase may be
characterized by locus or focus.
• Locus: is the institutional” where” of the
field, e.g. the bureaucracy
• Focus: is the specialized “what” of the field,
e.g. principles of administration.
Paradigms of PA –Nicholas Henry

22. Paradigm 1: The Politics/Administration
Dichotomy 1900-1926
• Goodnow: politics has to do with policies or
expressions of the will while administration has to
do with the execution of these policies.
• Locus: PA should center in the government
bureaucracy
• PA was a significant clear field of political science
• Analytical territory between PA and PS –emphasis
organizational theory, budgeting and personnel

23. Paradigm 2: The Principles of
Administration (1927-1937)
Willoughby –claim that certain principles of
PA are there, that they could be discovered
and that administrators would be expert in
their work if they learned how to apply
these principles.
* The Challenge 1938-1950: Chester Barnard
“The Functions of the Executive”
Politics and administration could never be
dichotomized.

24. • Simon : 1947 “Administrative Behavior” that
for every principle of administration
advocated in literature there was a counter
principle, then rendering the very idea moot.
• The reaction to the Challenge (1947-1950)
Simon: pure science of administration based
on social psychology and prescribing for
public policy based on political economy both
approaches are mutually reinforcing…

25. • PA is faced of retooling to become a
technically oriented pure science that might
lose touch with political and social realities.
• PA to retain their linkages with political
science, their conceptual conception to the
public policy making process, public
administration considered the black box of
that process, the formulation of public policies
within the bureaucracy and their delivery to
the polity.

26. • Lyndon Caldwell : called for the
intelletualized understanding of the
executive branch rather than
knowledgeable action on the part of public
administrators.

27. Paradigm 3: PA as Political Science
(1950-1970)
• PA as a field, area of interest of political
science
• A survey conducted in 1972 of the five
major political science journals of a non-
specialized nature that only four percent of
all the articles published between 1960 and
1970 could be included in the category of
bureaucratic politics.

28. • As a paradigm, administrative science
provides a focus but not a locus. It offers
techniques that require expertise and
specialization
• Administration was administration; there was
no need for distinction between public,
business and institutional
• Rise of organization development-opening up
organizations and self-actualization offered
tempting attentive for conducting research.
Paradigm 4: PA as Administrative Science
(1956-1970)

29. Paradigm 5: PA as PA (1970 –Onwards)
• Use of organizational theory and managerial
service
• Evolving locus and focus-distinction between
public and private sphere appears to be
waning.
• PA concerned with policy science, political
economy, and public policy making process
and its analysis and measure of policy
outputs

30. • PA is rearing away from political science
• PA must borrow and redefine in its
terms the concept with the
methodologies and bureaucratic focus in
administrative science. This can be
achieved only in institutionally
autonomous academic units free from
the intellectual baggage of political
science and administrative science.