This document provides an overview of wounds, bleeding, and first aid management for different types of bleeding from various body parts. It discusses the structure and function of the circulatory system, types of wounds, signs of bleeding, and first aid steps for controlling bleeding from locations like the scalp, ear, nose, mouth, chest, and abdomen. The goals of first aid for bleeding are to save life, prevent worsening of conditions, promote recovery, and monitor vital signs until emergency help arrives.

1. Public First Aid Certificate Course (English) Lecture 2 Wounds & Bleeding Mr. N. Tang

5. The Position of the Heart in Adult Mid-clavicular line 2nd 4th 5th 2nd 5th Clavicle fifth inter-costal space Sternum Ribs Heart 7th 8th 9th 6th 6th

6. The Internal Structure of the Heart Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Valve Descending aorta Rt. ventricle Inferior vena cava Rt. atrium Superior vena cava Ascending aorta

8. Arteries & Pulse Temporal artery Carotid artery Apical bea t Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery

9. Checking Carotid Pulse Place two fingers on laryngeal prominence Slide 2 fingers to one side for one inch to detect pulse

10. Brachial Artery & Pulse Baby Radial artery & pulse Adult

11. Artery Vein Blood Vessels Capillary Venules From heart Lungs Valve Lumen Arterioles

13. Brachial Artery & Femoral Artery * Inguinal ligament Femoral artery Brachial artery in upper arm * Source : ref. no. 4 Heart Groin

17. 1 2 3 4 Wound

26. First Aid Management

31. Open Wound with Foreign Object 2 3 4 1 Push the edges of the wound together

32. Care of Amputated Part Name Date & Time of injury Amputated part (b)* Use gauze or soft fabric to hold the amputated part Use a plastic bag or kitchen film to wrap the part or (b) Never wash or Clean it with water Plastic bag or container Crushed ice cubes

33. Care of amputated part

40. Base of the Skull Anterior cranial fossa Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Middle cranial fossa Right parietal bone Right temporal bone Foramen magnum Posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone

41. Bones & Sinuses Frontal

43. C.S.F. Rhinorrhoea and Otorrhoea C.S.F. Rhinorrhoea C.S.F. Otorrhoea Meaning Leakage of cerebro-spinal fluid (C.S.F.) from the nose Escape of C.S.F. from the external auditory meatus Cause Fractures of anterior cranial fossa and frontal sinus -> tearing of meninges -> C.S.F. flows out -> nasal cavity Fracture of middle fossa Fracture of temporal bone

45. Human Eye Source : Ellis, H. (2006). Clinical anatomy. (11 th ed., P.388). U.S.A.:Blackwell. Iris Conjunctiva Retina Vitreous Body Fovea centralis Artery Cornea Aqueous humour Choroid Sclera Optic nerve Dural sheath

48. Human Ear External auditory meatus Ear drum Temporal Bone Bone Eustachian tube Cochlea Vestibular apparatus Bones Source : Wilson, K.J.W. & Waugh. (1996). Anatomy & Physiology in health and illness. (8 th ed., P.192). New York : Churchill Livingstone.

53. Nose Bleeding Sit down & rest Reassure Loosen clothing at the flexed neck Mouth breathing Pinch the soft part of the nose Not to speak, swallow, cough, spit, sniff Mop up any dribbling blood Check after 10 min. Reapply force if necessary No physical exertion To hospital: . Uncontrolled bleeding . Bleeding >30 min. . Head injury

55. Teeth Soft Palate Uvula Tonsil Lower Lip Tongue Pharyngeal wall Arch The Mouth

63. Abdominal Injury 999 2. Loosen tight clothing or belt 5. Support the wound when coughing or vomiting, check vital signs 4. For protruding intestine , do not touch it, cover it using kitchen wrap or moist dressing and then secure it using bandage * Nil by mouth 3. Wear gloves, cover and secure the wound with bandage or strapping 1. Dial 999, lie flat, bend knees with support

66. Penetrating Chest Wound Healthy Lung Collapsed Lung Pneumothorax Haemothorax

67. Tension Pneumothorax On inspiration, the mediastinum shifts towards the unaffected lungs, impairing ventilation. On expiration, the depressed diaphragm augments medinastinum shift, distorting the vena cava and reducing venous return.

69. Perforated Chest Wall Cover the open wound with palm or sterile dressing and plastic foil / kitchen film immediately, then seal 3 sides of the dressing 999

70. Lean the chest towards the injured side (even in recovery position) Check vital signs Send to hospital urgently

87. Gauze Tubular Bandage Applicator Dressing covers the wound Tubegauze

97. 2. Divergent Spica 2.Fixation turn : just on top of gauzes, move from inside to outside 3.Cover the upper 1/3 and the lower 1/3 width of the bandage -> ‘Eye’ is the middle 1/3 4.Anchor the end of bandage laterally on the upper arm 1 2 3 5. Supported by an arm sling 1.Place gauzes on top of the wound