The document summarizes the key developments of the Industrial Revolution in Britain from 1780-1860. It describes the agricultural and commercial revolutions that increased food production and profits. Inventions like the spinning jenny and steam engine automated textile production. Britain's dominance grew through coal, iron, and international trade. The factory system created prosperity but also worker misery as families lived in squalid cities. Early socialists like Marx argued for a classless system while reformers sought gradual change through unions and legislation.

1. Magister Ricard AP Euro CH 22 The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860)

2. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) Reasons for British Leadership

3. The Enclosure Movement Formerly, privatized land was available to all for grazing and farming Concentrates land ownership in fewer hands Small farmers become displaced; forms a pool of cheap labor

4. The Agricultural Revolution Crop rotation replaces the open field system Landowners experiment with new crops and new inventions Turnips Seed drill

5. Population Explosion Innovation in farming methods yields more crops, food Medical advances Edward Jenner discovers smallpox vaccine Great Britain and Ireland increase from 10M (1750) to 30M (1850)

6. The Commercial Revolution Successful British merchants use capital for investments Great Britain had the most highly developed banking system in Europe

7. The Enlightenment The Royal Society was formed to exchange and develop scientific ideas British society encouraged innovation and rewarded inventors and entrepreneurs

8. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) The Textile Industry

9. Incentives The global demand for cotton was high British entrepreneurs sought new ways to meet demand Financed new ways for cotton production

10. Inventions Some inventions that shifted animal power to machine power 1733 – the flying shuttle (John Kay) enables a single weaver to work twice as fast Mid 1760s – the spinning jenny (James Hargreaves) a spinning machine enabling a single worker to work 6-8 threads at a time 1769 – (Richard Arkwright) invents a water frame that used waterpower to drive spinning machines

11. Inventions 1779 – Samuel Crompton invents a spinning machine called a “mule”; combines spinning jenny and water frame; produces stronger, finer, threads 1785 – Edmund Cartwright invents power loom which uses waterpower; speeds up weaving process 1793 – Eli Whitney’s cotton gin efficiently removes seeds from cotton fibers Increases output of British cotton fiber from textile factories

12. The Steam Engine James Watt, 1769 Replaces waterpower use in British textile factories Steam engines sudden implementation increase need for iron production

13. The Railroad Steam power leads to locomotive development Need to connect port of Liverpool with city of Manchester leads to Liverpool-Manchester line in 1830 Connect port to textile industry Stimulates industrial growth Creates regional and national markets Reduces cost of shipping Promotes travel industry

14. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) Great Britain’s Industrial Dominance

15. British Economic Dominance ca. 1850 Over 6,000 miles of railroad Produced ½ of world’s cotton Mined 2/3 of world’s coal Mined over ½ of world’s iron Controlled 1/3 of world’s international trade

16. The Great Exhibition Held to celebrate Britain’s economic and technological dominance Hall of Machinery features locomotive engines, hydraulic presses, and power looms

17. The Crystal Palace and the Arc De Triomphe Commissioned to celebrate British hegemony 18 acres enclosed Featured prefabricated glass panels and cast-iron columns Attests to mass production, new materials of industrial age

18. The Crystal Palace and the Arc De Triomphe Commemorates French victories of Revolution and Napoleon Based on triumphal arches from ancient Rome Neoclassical (arch) with romantic sculpture Largest arch ever built

19. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) Social Effects of Industrialization

20. The Factory System Large numbers of people worked using machines As factory system spread, Putting Out system disappeared

21. Working Class Misery Early conditions in factories exposed workers to dangerous machines and diseases Demand for cheap labor leads to employment of women and children Workers had no benefits or job security

22. Urbanization Factory system transformed small towns into cities Manchester 45,000 to 300,000 (1760-1850) Number of European cities with more than 100K rose from 22 to 47 (1800-1850) Living conditions were bleak Lived in crowded slums, lacked sanitation Entire families lived in single room

23. Middle Class Prosperity AKA bourgeoisie came into their own Enjoyed unparalleled prosperity, political power, leisure time Haute bourgeoisie included bankers, merchants, industrialists Petite bourgeoisie shopkeepers, artisans, professionals, clergy

24. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) Classical British Economic Theory

25. Shared Beliefs Accepted laissez-faire policies Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations Supply and demand, “invisible hand” regulates the economy Self-interest can benefit society Opposed government regulation, interfered with free enterprise and competition Government policies should be limited to: Enforcing contracts Protecting private property Ensuring national defense

26. Thomas Malthus Argues that human population grows geometrically Food supply expands arithmetically Human population would eventually outstrip food production Famine, starvation, misery inevitable

27. David Ricardo Formulates the “iron law of wages” Influenced by Malthus’ views on population Labor is a commodity whose value is determined by supply and demand Increase working class wages leads to more childern More supply (workers) leads to decline of wages Iron law of wages posits that there is no better future for working-class families Opposes labor unions and refusing to raise wages

28. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) Working Class Protest in Great Britain

29. The Luddites Named after Ned Ludd Followers attempted to halt Industrial Revolution Broke into textile factories and sabotaged machinery Gradually realized that destroying machines not the answer Forming labor unions and groups to advocate for workers’ rights, better working conditions and higher wages

30. Early Labor Unions Combination Acts (1799 and 1800) forbid workers from assembling and protesting Reformers forced repeal of Combination Acts in 1825 In 1875, trade unions in Britain won full legal status, right to protest/strike

31. The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860) Socialism

32. Shared Beliefs Distribution of wealth is grossly inequitable Wealthy have more than they possibly need Poor possess enough to barely survive Resources and means of production should be owned by community Profits of human labor should be shared equally

33. Utopian Socialism Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, Robert Owen Sought to create societies based on cooperation and not competition Believed in social and economic planning Their experiments failed

34. Marxian Socialism “…the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.” Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto Three forces to understand history of class conflict Thesis – the dominant state of affairs, status quo Antithesis – the alternative, contradictory force Synthesis – the resulting conflict between the two

35. Marxian Socialism 19th century society split into two classes Bourgeoisie – owners of means of production (Thesis) Proletariat – workers (Antithesis) Class struggle would lead to “dictatorship of proletariat” Classless society No private ownership of means of production Marx and Engels argued women were exploited by men and capitalists

36. Edward Bernstein and Evolutionary Socialism Marx predicted that as workers became exploited, they would overthrow bourgeoisie Instead, as capitalism matured, conditions improved for workers Bernstein revises Marxian doctrine to adjust to new economic reality Creates evolutionary socialists theory Rejects concept of class struggle (Marx) Strives to achieve socialist goals through gradual reform